• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.3-7
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• 2012

Purpose : In myocardial perfusion SPECT, the type of orbit (circular vs. body contouring) that affect the image quality is still on the debate. Presently in the nuclear medicine field, the body contouring orbit acquisition is widely used to improve the image quality on the myocardial perfusion SPECT. But in case of body contouring acquisition using the vertical method with dual detect machine, there is a tendency of increasing the radius. In this research, we compared body contouring orbit acquisition with circular orbit acquisition, so we suggest ideal method that reduces the radius for improving image quality. Materials and Methods : Phantom and clinical studies were performed. The anthropomorphic torso phantom was made on equally with counts from patient's body. The study was performed under six different conditions. To compare image quality according to the radius, we increased radius sequentially per step during circular orbit acquisition. On the other hand, sensors that protect a collision and reduce the radius automatically were used to acquire image during body contouring orbit acquisition. So we compared FWHM value of apex. In clinical studies, we analyzed the 40 patients who were examined by Tl-201 gated myocardial perfusion SPECT in department of nuclear medicine at Asan Medical Center in August 2011. To acknowledge the differences according to the radius, we acquired the results two times using circular orbit acquisition and body contouring orbit acquisition. Results : In phantom study, we analyzed that increase of radius resulted in changes of FWHM value. It was 5.41, 6.24, 6.33, 6.42, 6.93 mm. On the other hand, using the body contouring orbit acquisition, FWHM value was 6.23 mm. In clinical study, difference of average radius between two methods was 2.5 cm (circular orbit acquisition was more close to patients). Conclusion : Through the experiments using Anthropomorphic torso phantom and patients data, we found that FWHM value of circular orbit acquisition was lower than body contouring orbit acquisition. As a result, if the difference of average radius exists approximately 3 cm, circular orbit type acquisition is better than body contouring type acquisition. But clinical investigation is only aimed to average radius, so it needs more investigation in comparison of patient's image.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.288-294
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• 2011

Rice bakanae disease, caused by the fungus Fusarium fujikuroi, is one of the most important rice diseases and distributed widely in Asia. Resistance screening system in rice field had been established. However, the evaluation results of the system vary according to the environmental conditions when the test is conducted. To develop precise and rapid evaluation method of disease resistance of rice to bakanae disease, in vitro screening system was attempted in this study. The six cultivars namely, 'Nampyeongbyeo', 'Junambyeo', 'Chucheongbyeo', 'Samcheonbyeo', 'Odaebyeo' and 'Hwasinbyeo' were tested. They were planted onto MS agar medium (10 ml) in test tube ($450\;mm{\times}{\phi}30\;mm$) and incubated at $25^{\circ}C$ and $28^{\circ}C$ in growth chamber under 12 hr light condition. Symptoms of over growth appeared a few days after seeding and then seedling were withered 2-3 weeks after over growth. The disease symptoms such as leaf dryness on top of rice were appeared in the 'Nampyeongbyeo' from 28 days at the concentration of $10^5$ spores/ml culturing at $28^{\circ}C$ and then withered completely 35 days after seeding. Whereas the other varieties withered entirely 19-23 days after seeding. Using the in vitro seedling screening method, 72 rice varieties were investigated to select resistant cultivar. Finally, two resistant cultivars ('Nampyeongbyeo' and 'Inwolbyeo') and seven moderately resistant cultivars ('Hwadongbyeo', 'Seokjeongbyeo', 'Samgwangbyeo', 'Sampyeongbyeo', 'Nonghobyeo', 'Heukjinjubyeo' and, 'Joanbyeo') were selected. If in vitro seedling screening method was used for evaluation of bakanae disease resistance, it would be completed within 35 days after sowing of rice seed.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2004

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of fusion and/or activation protocol on in vitro development of porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos. Porcine fetal fibroblast cells were transferred into the perivitelline space of enucleated in vitro matured oocytes. Cell fusion and activation were induced simultaneous fusion/activation (SA) or delayed activation (DA) with or without cytochalasin B (CB) treatment with electic pulses in 0.28 M mannitol-based medium. The SCNT embryos were cultured in vitro for 7 days and stained with Hoechst 33342 to determine the number of nuclei. After 7 days culture, cleavage and blastocyst formation rates were 72.4% and 7.6% in SCNT and 76.3% and 20.4% in parthenotes. To examine the effect of electric field strengths on development of SCNT embryos, oocytes were fused two pulses of 110 V/mm, 130 V/mm or 150 V/mm for 30 sec post-injection. The fusion and cleavage rates in 130 V/mm group (70.2% and 72.6%) and 150 V/mm group (72.6% and 70.5%) were higher (P<0.05) than 110 V/mm group (47.1% and 48.6%), respectively. However, the rate of embryos developing to the blastocyst stage (8.1%, 9.7% and 10.7%) were not different among three groups. The cleavage rates and the blastcyst formation rates were not different among three treatment groups (SA group, 71.4% and 9.7%; SA+CB treatment group, 74.7% and 8.0%; DA+CB treatment group, 70.8% and 11.2%, respectively). And, no different in the number of cells in blastocysts was observed among the three groups (22.5$\pm$12.8, 23.3$\pm$11.2 and 21.6$\pm$10.4, respectively). These result suggest that two pulses of 130 V/mm or 150 V/mm for 30 sec with SA treatment or DA treatment are enough for fusion/activation of porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos to develop to the blastocyst stage.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.20
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• pp.65-125
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• 1991

The study has tried to analize and appraise how did public library system under the Japanese imperialism affect the establishment and managemant of Korean public libraries. To achieve the purpose of the above-mentioned study, the contents of $\ulcorner$Japanese library statute$\lrcorner$ under Japanese imperialism and the current $\ulcorner$Korean library law$\lrcorner$ have been mutually compared, at the same time, the vestiage of Japanese imperialism in view of the establishment, personnel administration and reading systems have been concretely investigated, analyzed and compared. The conclusions obtained from the above are as followings. 1. In those days of the Korean Liberation, the situation of Korean public libraries was such as it under the Japanese rule and so, their names were only changed. However, as a part of its independent activities, the national library have once carried out the various programs such as the training of professional librarians, the establishment of the new classification schedule and the chief Librarian and deputy Librarian from the professional librarians in the office regulations, and they were well worth being the good examples for today's Korean library circle. Though the Goverment of the Republic of Korea had been formally established, the situation of the library circle was very dull owing to the Korean war for a long time. In 1963, $\ulcorner$The Korean library law$\lrcorner$ was promulgated, but the establishment of public libraries did not give satisfactory results because of the institutional fragility. In the 1980's the importance of library was embossed from the viewpoint of life-long education and the number of libraries was increased. However, there were still the remaining vestiges of Japanese library system in the practical library services. 2. After the Korean Liberation, the influnces of public library system under the Japanese imperialism showed in the office regulation of national library and the Korea library Law were also in the legal mechanism. In particular, the regulations of $\ulcorner$The staff-member of public library$\lrcorner$ and $\ulcorner$Admission fee of public library$\lrcorner$ including the chief librarian have referred to the library system under the Japanese imperialism since the liberation day to date. 3. At that time of the Korean Liberation, the U.S.Military Government Office had decided that the public library administration should be attached to the administration of local and internal affairs in accordance with the Japanese administative system. As a result, the public libraries had been forced to be indirectly affected by public library system under the Japanese imperialism for twenty years since the Liberation. 4. Since the Liberation, the personnel adminstration of public library has been so far on the steps of model under the Japanese imperialism. As the result of the field survey, the position standards of local chief librarians, non-professional character, the extra post system and the preponderant appointment of non-professional offices have analyzed by the influence of Public library system under the Japanese imperialism. Therefore, the Government authorities-concerned must readjust the standards of qualification and the divided duties corresponding to the position of public library staff members and to stipulate expressly in the revised library law. In addition, the regulation of the admission fee should be also actively detected for the free adminssion of library users. 5. Since the Liberation Day, the reading methods of public library have been so far similar to reading method under the Japaness imperialism. For example, the admission fee levied, the complicated procedures of using books including entrance and exit of a library, no-admission system, the limited lending books, the deposit system of outdoor lending books and the surety liable jointly and severally are originally caused by bureaucracy of under the Japanese imperialism. Therefore, the public libraries should make an offer space and opportunities which can enjoy freedom to the gull in future. The procedures and standards of library users will be simplified, if possible. As the above-mentioned, the actual conditions of Korean public libraries have been examined and analyzed. As the result of it, there are still the remaining vestiges of public library system under the Japanese imperialism in the establishment and management of the nation-wide public libraries. Such the remnants are an obstacle to the democratic development of public libraries and so, the authorities-concerned should take the proper-measures as soon as possible.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.24-34
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• 1996

There are many kinds of free flaps for management of extensive soft tissue defect of extremities in orthopaedic field. Free vascularized scapular flap is one of the most useful and relatively easy to application. This flap has been utilize clinically from early eighties by many microsurgical pioneers. Authors performed 102 cases of this flap from 1984 to 1995. We have to consider about the surgical anatomy of the flap, technique of the donor harvesting procedures, vascular varieties and anatomical abnormalities and success rate and the weak points of the procedure. This flap nourished by cutaneous branches from circumflex scapular vessels emerges from the lateral aspect of the subscapular artery 2.5-5cm from its lateral origin passing through the triangular space(bounded by subscapularis, teres minor, teres major, long head of triceps). The terminal cutaneous branch runs posteriorly around the lateral border of the scapular and divided into two major branches, those transeverse horizontally and obliquely to the fascial plane of overlying skin of the scapular body. We can utilize these arteries for scapular and parascapular flap. The vascular pedicle ranged from 5 to 10 cm long depends on the dissection, usually two venae comitantes accompanied circumflex scapular artery and its major branches. The diameter of the circumflex scapular artery is more than 1mm in adult, rare vascular variation. Surgical techniques : The scapular flap can be dissected conveniently with prone or lateral decubitus position, prone position is more easier in my experience. There are two kinds of surgical approaches, most of the surgeon prefer elevation of the flap from its outer border towards its base which known easier and quicker, but I prefer elevation of the flap from its outer border because of the lowering the possibilities of damage to vasculature in the flap itself which runs just underneath the subcutaneous tissue of the flap and provide more quicker elevation of the flap with blunt finger dissection after secure pedicle dissection and confirmed the course from the base of the pedicle. There are minimal donor site morbidity with direct skin closure if the flap size is not so larger than 10cm width. This flap has versatility in the design of the flap shape and size, if we need more longer and larger one, we can use parascapular flap or both. Even more, the flap can be used with latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap and serratus anterior flap which have common vascular pedicle from subscapular artery, some instance can combined with osteocutaneous flap if we include the lateral border of the scapular bone or parts of the ribs with serratus anterior. The most important shortcoming of the scapular free flap is non sensating, there are no reasonable sensory nerves to the flap to anastomose with recipient site nerve. Results : Among our 102 cases, overall success rate was 89%, most of the causes of the failure was recipient site vascular problems such as damaged recipient arterial conditions, and there were two cases of vascular anomalies in our series. Patients ages from 3 years old to 62 years old. Six cases of combined flap with latissimus dorsi, 4 cases of osteocutaneous flap for bone reconstruction, 62 parascapular flap was performed - we prefer parascapular flap to scapular. Statistical analysis of the size of the flap has less meaningful because of the flap has great versatility in size. In the length of the pedicle depends on the recipient site condition, we can adjust the pedicle length. The longest vascular pedicle was 14 cm in length from the axillary artery to the enter point cutaneous tissue. In conclusion, scapular free flap is one of the most useful modalities to manage the large intractable soft tissue defect. It has almost constant vascular pedicle with rare anatomical variation, easy to dissect great versatility in size and shape, low donor morbidity, thin and hairless skin.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.61-95
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• 2007

Small-and-medium sized enterprises(SMEs) represent quite a large proportion of the industry as a whole in terms of the number of enterprises or employees. However researches on information system so far have focused on large companies, probably because SMEs were not so active in introducing information systems as larger enterprises. SMEs are now increasingly bringing in information systems such as ERP(Enterprise Resource Planning Systems) and some of the companies already entered the stage of ongoing use. Accordingly, researches should deal with the use of information systems by SME s operating under different conditions from large companies. This study examined factors and mechanism inducing faithful appropriation of information systems, in particular integrative systems such as ERP, in view of individuals` active feedback-seeking behavior. There are three factors expected to affect end users` feedback-seeking behavior for faithful appropriation of information systems. They are management support, peer IT champ support, and IT staff support. The main focus of the study is on how these factors affect feedback-seeking behavior and whether the feedback-seeking behavior plays the role of mediator for realizing faithful appropriation of information systems by end users. To examine the research model and the hypotheses, this study employed an empirical method based on a field survey. The survey used measurements mostly employed and verified by previous researches, while some of the measurements had gone through minor modifications for the purpose of the study. The survey respondents are individual employees of SMEs that have been using ERP for one year or longer. To prevent common method bias, Task-Technology Fit items used as the control variable were made to be answered by different respondents. In total, 127 pairs of valid questionnaires were collected and used for the analysis. The PLS(Partial Least Squares) approach to structural equation modeling(PLS-Graph v.3.0) was used as our data analysis strategy because of its ability to model both formative and reflective latent constructs under small-and medium-size samples. The analysis shows Reliability, Construct Validity and Discriminant Validity are appropriate. The path analysis results are as follows; first, the more there is peer IT champ support, the more the end user is likely to show feedback-seeking behavior(path-coefficient=0.230, t=2.28, p<0.05). In other words, if colleagues proficient in information system use recognize the importance of their help, pass on what they have found to be an effective way of using the system or correct others' misuse, ordinary end users will be able to seek feedback on the faithfulness of their appropriation of information system without hesitation, because they know the convenience of getting help. Second, management support encourages ordinary end users to seek more feedback(path-coefficient=0.271, t=3.06, p<0.01) by affecting the end users' perceived value of feedback(path-coefficient=0.401, t=6.01, p<0.01). Management support is far more influential than other factors that when the management of an SME well understands the benefit of ERP, promotes its faithful appropriation and pays attention to employees' satisfaction with the system, employees will make deliberate efforts for faithful appropriation of the system. However, the third factor, IT staff support was found not to be conducive to feedback-seeking behavior from end users(path-coefficient=0.174, t=1.83). This is partly attributable to the fundamental reason that there is little support for end users from IT staff in SMEs. Even when IT staff provides support, end users may find it less important than that from coworkers more familiar with the end users' job. Meanwhile, the more end users seek feedback and attempt to find ways of faithful appropriation of information systems, the more likely the users will be able to deploy the system according to the purpose the system was originally meant for(path-coefficient=0.35, t=2.88, p<0.01). Finally, the mediation effect analysis confirmed the mediation effect of feedback-seeking behavior. By confirming the mediation effect of feedback-seeking behavior, this study draws attention to the importance of feedback-seeking behavior that has long been overlooked in research about information system use. This study also explores the factors that promote feedback-seeking behavior which in result could affect end user`s faithful appropriation of information systems. In addition, this study provides insight about which inducements or resources SMEs should offer to promote individual users' feedback-seeking behavior when formal and sufficient support from IT staff or an outside information system provider is hardly expected. As the study results show, under the business environment of SMEs, help from skilled colleagues and the management plays a critical role. Therefore, SMEs should seriously consider how to utilize skilled peer information system users, while the management should pay keen attention to end users and support them to make the most of information systems.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.441-450
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• 2016

A pilot scale biostimulation experiment was performed under field conditions to degrade organic pollutants and PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds) in contaminated coastal sediment. During the experiment, the seawater temperature around the sediment varied from $16.5^{\circ}C$ to $21^{\circ}C$, while the sediment pH was stable at 8.4-8.5. The experiment was conducted over a one year period with a control group and a sample group with a applied biostimulant composed of acetate, sulfate, and nitrate. Chemical oxygen demand decreased 39% in the control group and 79% in the sample group. Volatile solids were reduced from 15 to 7 g/kg in the control group and 2.5 g/kg in the sample group. Out of the 2-, 3- ,4- ,5-, and 6-rings of the 16 vital PAHs, the compound including naphthalene (2-ring), took 2 months to degrade completely, while the degradation efficiency was 55.6% in the control group during the same period. In the case of the 3-ring and 4-ring PAHs, complete degradation in the sample and 46% - 100% degradation in control was observed after one year of the experiment. The 5-ring and 6-ring PAHs were degraded to about 77%-100% in the sample group and 26%-87% in the control group during the one year of the experiment. The study results show that biostimulation is a very effective method to improve the degradation rate of organic pollutants and PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds) in contaminated coastal sediment.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.191-201
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• 2011

Soybean has widely grown for its edible bean which has numerous uses. Microwave remote sensing has a great potential over the conventional remote sensing with the visible and infrared spectra due to its all-weather day-and-night imaging capabilities. In this investigation, a ground-based polarimetric scatterometer operating at multiple frequencies was used to continuously monitor the crop conditions of a soybean field. Polarimetric backscatter data at L, C, and X-bands were acquired every 10 minutes on the microwave observations at various soybean stages. The polarimetric scatterometer consists of a vector network analyzer, a microwave switch, radio frequency cables, power unit and a personal computer. The polarimetric scatterometer components were installed inside an air-conditioned shelter to maintain constant temperature and humidity during the data acquisition period. The backscattering coefficients were calculated from the measured data at incidence angle $40^{\circ}$ and full polarization (HH, VV, HV, VH) by applying the radar equation. The soybean growth data such as leaf area index (LAI), plant height, fresh and dry weight, vegetation water content and pod weight were measured periodically throughout the growth season. We measured the temporal variations of backscattering coefficients of the soybean crop at L, C, and X-bands during a soybean growth period. In the three bands, VV-polarized backscattering coefficients were higher than HH-polarized backscattering coefficients until mid-June, and thereafter HH-polarized backscattering coefficients were higher than VV-, HV-polarized back scattering coefficients. However, the cross-over stage (HH > VV) was different for each frequency: DOY 200 for L-band and DOY 210 for both C and X-bands. The temporal trend of the backscattering coefficients for all bands agreed with the soybean growth data such as LAI, dry weight and plant height; i.e., increased until about DOY 271 and decreased afterward. We plotted the relationship between the backscattering coefficients with three bands and soybean growth parameters. The growth parameters were highly correlated with HH-polarization at L-band (over r=0.92).

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.31 no.1 s.60
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• pp.91-103
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• 1998

Under experimental conditions, UVB radiation, a type of ultra violet radiation, has shown to .elate with the occurrence of skin erythema (sun-burn) in human and skin cancer in experimental animal. Cumulative exposure to UVB is also believed to be at least partly responsible for the 'aging' process of the skin in human. It has also been observed to have an effect of altering DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). UVB radiation is both an initiator and a promoter of non-melanoma skin cancer. Meta-analysis is a new discipline that critically reviews and statistically combines the results of previous researches. A recent review of meta-analysis in the field of public health emphasized its growing importance. Using a meta-analysis in this study, we explored more reliable dose-response relationships between UVB radiation and skin cancer incidence. We estimated skin cancer incidence using measured UVB radiation dose at a local area of Seoul (Shin chou-dong). The studies showing the dose-response relationships between UVB radiation and non-melanoma skin cancer incidence were searched and selected for a meta-analysis. The data for 7 reported epidemiological studies of three counties (USA, England, Australia) were pooled to estimated the risk. We estimated rate of incidence change of skin cancer using pooled data by meta-analysis method, and exponential and power models. Using either model, the regression coefficients for UVB did not differ significantly by gender and age. In each analysis of variance, non-melanoma skin cancer incidence after removing the gender and age and UVB effects was significant (p>0.01). The coefficients for UVB dose were estimated $2.07\times10^{-6}$ by the exponential model and 2.49 by the power model. At a local area of Seoul (Shinchon-Dong), BAF value were estimated 1.90 and 2.51 by the exponential and power model, respectively. The estimated BAP value were increased statistical power than that of primary studies that using a meta-analysis method.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.284-291
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• 2001

To study whether N isotope composition (${\delta}^{15}N$) of crop reflects the kind of fertilizer (chemical or organic) applied to field, a pot experiment was conducted. Corn (Zea mays L.) was cultivated under greenhouse conditions for 70 days. Composted pig manure and urea were applied at 0 and 0 (C0U0), at 0 and 300 (COU2), at 300 and 0 (C2U0) and at 150 and $150kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ (C1U1), respectively. The ${\delta}^{15}N$ values of composted pig manure and urea were + 13.9‰ and -2.3‰, respectively. The ${\delta}^{15}N$ values of whole parts (roots + stems + leaves + grains) were + 12.7, + 12.9, + 14.0 and + 13.0‰ for C0U0, C0U2, C2U0 and C1U1 treatments, and were not significantly affected by the application of isotopically different N sources (P<0.05). However, leaves or grains showed significantly (P<0.05) different ${\delta}^{15}N$ values between treatments. The ${\delta}^{15}N$ values of leaves and grains were + 14.3 and + 16.2‰ for C2U0, +13.2 and +13.9‰ for C0U0, +10.1 and + 12.6‰ for C1U1 and +10.1 and +12.4‰ for C0U2 treatments. The different ${\delta}^{15}N$ values of corn from the values of N sources (compost and urea) applied to soil showed that the ${\delta}^{15}N$ values of corn were affected not only by the isotope composition of N source, but also by N pool mixing and isotope fractionation accompanying N transformation. This study suggests that although the ${\delta}^{15}N$ values of crop are not identical to the ${\delta}^{15}N$ values of N sources applied to fields, the application of isotopically different N sources such as compost and chemical fertilizer may result in qualitative difference in ${\delta}^{15}N$ values of crop.