• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.347-351
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• 1990

A simple cross-over design was used in digestion experiment carried out on finishing pig (70 kg body wt.) fitted with ileal T-cannula, to determine the difference between ileal and fecal digestible values as affected by various fiber sources and levels. The series of semi-purified diets were formulated in an attempt to meet 1, 3, 7 and 9% crude fiber level, with alfalfa meal (AFM), rubber seed meal (RSM), leucaena meal (LM) and cellulose. Both the levels and sources influenced the amino acid digestibilities, as increasing crude fiber level the digestibilities increased. The digestibilities of amino acids at ileal level were higher than at fecal level. The magnitude of response were ranged from 1.76 to 8.41 percentage unit or 4.86 by average. The dry matter digestibilities of the diets reflect the digestibilities of amino acids as accumulation of fiber would increase endogenous losses. It indicates that the digestibilities of amino acids varied irregularly among diets, probably depended on a dietary nutrient and individual fiber fraction contents.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.107-114
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• 1995

These works were designed to examine the effects of dietary fiber sources and levels on lipid metabolism in rats fed high lard diet. Rats were divided into three($\alpha$-cellulose, polydextrose, carrageenan) groups and were fed with containing 6% fiber diet. Serum, liver and fecal lipid contents were examined after four weeks of dieting. Also, in order to investigate whether hypocholesterolemic effect of dietary fiber at 4 weeks is continued at 8 weeks, rats were fed with diets containing same sources with different levels of each dietary fiber and were sacrificed after eight weeks of dieting. Serum cholesterol in rats fed carrageenan diet and polydextrose diet were reduced compared with $\alpha$-cellulose-fed group at both four and eight weeks dieting. Liver cholesterol in both polydextrose-fed and carrageenan-fed group were lower than $\alpha$-cellulose-fed group. Fecal total group were increased compared with $\alpha$-cellulose-fed group. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between polydextrose-fed and carrageenan-fed group. On the basis of the results, it was suggested that the hypocholesterolemic effect of soluble fiber used in this study (polydextrose, carageenan) on rats was due to the inhibition of cholesterol absorption on the intestinal lumen and acceleration of cholesterol catabolism in the liver and enhancement of bile acids excretion. On the other hand, insoluble fiber($\alpha$-cellulose) showed no hypo-cholesterolemic effect.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.895-903
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• 1997

This study was performed to investigate the influence of dietray food from the three CHinese medicinal herbs(Mugwort, Dried organge peel and Duchung) on lipi d metabolism in rats. Male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were divided into four dietary groups(Cellulose (CL), Mugwort(MW), Dried organge peel9OP), Duchung(DC)) after three weeks of hyperlipidemic dieting and were fed ad libitum each of the experimental diets for six weeks. The fiber sources of the experimental diets were prepared by drying and milling mugwort, orange peel, duchung and cellulose. Each of the Fiber sources was mixed into the diet to achieve 10g% levels of total dietary fiber. Levels of apparent fat absorption exhibited a significant decrease in the MW and DC groups. The OP group also showed a decreasing trend, but to a lesser extent. The levels of serum total lipid were not significantly different among the four experimental groups. Total serum cholesterol levels were significantly lower in the OP grop that in both the CM and MW group. Serum TG and LDL-cholesterol levels were significantly higher in the DL group than other groups. Serum HDL-cholesterol levels were significantly levels were significantly lower in the CL group than in the other groups. Total lipid and total cholesterol in liver were significantly higher in the CL group than in the other groups. Total lipid and total cholesterol in feces displayed a significantly increase in the MW and DC groups when compared with the CL group. The OP group also showed an increase compared to the CL group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.492-503
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• 1990

This study was performed to investigate nutritional effect of various dietary fibers on lead absorption, and protein and lipid metabolisms in growing rats. Sixty male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing 140$\pm$1.1g were blocked into 10 groups according to body weight and fed 10 kinds of diet different with fiber sources [non-fiber, cellulose, pectin, guar gum or carboxymethylcellulose(CMC)] and lead levels (0 or 1%) for 4 weeks. Results were summerized as follows : 1) Food intake, weight gain, FER and PER were remarkably decreased in lead(Pb)-added groups. Weight gain, FER and PER in Pb-added pectin group were significantly lower than those in Pb-added non-fiber group. 2) Liver and kidney weights, femur weight and length, hematocrit and hemoglobin content were decreased in Pb-added groups. Especially femur and liver weights in pectin groups were the lowest among groups. 3) Total protein content in serum was significantly decreased in Pb-added groups but was not different with dietary fiber sources. Total lipid content in serum was not different with dietary Pb levels and fiber sources, but cholesterol content in serum of guar gum group was significantly decreased by Pb addition. 4) Nitrogen, lipid and cholesteol contents in liver were significantly decreased in Pb-added groups, and lipid content in liver of pectin and CMC groups was lower than other groups. 5) Daily urinary and fecal excretions of nitrogen, kipid and cholesterol were decreased in Pb-added groups, and fecal nitrogen was significantly increased in Pb-added groups, and fecal nitrogen of cellulose and guar gum groups was significantly higher than other groups. Fecal excretions of lipid and cholesterol were increased by dietary fibers, and especially fecal lipid was remarkably increased in pectin and guar hum group. 6) Pb contents in liver and femur were decreased by dietary fibers. Especially Pb contents in liver, kidney and femur were significantly decreased in guar gum group. 7) Daily urinary and fecal excretions of Pb were significantly increased in cellulose and guar gum groups, and fecla excretion of Pb in guar gum group was twice of non-fiber group. Pb absorption ratio was significantly decreased in guar gum group. In conclusion, dietary fibers have effect on protein and lipid metabolisms, and decreased intestinal absorption of Pb by increasing fecal excretion. But the degree of effect was different with dietary fiber sources.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.353-361
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• 1990

A number of correlation and regression analyses were performed on data from apparent and true digestibility of amino acids at ileal and fecal level with finishing pigs, in order to investigate whether these amino acid digestibilities could be predicted with certainly degree on their fiber fractions content (chemical analysis). The data comprised 16 diets varying in 4 levels of crude fiber and from 4 fiber sources. The relationships between fiber fractions including crude fiber (CF), NDF, ADF lignin and cellulose contents on apparent and true digestibility of almost all amino acids in both ileal and fecal level were negative, except glutamine at fecal level. In apparent digestibility at ileal level, the correlations of fiber fractions were moderate (r of NDF = 0.53 to 0.63; ADF, 0.50 to 0.77; cellulose, 0.50 to 0.75), with an exception of CF content was relatively high (r of 0.58 to 0.81). The correlations to true digestibility of amino acids were weaker. In case of at fecal level, the higher correlation (negative) was found with NDF than CF content. Estimations of amino acids digestibility were performed using regression equation. The data showed that apparent digestibility of amino acids could be estimated for almost amino acids except arginine, threonine, valine and tyrosine at fecal level and phenylalaine, valine and glycine at ileal level. The best prediction at ileal and fecal level ($r^2=0.55-0.77$ and 0.52-0.76), respectively was obtained with NDF content. Prediction for true digestibility of amino acids, none of fiber fractions could be estimated for arginine, leucine and valine at all collection levels. At ileal level, CF could be used for most of amino acids except phenylalanine, glycine and praline; cellulose, only for lysine and methionine and NDF, only for proline. At fecal level, glutamine digestibility could be estimated only from CF and ADF content. The best predictor at ileal level was ADF content whereas at fecal level was NDF content. These results indicate that lignin content could not be used as predictor for all amino acids at both levels neither in apparent nor true digestibility.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.253-261
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• 1984

식이중 지방 수준과 fiber 종류가 흰 쥐의 혈청과 간 조직내의 지질 함량에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 지방 수준을 0% , 5% , 20% 수준으로 달리 하였으며 fiber 종류는 고지방 식이군( 20% 지방 )에 pectin과 cellulose를 각각 10% 수준으로 첨가하였다. 또 식이내 cholesterol첨가의 효과를 관찰하기 위해 고지방 식이군에 0.5% cholesterol을 첨가한 후 pectin과 cellulose를 10%씩 넣어 전체적으로 7군으로 나누어 각 각 다른 식이로 4주간 사양한 후 혈청과 간에서 지질 함량을 조사하였으며 간 조직의 형태학적 조사를 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 식이 섭취량은 지방 수준이 낮을수록 높았으나 뚜렷한 차이는 보이지 않았으며 pectin과 cellulose 첨가로 인해서 섭취량이 줄었다. 증체량은 지방 수준이나 fiber종류에 따라 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 변의 무게는 지방 수준에 따른 차이는 없었으나 fiber 첨가로 인해서는 pectin은 약간의 감소를 cellulose 는 뚜렷한 증가를 보였다. 또 cholesterol을 첨가한 군 간의 비교에서도 pectin첨가군은 감소를 cellulose첨가군은 증가를 나타냈다. 간과 epididymal fat pad의 무게는 지방 수준이 높아짐에 따라 증가하였으며 fiber 종류에 따라서는 pectin첨가군이 cellulose 첨가 군 보다 낮았다. 2) 혈청 분석 결과는 식이내 지방 수준이 높을수록 total lipids수준이 높아지는 경향을 보였으며 pectin이 cellulose보다 혈청내 지질 수준을 뚜렷하게 낮추었다. Total cholesterol 및 phospholipids 량에 있어서도 지방 수준이 증가함에 따라 높아졌으며 cellulose보다 pectin이 첨가 되었을때 현저한 감소를 나타냈다. HDL- cholesterol수준은 무지방군에서는 매우 높게 나타났으나 표준군과 고지방군간에 는 명확한 결과를 얻을 수 없었다. 3) 간 분석 결과는 지방수준이 높을수록 total lipids량이 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 또 pectin 첨가가 cellulose첨가군보다 현저히 낮은 lipids수준을 나타냈다. 간의 total cholesterol함량은 지방 수준이 높아짐에 따라 증가하였으나 뚜렷한 차이는 아니었으며 pectin첨가가 cellulose첨가보다 cholesterol 수준이 상당히 낮았다. 4) 간 조직의 현미경 관찰 결과는 지방 수준이 높아짐에 따라 조직내 지방 침착이 심해졌으며 fiber 의 첨가로 인해서는 pectin은 뚜렷한 지방 침착의 감소를 보였으나 cellulose는 거의 감소 효과를 보이지 않았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권7호
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• pp.1063-1069
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• 1999

Wheat straw samples (3-4 cm) were sprayed with solutions of urea (U) alone or with a dry addition of garden soil (GS), midden soil (MS), soya bean meal (SM) or jack bean meal (JM) as crude urease sources and with a pure urease (UR) enzyme. Each of the urease sources was included at two levels: 30 and 60 g/kg except pure urease, which was added at a level of 2.5 & 5.0 g/kg treated straw dry matter. Untreated straw without urease source was used as a control. After treatment, samples were sealed in polythene bags and stored for 2, 7, 14, 21 and 35 days at $19{^{\circ}C}$. The urease sources, their levels and treatment time produced significant effects on ammonia production (p<0.01). The addition of urease offered more flexibility in hydrolyzing urea in the shortest possible time. Incorporation of soya bean and jack bean meal was effective in reducing the modified acid detergent fiber (MADF) content of straw and the same time increasing organic matter (OM) digestibility. Overall effect, addition of soya bean to urea at a ratio of 1:1 appeared to be the most satisfactory urease source for the treatment of urea and wheat straw.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.169-176
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• 1991

Four fibrous feedstuffs from alfalfa meal (AFM), cassava leaf meal (CLM), rubber seed meal (RSM) and leucaena meal (LM) were included in semi-purified diets for growing pig (45 kg body wt.) at 20%, to investigate the effects of these fiber sources and fractions on amino acid digestibility. Cellulose (C), a purified fiber source was included in another diet at 5% level for comparison. The barrows fitted with ileal T-cannula were used in the digestion trials with latin square design. The digestibilities of amino acids were measured at both terminal ileum and fecal level. NDF and hemicellulose content were the highest in AFM-diet whereas LM-diet had the highest ADF and lignin content. RSM-diet contained the highest crude fiber and cellulose content. The digestibilities of amino acids at ileal level were found the highest with CLM-diet, while LM-diet was the least. At fecal level, control diet and CLM-diet were the highest in amino acid digestibility while AFM-diet was the least. The digestibility of amino acids was higher at ileal than fecal level. The digestibility of arginine was not affected with fiber fractions but was found to be the most disestible across all diets. The most depressed amino acid was methionine at both levels; praline and glycine, in the dispensable amino acid group, were depressed at ileal and fecal level, respectively. Lignin did not depress amino acid digestibility in general but specifically depressed methionine, histidine, isoleucine and threonine digestibility. Cellulose content did not affect amino acid digestibility but undesirable factors might be responsible.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.223-236
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• 1989

To evaluate the differences of the levels and sources of protein intake human protein metabolism, an 26-day metabolic balance study was conducted in 10 healthy Korean adult females. In the pre-study, the subjects recorded their own diets for 3 days. The metabolic balance study consisted of 6-day adaptation period, 10-day moderate protein period(60-65g/d) and 10-day high protein period(90-95g/d). During the moderate and high protein period, 5 subjects were fed the higher animal protein meals and the other 5 subjects were fed the high plant protein meals. Body weight, nitrogen balance and blood chemistries were monitored through out the study. The urine volume were sighificantly larger in the animal protein group and, the dietary fiber and fecal weights were significantly heavier in the plant protein diet group. But no statistically significant differences were found between the two dietary groups in apparent nitrogen digestability, urinary nitrogen excretion and nitrogen balance. Body weight, serum protein, albumin and HDL-cholesterol levels were not changed, but serum total cholesterol level in the animal protein diet group was elevated significantly from 143.8mg/dl on moderate potein diet to 173.0mg/dl on high proetin diet. In conclusion, from the observation of this short-term N balance study, plant diet on the adequate level of calorie and protein intake had almost the same effect of animal protein diet for protein maintenace in adults.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 1999년도 Proceedings of Pre-symposium of the 10th ISWPC
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• pp.172-177
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• 1999

Effect of fiber treatment with cellulase (Liftase A40), and with two refining methods (Valley beating and impact refining) on wood fiber and handsheet properties were investigated at three refining levels (300, 400, and 500ml) for two furnishes (NBKP and LBKP). Part of the treated furnishes were classified by 150 mesh screen into fine-free fiber, and fines. Fiber length analysis, WRV, zero-span strength, and other handsheet mechanical properties were compared. The study showed that Liftase A40 lowered the zero-span and the folding endurance of both furnishes (NBKP much more and LBKP much less). Pretreatment with Liftase A 40 followed by refining significantly lowered the fiber length and refining energy to reach to the target freeness. Impact refining, which is done by hitting the fibers vertically with rod at 20% solid content, kept the fiber length increased WRV, and improved handsheet mechanical properties much more than valley beating. Properties of fines from different sources were compared in detail in the study.