• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.283-304
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• 2018

mankind has evolved to stand upright a million years ago. However entering an industrial society, much has changed in only a few decades. Human beings spend more time sitting down and working, which negatively affects their bodies. Leading medical studies have shown that the prolonged working conditions have significantly affected the causes of adult illnesses that we have known. Human beings have evolved in a moving direction. So, like modern societies, sitting or standing in one space for long periods of time without movement brings various side effects to the body. Reflecting this background, this study has led to think of work in an environment that is taking the evolutionary biology perspective from a traditional standing, standing work environment. They also plan to conduct an experiment to handle work with smartphones in the hopes of expanding their mobile office environment to use smartphones in the field, which is a type of smart work. The study could help build and establish a mobile office environment, a type of smart work. In addition to using smartphones, a working environment can be created that works by moving around. Furthermore, the paradigm of the work environment of businesses and students could be changed.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.23-35
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• 2012

Due to the convenience, RMR has been widely applied in civil engineering works such as tunnel, slope, and so on. Many researchers have studied to suggest more simple and trustable RMR by modifying its parameters. However, those researches have just focused on looking for easy modified-RMRs by reducing number of parameters using various statistical analyses. Therefore, this research studied questions of modified-RMRs and gaps between RMR and its parameters. Approximately 2,000 parameters of 400 RMRs from various tunnel sites were normalized respectively and compared with one another to study their relations and divergences. The comparison results showed that there were common patterns among RMR and parameters. Data of uniaxial compressive strength and RQD, qualitative parameters, were located in upper side of RMR line. Discontinuity condition and ground water, quantitative oriented parameters, were opposite to them. It means if both qualitative and quantitative parameters can be properly combined then it can be easy to make simple and easy modified-RMRs without using difficult statistics. This results also show that the majority of field engineers used to estimate RMR conservatively when they did quantitative oriented parameters.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.2
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• pp.49-74
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• 2004

It has been frequently pointed out that the established art history with the stylistic and iconographic interpretations and monographic analysis is fallen behind the currency of modern art. Among those who claimed the crisis in the discipline of art history, there is a suggestion that the art historical study should be fostered by other factors in the fields of the humanities. The so called New Art History or 'visual Culture Studies' insists that art history has to be restructured to integrate the broader study of culture and society, and by now, such an opinion is not a novelty at all. One of the most significant yet overlooked elements that induced the new currency of art history is properties of contemporary art that conflict the traditional claim of art historians. Although the idea that art is not purely aesthetic but that it has many other functions has been brought up by the art historians, it was the artists that provoked such a perception. When Arthur C. Danto and Hans Belting proclaimed the End of Art and Art History in the 1980s, the concept of art has been changed radically through the avant-garde tendency of Modernism and a new pluralism of Postmodernism. One dominant concern that strikes art historians is to find a new approach to art, since the traditional method and goal of analysis for past art and past art history seem unavailable. The perplexity arising from the situation is intensified in the field of teaching art, especially for those who teach art history in art school. Basically art history is a pursuit of learning of art in history, and its purpose is to reconcile the present with the past and the future as well. Since Modernism, as it is confusing sometimes because it implies the present state, somehow art became considered 'tradition-less'. It does not mean that a work of art stands aloof from the past attainments, hut modern art imposed itself on a task seeking after the new for its own sake, turning its back on the tradition. And now in the era of Postmodernism, an historians face the requirement to revaluate the whole history of art including modernism. The necessity of art history in art education is indisputable, but methods and contents in the academic courses should he reexamined now. Because artists' concept of history and past art has been altered, and art history as a humanistic discipline can only maintain its identity through incorporation with art itself. Academics teaching art history, or, strictly speaking, past works of art and history, to the student in art school, confront with the need to rethink the object of art history and its meaning to the artists.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.2
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• pp.169-190
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• 2004

The purpose of this article is to delve into the problems of originality of the artwork by examining issues of reproduction within the contemporary art market. In contemporary arts, especially in terms of art production and consumption, we can't overlook society and its economic structure and its connection with of capitalism. As the purity of art creation has turned into an exchange value, art, especially an object as artwork, has fallen into the status of production in an economic marketing system. Walter Benjamin mainly referred to that point in his thesis Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit, which originated the sociology of plastic arts. This thesis, published in 1936, traced how the artistic functions of photograph and movie had been changed through the social development. His main concerns were movie and photograph but what I am concentrating from his point of view, is that even in the field of plastic arts, the manufacture of reproduction has been practiced as a primary method within the social and political contexts and development. Though I am referring to this in the main body of this article, reproduction in contemporary art strongly needs a new definition since it has been spread all over like a newest virus, not only by collector's personal taste or hut also by commercial circulations of these reproductions to the public. This relates to Benjamin's argument about the value of an exhibition at a museum(Ausstellungswert). Since the function of an artwork has been one of cultural industry, the manufacturing of reproduction raises unexpected problems, such as, the originality of the artwork, the value of an exhibition at a museum, its achievement as documentary and as a territory of art criticism. In this point of view, I want to inquire into the value and criteria of an exhibition in contemporary art through the review of the definitions and the intrinsic attributes of reproduction. Somehow in a broad sense, the reproduction is a product coming out of representation or copy (replica) of an original art work or an model. Therefore, the problems it presents differ from the Simulacre, which is an image without an original one. In terms of the Meanings of reproduction, we can distinguish it as reproductions, copies, and productions. These types of reproductions are not the original artworks reflected by the creative intention of the artists. For example, a publishing company reproduced some of lithographs of Salvador Dali in the 1960s. They are commercial copies in the form of representation or reproduction with no artistic and creative intention of the artist. However, In despite of this theoretical basis, reproductions of the famous artists are still displayed without any verification for of the public's quest for the artworks. Moreover, many commercial companies that are planning to exhibit art works of the world-famous artists only for their profits keep trying to speak ill of and judging by the law the honest art critics' articles which discuss the true values of exhibition. If freedom of expression is one of the ideals of democracy, even the judgment of the originality of the artworks should be freely expressed.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.6
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• pp.101-121
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• 2008

An artist, Oh Yun(1946~86)'s theory of people's art during his final period is summed up in his essay 'Expansion of Artistic Imagination and World' (1985). Emphasizing the mystic and traditional characteristics of Oh Yun's artistic oeuvre during his final period, some critics focus on Oh Yun's experience of medical treatment and shamanistic custom at Jin Do island, and his belief in Jeung San Do, the dao of Jeung-san, the Ruler of the Universe. However, they forget the practical intention and implication of his theory of art during his final period, which aimed to overcome the contradiction of revelation itself. Oh Yun's essay criticized the loss of artistic imagination and the ignorance of traditional culture that resulted from the elevation of science to a religion, and insisted that the stereotyped idealism, scientism and elitism in art should be overcome in order to recover the full reality in realism and to continue traditional cultures. The essay is comprised of 18 paragraphs. Oh Yun criticized monochromatic art, conceptual art, hyper-realistic art, objet d'art, and neo-dadaist art, saying that they were simply mechanical forms of modern art derived from scientism and a fetishistic lens culture. In addition, he criticized naturalism in art, which had continued as a tendency in the development of western art, for the same reason. He pointed out that even the world of realism had been diminished by elite stereotypes and diagrams. He declared the need to overcome the imitation of shells or stereotyped propaganda, and recover full realism, which seems to have started with a reflective examination of current problems in 'Reality and Utterance', in which he participated. Especially, he thought that universality and the extension of full realism could be achieved by building on the views of traditional cultures, which is meaningful. This logic is same as the theory of epic theatre that Bertolt Brecht(1898~1956) has developed under the ancient Greek masque and Pieter Bruegel the Elder(1525~69)'s story-like picture style. The universality of realism and the extension of acquisition to include incantation art, rather than move toward incantation art, is what Oh Yun intended to propose in 'Artistic Imagination'. This attitude is same as Bertoh Brecht's aesthetic viewpoint in the 1930s. But regrettably, Oh Yun's style wording, which seems covert and far-sighted, is often misunderstood as 'mysticism'. In the flow of people's art in the 1980s, Oh Yun was a traditionalist in a narrow sense, and an realist in a broad sense. However, his critical mind, which comprehends tradition and reality, was attempting to expand universality and extend full realism, and this attempt found many sympathizers and had an influence on the next generation of people's artists, such as "Levee" which is field-centered, to which we should pay attention. This means that while their works thought about 'tradition', we should be careful not to connect them with 'aesthetic conservatism' or 'classical art'. This is the why the meaning of Oh Yun's theory of art during his final period should be closely examined again.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.183-198
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• 2008

With the purpose of enriching existing catalogues with FRBR, which is the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records, in mind, this paper aims to evaluate the impact of bibliographic ontology on the overall system's performance in the field of literature. In doing this, OCLC's FictionFinder(http://fictionfinder.oclc.org) was selected and qualitatively evaluated. In this study 40 university seniors evaluated the following three aspects using the 'transferring thoughts onto paper method': 1) In which ways is this FRBR-aware bibliographical ontology helpful? 2) Are the things which are initially attempted to be helped being helped? 3) Would users seeking one work in particular also see all other related works? In conclusion, this study revealed that, as Cutter claimed in his $2^{nd}$ rule of the library, collocations give added-value to the users and overall ontology provides better interface and usefulness. It also revealed that a system's evaluation with qualitative methodology helped to build full pictures of the system and to grip the information needs of the users when the system is developed. Qualitative evaluations, therefore, could be used as indicators for the evaluation of any information retrieval systems.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.167-171
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• 2007

Application areas of Knowledge Discovery in Database (KDD) have been expanded into many R&D management processes including technology trends analysis, forecasting and evaluation etc. Established research field such as informetrics (or scientometrics) has recently fully utilized techniques or methods of KDD. Various systems have been developed to support works of analyzing large-scale R&D related databases such as patent DB or bibliographic DB by a few researchers or institutions. But extant systems have some problems for korean users to use. Their prices is not cheap, korean language process not available, and user's demands not reflected. To solve these problems, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI) developed stand-alone type information analysis system named as KnowledgeMatrix. KnowledgeMatrix system offer various functions to analyze retrieved data set from databases. Knowledge Matrix main operation unit is composed of user-defined lists and matrix generation, cluster analysis, visualization, data pre-processing. KnowledgeMatrix show better performances and offer more various functions than extant systems.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.26-35
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• 2020

Tunnel construction is an important part of Korean public construction projects. Although the development of various equipment and technologies has led to advances in tunnel construction methods that are implemented on sites, the cost standards related to such works do not yet reflect the realities of the construction sites. A literature review and site surveys were conducted to suggest reasonable cost standards for tunnel work that reflects the realities of the field. First, each item in the cost standards for tunnel work, as established in the Construction Standard Production Rates, were analyzed. The results were compared with the actual costs implemented on tunnel projects. The key items analyzed included those regarding the work cycle time, such as rock classification, profiling survey, drilling speed, and muck-disposal processing equipment combination, as well as the number of people put to tunneling work. Based on the site survey results, improved estimates regarding the cycle time per one tunnel drilling blast, drilling speed of the machine, muck disposal processing equipment combination, and the number of people put to tunneling work were suggested. This study suggests the cost standards that reflect the realities of tunneling sites. The results are expected to help ensure adequate costs for tunnel construction projects.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.14-23
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• 2018

In the domestic construction industry, large-scale housing construction projects are being carried out by construction companies with competitiveness in the domestic top 10, it is said that the competence of the construction engineer is a factor for the success of the project. In Korea, there is National Competency Standards (NCS) that systematize contents of knowledge, technology, and attitude required in order to perform job in industrial field as the importance of individual ability is systemized in the country. Therefore, in this study, defined the detail competence in construction administration works, and examined the level of competence and degree of impotance detailed competency of construction engineers using AHP analysis & ANOVA. As a result, it was found that the current capacity of the Engineers in the apartment construction work is insufficient compared to the level of the competence they think they have, and that they have different competencies depending on their work experience and job position. This means that if the career is accumulated, the capacity that is possessed naturally will be changed. Therefore, it will be necessary to improve the capacity of the construction engineers who have a short work experience and a low job level.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.14
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• pp.39-69
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• 1987

The purpose of this research is to analyze the differences between literature (Belles-letters) class in DDC 19 and literature class in KDC 3. The results of the study can be summarized as follows : 1. The section of philosophy and theory of literature in DDC was subdivided according to the properties as including subsection of theory of criticism but KDC didn't subdivide this section. 2. In DDC, the subsections of 'rhetoric in specific languages' and 'rhetoric of specific kinds of composition' in rhetoric section was established and can subdivide according to each languages and subjects. These considerations can be useful as compared with KDC. 3. In DDC, collections or criticism of several literatures in specific forms can be more subdivide according to specific aspects or features dealing with in the collections or criticism by a n.0, pplying Table 3-A when specified more than the literary form. 4. Reviewing a notational rank to be assigned in literatures of specific languages, Latin literature and Classical Greek literature to be ranked in division in DDC was established as subsection in KDC to treat them as literatures of minor languages. 5. The DDC can sometimes a n.0, pply, in literatures of all languages, the notations of Table 3 to be subdivided again as specific kinds of literary forms, but KDC subdivided literary forms as specific kinds of each forms in only Korean, Chinese, Japanese literature. 6. In DDC, even literatures of minor languages are provided with 'the period table for the specific literature' under each literature of specific languages in schedules and these period tables can be a n.0, pplied a n.0, ppropriately, but period numbers in KDC was established in only Korean, Chinese, Japanese literature. 7. The optional use of letter prefixes or special numbers such as 828.99 to distinguish literatures of countries other than the "mother country" which makes the use of period tables feasible, but the KDC can only use to distinguish without the function of dividing a period such as DDC. 8. According to a n.0, pplying Table 3 and 3-A also in literatures of specific languages(810-890), a literature of specific languages, a specific literary form in literature of specific languages and a literature or literary form of specific period, in case of a n.0, pplying 'form divisions 08-09', can subdivide again by a specific aspect or feature dealing with in the works when specified. 9. For grasping the rate of subdividing, after selecting several sample-titles in literary field, they classified by DDC and KDC and gave a definite score in accordance with analytic small subjects. According to the results, the rate of subdividing in literature class of KDC is proved as less 22.8% than DDC. than DDC.