• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 1990

Effect of liming material application on the prevention or cure of Mn toxicity symptoms including marginal leaf chlorosis in 3-year-old ginseng plants grown in acidic soils were investigated. It was found that the ratio of Fe to Mn was above about 0.5 and the ratio of Mn to Fe was below about 2.00 in 4-year old ginseng leaves when liming materials were applied in field experiments. It was apparent that the occurrence of marginal leaf chlorosis was decreasing affected by application of Ca, Mg and Fe. The appearance of marginal leaf chlorosis was decreased to about 78 percent in 4-year-old ginseng and to about 69 percent in 5-year-old ginseng, and then the fresh root weight was increased up to 66 percent in 4-year ginseng plants.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.180-186
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• 1986

Photosynthesis and respiration of leaf and root of field grown Panax ginseng were investigated according to aerial part sensecence. No apparent photosynthesis activity was detected in senescenced leaf(less than 0.7mg total chlorophyll/g FW) and leaf dark respiration was consistent relation with senescence. Leaf respiratory Q$_{10}$ consistently increased with senscence. Root respiration and Q$_{10}$ tended to decrease with aerial part senescence only in the range of optimum temperature of leaf growth. Apparent photosynthesis or respiration of leaf was negatively or positively correlated, respectively with the increase of air temperature. Root respiration with temperature was well accordance with Arrhenius plot which was not consistent with aerial part senescence. Accelerated senescence may be recommendable for better root yield unless any reserve in stem or leaves contributes to root through translocation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.389-393
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the difference of growth characteristics, yield and extract content between upland and paddy ginseng cultured with 4­year-old ginseng in 2003. Although upland ginseng showed larger variation in yield than that of paddy ginseng, the average of it was greater than that of paddy ginseng because it showed better growth of aerial part and higher survival rate than that of paddy ginseng. Moisture content of fresh root was $71.8\%\;(68.5\~73.1\%),\;and\;72.7\%\;(70.2 \~74.9\%)$ on average in upland and paddy ginseng, respectively. Paddy ginseng showed higher hardness in taproot, and higher rate of rusty colored root than that of upland ginseng. The ratio of taproot dry weight in upland ginseng was smaller than that of paddy ginseng, while that of lateral root was larger in upland ginseng. Ratio of marketable root (>60g) to total harvested roots was $13.7\%\;(0.82\~8.0\%)\;and\;7.7\%\;(1.6\~12.6\%)$ in upland and paddy ginseng, respectively. Extract content did not show distinct difference between upland and paddy ginseng, but it showed large variation from $16.1\;to\;25.1\%$ in taproot, and from $24.2\;to\;32.5\%$ in lateral root depanding on the ginseng field examined.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 1989

The significance of soil and/or rhisosphere populations of Erwinia carotovora sobsp. carotovora (Ecc) as a source of primary inoculum for tobacco hollow stalk disease has been demonstrated conclusively. The survival of Ecc in field soils fter overwintering was estimated by using the enrichment technique. The population number of pectolytic erwinia (PE) in field soils relatively decreased at the rate of 102-104 colony forming unit(CFU) per g of soil after overwintering. Higher level of PE population overwintered in the rhlzosphere foils of tobacco stubbles and detected more frequently in rhizosphere soils of weed plants than in those of bare fields. All of the tobacco stubbles collected from fields where tobacco had been grown the previous year contained Ecc. The more survived population number of PE at the 30cm depth of artifitiany infested soils than at the upper of those by introducing with diseased tobacco plant tissue after overwintering. Ecc overwintered effectively in rhizosphere soils of tobacco stubbles, overwintered weeds and tobacco debris in field soils.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.88-94
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• 2005

Plant tissue culture studies have been done for the preservation of medicinal plant resources and efficient production of pharmaceutically important secondary metabolites. Micropropagation methods for Cephaelis ipecacuanha have been established and these methods enabled much more efficient propagation of the plants than the conventional methods using seedling or layering. The C. ipecacuanha plants derived from tissue culture grew uniformly in the field and they showed higher alkaloid contents compared to the plants grown from seedlings. Hairy root cultures of C. ipecacuanha and Panax ginseng have been established by infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes, and the production of important pharmaceuticals by these cultures have been successfully demonstrated. In the case of C. ipecacuanha, the highest alkaloid yields from the hairy roots cultured for 8 weeks were 2.75-fold cephaeline (5.5 mg) and one third emetine (0.7 mg) compared with those from the roots of one-year old plant propagated through shoot-tip culture and cultivated in a greenhouse (2.0 mg cephaeline and 2.0 mg emetine). In the case of P. ginseng, ginsenoside contents in the hairy roots optimally cultured for 4 weeks were much higher than those in the roots of 4-year old field-grown plant. Thus our medicinal plant tissue cultures demonstrate desirable properties. However, they are always exposed to danger of microbial contamination or unexpected trouble of culture facilities. Cryopreservation of plant tissue cultures is a reliable method for long-term preservation. Cryopreservation studies on these cultures are also presented.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2012

This research was conducted to investigate the influence of organic bed soil substrates on growth and yield of organically grown ginseng transplantation in a shaded plastic houses. The pH and EC of the substrates used for this study were 5.93-6.78 and 0.03-0.15 dS/m, respectively. The concentrations of NH4-N and $NO_3$-N were 14.01-68.63 mg/L, 5.60-58.83 mg/L respectively. and the average quantum in the shaded plastic houses was 11-15% of natural light. The maximum temperature in the shaded plastic houses is higher ($3-7^{\circ}C$) than that of outside open field from the last part of April to early in August. Emergence date of ginseng was on March 21 in the mongolian type shaded plastic house, and was on March 29 in normal type shaded plastic house. Both roots and shoot growth of ginseng were excellent in the bed soils with PPV-2, compared with other compounds used. We concluded that the PPV-2 could be promising a good bed soil substrate for organic ginseng cultivation in shaded plastic house.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.217-221
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• 2012

This research was conducted to investigate the influence of various organic substrates on growth and yield of ginseng seedling grown organically in the closed plastic house. The pH and EC of substrates used for organically ginseng cultivation ranged 5.93~6.78 and 0.03~0.15 dS/m respectively. The concentrations $NH_4$-N and $NO_3$-N respectively was 14.01~68.63 mg/L, 5.60~58.83 mg/L. The average quantum of the closed plastic house was range from 10 to 16% of natural light. In July and August, the maximum temperature of the closed plastic house did not exceed 30 and the average temperature was maintained within 25 lower than the field because air conditioning ran. The PPV-1 and PPV-2 bed soil substrates produced higher stem length, stem diameter, shoot fresh weight and leaf area than those of conventional culture. In PPV-2 bed soil substrates, root fresh weight and root diameter was the highest. The root fresh weight of PPV-2 bed soil substrates in closed plastic house was maximum 25% heavier than the conventional cultivation. The results of this experiment will be utilized for making new substrate application for organic ginseng culture in the plastic house.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.285-292
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• 1994

Ultrastructural changes in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer mesophyll chloroplasts and variation of thylakoid membrane protein in responce to the light intensity were studied in leaves of two-y-old plants exposed to two different light intensities under field coditions. The leaves were allowed to function for three months after emergence under two contrasting light conditions. The ginseng chloroplasts of 5% light were filled with highly stacked grana of condensely arrayed thylakoids, so that the stroma space was hardly observed. In contrast, chloroplasts from leaves at 100% sunlight had fewer thylakoid membranes and smaller grana stacks. The number of osmiophilic globules increased. Total Chl content and Chl b content were lower at 100% sunlight than 5% sunlight. The thylakoid membrane proteins in the leaves grown at 100% sunlight showed lower CPIa, LHCII and CP29 than those with 5% sunlight. This effect was most obvious for LHCII. Polypeptides showed major bands at 90, 64, 29-30, 22 and 14 kD, and minor bands at 59, 58, 54, 52, 49, 46, 44, 35, 23, 21 and 18-19 kD. All these bands were lower in intensity in the leaves exposed to 100% sunlight. Moreover, the bands at 58-59, 46-47 and 23 kD disappeared.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.383-389
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• 2019

Background: Ginseng has been used as a medicine and functional food since ancient times. It is a perennial crop, and its whose commercial valuse increases with growing period and is affected by the atmosphere and soil environment. Methods and Results: In a selected field, we measured air temperature under a shade structure and soil physicochemical properties, and determied plant and root growth as well as ginsenoside and total polyphenol content of one- to five-year-old ginsengs plants. Although air temperature above 30℃ was recored for more than 37 days, no marked growth inhibition of ginseng was detected. Among all soil physicochemical properties, except for pH, were within the allowable range the shortage increases with ginseng years. In five-year-old ginseng, the quantity is about 9.7% higher than the average weight by standard, indicating that is not affected by temperature when grown under a shade structure. Three-year-old ginseng contained the highest total ginsenoside and total polyphenol levels and exhibited the greatest DPPH radical scavenging activity. Conclusions: The total ginsenoside and protopanaxadiol/protopanaxatriol ratio were both low at five-year-old ginseng plants, which was attributed to rapid growth of the root system in five-year-oid plants. There were no significant differences in total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity between.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.197-221
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• 1980

Habitat observation, cultural experience of old and present plantation, weather factors in relation to crop stand and water physiology of root and leaf were reviewed. According to habitat observation ginseng plants love water but plate wit talus well grow at drained place with high moisture content in air and soil while ginseng plants were not found in dry or wet place. According to cultivation experience ginseng plants require abundant water in nursery and main field but most old planters believe that ginseng plaints are draught-loving thus require little water. The experience that rain especially in summer i.e unfavorable might be due to mechanical damage of leaves arid leaf disease infection, or severe leaf fall which is caused by high air temperature and coinsided with rain. According to crop stand observation in relation to weather factors abunsant water increased each root weight but decreased total yield indicating tile increase of missing root rate. Rain in summer was unfavorable too. Though rain in June was favorable for high yield general experience that cloudy day and rain were unfavorable might be due to low light intensity under shade. Present leading planters also do loot consider the importance of water in main field. Water content is higher in top than in root and highest in central portion of root and in stem of top. For seedling the heavier the weight of root is tile higher the water content while it reveries from two years old. Water potential of intact root appeared to be -2.89 bar suggesting high sensitivity to water environment. Under water stress water content severly decreased only in leaf. Water content of leaf appeared to be 78% for optimum, below 72% for functional damage and 68% for perm anent wilting. Transpiration or curs Principally through stomata in lower side of leaf thus contribution of upper side transpiration decreased with the increase of intensity. Transpiration is greater in the leaves grown under high light intensity. Thus water content is lower with high light inte nsity under field condition indicating that light is probable cause of water stress in field. Transpiration reached maximum at 10K1ut The decrease of transpiration at higher temperature seems to be due to the decrease of stomata aperture caused by water stress. Severe decrease of photosynthesis under water stress seems to be principally due to functional damage which is not caused by high temperature and Partly due to poor CO2 supply. Water potential of leaf appeared to be -16.8 bar suggesting weakness in draught tolerance. Ginseng leaves absorb water under high humidity. Water free space of leaf disc is %mailer than that of soybean leaf and water uptake appears to be more than two steps.