• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제27권3호
• /
• pp.133-135
• /
• 2011

The FDA guidance focuses on the use of the NOAEL to establish the maximum recommended starting dose. The majority of NOAEL has been described inaccurately or incompletely in final reports for 90-days repeated dose toxicity test based on GLP (good laboratory practice) regulation. This is the most serious one of reasons for why most pharmaceutical companies targeting global markets have disregarded the final report produced from GLP facilities in Korea. The problems in deciding NOAEL reflected in the final reports are mainly due to the followings; 1) Inaccurate description or use of NOEL, NOAEL and LOAEL, 2) Insufficient and inappropriate interpretations in findings from toxicity test. This paper is intended to provide the insight into distinguishing NOAEL from NOEL and LOAEL, and into classifying findings from toxicity test. Here, the three step method is newly suggested by applying the weight-based classification to the NOEL, NOAEL and LOAEL based on the findings.

• 대한토목학회논문집
• /
• 제32권1C호
• /
• pp.17-25
• /
• 2012

석탄회를 주재료로 사용한 저강도 고유동화재는 다짐이 필요없고 재굴착이 용이한 고유동성의 재료로 개발되었다. 본 연구에서는 이를 구조물 뒤채움용으로 사용하기 위해 경량화에 초점을 맞춘 기포를 혼입한 경량기포 저강도 고유동화재의 기초연구로써 최종비빔시간, 기포의 희석비에 따른 공학적 특성을 규명하여 최적비빔시간 및 최적희석비를 결정하였다. 기준 배합비를 중심으로 최종비빔시간과 희석비에 따라 플로우 시험, 기포슬러리의 단위중량측정 시험 및 일축압축강도 시험을 실시하였다. 시험결과, CASE N(최종비빔 4분, 희석비 2%), CASE O(최종비빔 4분, 희석비 3%)가 유동성(20cm 이상), 경량성(12~15 $kN/m^3$) 및 일축압축강도(800~1200kPa) 기준을 만족하는 것으로 나타나 이를 기준으로 구조물 뒤채움용 경량기포 CLSM재료를 제작 및 사용함에 있어서 참고가 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제15권8호
• /
• pp.1178-1181
• /
• 2002

Records from a total of 202 crossbred pigs were classified by their ear type and coat color to examine the presence of interrelationships with growth performances. Crossbred pigs were F2 generations of full sib family out of ten Landrace sows bred by 5 Korean domestic boars. Heavily drooped ear type was predominant, 195 out of 202 pigs over the other two types (1 straight and 6 slightly drooped). Coat colors were classified as four categories, all white, all black, dominant white or dominant black. Ratio among coat color categories did not fall within Mendelian principle of independence regarding two loci involved. There was dependency between ear type and coat color. However, due to rarity of ear types other than heavy drooped, dependency comes from distribution of those rare ear types. Three least squares models to test the effect of ear type and coat colors on growth performances were analyzed. First model analyzed effects on birth weight, body weight at 3 and 6 weeks and ADG' before weaning and between 3 and 5 weeks of age. This model included sex in addition to ear type and coat color. Second model analyzed postweaning growth traits (initial weight, final weight and ADG between these periods) upon initiation of performance testing. This model included effects of sex, test group and start age (as a covariate) in addition. Third model was fit for fasted weight before slaughter and included the effects of sex, test group and age at slaughter (as a covariate). The effects of sex and ear type were not significant source of variation for all traits. Test group was a significant source of variation for all the postweaning traits. Effect of coat color was not significant until the initiation of performance testing and became significant then after. Least squares means of dominantly black pigs were significantly lower than the other three coat colored pigs in final weight around 195 days of age and in ADG from the start of performance test and final weight measure.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제27권2호
• /
• pp.92-99
• /
• 2001

This present study was aimed to investigate the characteristics of dissoloved organic matter (DOC) in sewage. The results are summarized as follows ; The plateaux reached in 3~4 days by the biodegradability test on sewage samples based on DOC. 쏭 rations of BDOC to DOC were 48, 21, 13 and 11% for raw sewage, primary treatment effluent, secondary treatment effluent and final treatment effluent, respectively. As the SUVA values ranged less 3L/m.mg for the effluent of sewage treatment plant, the DOC is composed largely of non-humic materials, hydrophilic, less aromatic as compared to waters with higher SUVA values. Through the biodegradability test, Dissolved organics showed that the quantity of LMW(Low Molecular Weight) less than 1,000 daltons was decreased, HMW(High Molecular Weight) more than 30,000 daltons had a tendency to increase. Large portion of UV$^{254}$ in final treatment effluent was increased of MMW(Medium Molecular Weight). Also, average removal efficiency of DOC was 32% during sewage treatment.

• 여성건강간호학회지
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.121-129
• /
• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the yoga during pregnancy on the maternal weight, delivery experience and infant birth weight. Method: The nonequivalent control group pre test-post test design was used. The participants were the healthy pregnant women, whose pre-pregnancy BMI was normal, gestational period was more than 20 weeks. The final sample consisted of 21 mother-infant dyads for experimental group and 20 dyads for control group and who agreed to participate in this study. Data were collected from February I st to December 15th, 2006. The Qi exercise prenatal program was carried out for 90 minutes a day, 2 times a week for 12 weeks. The data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0 Program. Result: The degree of maternal weight gain(p<.001), labor pain(p<.001), discomfort after delivery(p<.001) and infant's birth weight(p<.00I) were significantly different between two groups. Conclusion: The yoga during pregnancy managed weight gain of mothers. Therefore, this study suggests that yoga during pregnancy to promotes stabilization can be beneficial for maintaining healthy weight, decreasing labor pain and discomfort after delivery for pregnant women and increasing infant's birth weight.

• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제40권4호
• /
• pp.347-351
• /
• 2013

본 연구는 국립축산과학원에서 사육하고 있는 듀록, 랜드레이스, 요크셔 품종 300두의 검정기록 자료를 이용하여 성별, 품종별, 검정종료일령별 효과를 추정하기 위하여 수행하였다. 검정 종료 체중과 측정 mode별 도체 형질의 품종별 차이는 등지방 두께에 있어 종료체중 90 kg시 A-mode, 90 kg시 B-mode 및 110 kg시 B-mode의 세 경우에 있어 A-mode 보다는 B-mode가, 90 kg 종료시 보다는 110 kg 종료시가 더 높은 등지방두께 추정치를 나타내었다. 등심 단면적의 경우는 90 kg인 경우와 110 kg인 경우로 구분하여 측정하였는데, 90 kg 종료시 보다는 110 kg 종료시가 더 높은 등심단면적 추정치를 나타내었고, 품종별로는 Duroc종이 유의적으로 넓었다(P<0.05). 성별의 효과를 살펴보면, 도체 형질에 있어서 등지방 두께는 수컷이 얇았으나, 등심 단면적은 암컷이 더 넓었다. 또한 분석모델에서 공변이로 포함한 모델에서 90 kg시 A-mode 등지방 두께, 110 kg시 B-mode 등지방 두께, 90 kg시 B-mode 등심단면적에서 검정종료일령의 효과가 유의하게 작용하였다. 향후 국가 단위 개량체계가 확립되면 농장검정을 통한 도체 형질에 대한 정확한 육종가 추정을 위해서 측정장비의 개선과 측정 요원의 훈련을 통한 정확한 측정이 우선되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.37-46
• /
• 2014

Asymmetric sitting posture may cause asymmetric buttock pressure and unilateral low back pain (LBP). The purpose of this study was to compare the differences of buttock pressure between both sides, and pelvic angle (sagittal and coronal planes) during typing in a sitting position on a pressure mat (Baltube) in individuals with and without unilateral LBP. Ten subjects with unilateral LBP and ten subjects without unilateral LBP were recruited for this study. Buttock pressure was measured using a pressure mat and pelvic angles were measured using a palpation meter. The subjects performed typing in a sitting posture for 30 minutes. Pressure data were collected and averaged at initial term (from start to first minutes) and final term (last minutes of 30 minutes). Angles of pelvic tilting were measured after 30 minutes typing. Pressure asymmetry values (difference in pressure between both sides) were calculated at the initial and final terms. A two-way analysis of variance was used to compare the differences between the initial and final pressure asymmetry values in subjects with and without unilateral LBP. An independent t-test was applied to compare the pelvic tilt angles between the two groups. To compare the change of pressure from the initial term to the final term between the symptomatic and asymptomatic sides in the unilateral LBP group, a paired t-test was applied. In the unilateral LBP group, the pressure asymmetric value at the final term was significantly greater than that of the initial term (p<.05). The angle of pelvic tilting in coronal plane was significantly greater in the unilateral back pain group compared to the without unilateral LBP group (p<.05), however, there was no significant difference in the angle of pelvic tilting in the sagittal plane between the two groups (p>.05). In the unilateral LBP group, the change of pressure from the initial term to the final term was significantly less in the symptomatic side (-6.90 mmHg) than the asymptomatic side (5.10 mmHg). This asymmetric sitting posture may contribute to unilateral LBP in the sitting position. Further studies are needed to determine if asymmetric weight bearing in sitting causes unilateral LBP or if unilateral back pain causes asymmetric weight bearing, and if the correction of asymmetric weight bearing in sitting can reduce unilateral LBP.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.269-276
• /
• 2007

Optimal thickness and shape of the pedal arm of an automotive clutch is determined, using the numerical optimization technique, by solving the size and shape optimization problems to minimize its weight. For the optimization problems, two cases of stress and displacement constraints are considered: one from the vertical, and the other from the transverse stiffness test condition. The result of the transverse case is shown to be more conservative than that from the vertical case, being determined as the final optimum.

• 항공우주기술
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.186-192
• /
• 2013

본 연구에서는 인간의 힘만으로 비행하는 인간동력항공기 제작 과정과 조종사 훈련을 위한 비행 시험을 수록하고 있다. 기체 무게를 줄이기 위해 탄소섬유, PVC폼과 같은 초경량 재질만을 사용하였으며 최종 무게는 41.5kg 이었다. 조종 훈련을 위한 비행 시험을 2012년 8월에서 9월 사이에 고흥항공센터에서 92회에 걸쳐 수행하였으며, 인간동력항공기 조종에 대한 노하우가 없던 초반에는 기체가 파손되는 경험도 하였으나, 이후 조종 기술을 습득하여 인간동력항공기 시범 경진대회에서 한국항공우주연구원 시범기가 240m 비행에 성공하였다.

• Child Health Nursing Research
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.359-367
• /
• 2006

Purpose: This study was to verify the effects of infant massage on weight recovery from physiologic weight loss, physical development of infants, and identity of their mothers. Method: A study with quasi-experimental design with time delay method was conducted from October 20, 2004 through February 20, 2005 with mothers and infants recruited from postpartum care center. 20 infants in the experimental group (once a day massage group) and 22 control group remained for the final analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS win 11.0 program by frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test and $X^2-test$. Results: There was no significant group difference in weight recovery from physiologic weight loss. However, experiment group showed significant increase in weight and chest circumference in 4 weeks after birth compare to the control group. For changes in behavior, experimental group showed more positive behavioral changes. The mothers who conducted massage for their infants showed higher score of identity as mothers. Conclusion: Since massage applied once a day can be still effective on physical growth of the infants, massage training program for mothers should be developed to apply easily for their infants at home. Further study is suggested to identify influencing factors on performed by mothers and identity as mothers.