• 대한전기학회논문지:시스템및제어부문D
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.167-174
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• 2002

This study describes a fetal heart rate(FHR) estimation algorithm using phonogram. Using a phonogram amplifier, various fetal heart sounds are collected in a university hospital. The FHR estimation algorithms consists of a lowpass filter, decimation, envelop detection, pitch detection, and post-processing. The post-processing is the FHR decision procedure using all informations of fetal heart rates. Using the algorithm and other parameters of fetal heart sound, a fetal monitoring software was developed. This can display the original signals, the FFT spectra, FHR and its trajectory. Even though the fetal phonogram amplifier detects the fetal heart sounds well, the sound quality is not so good as the ultrasonography. In case of very week fetal heart sound, autocorrelation of it showed clear periodicity. But two main peaks in one period is an obstacle in pitch detection and peaks are not so vivid. The proposed FHR estimation algorithm showed very accurate and stable results. Since the developed software displays multiple parameters in real time and has convenient functions, it will be useful for the phonogram-style fetal monitoring device.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.209-214
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• 1991

Digital fetal monitoring system based on the personal computer combined with the digital signal processing (DSP) board was implemented. The DSP board acquires and digitally processes ultra- sound fetal Doppler signal for digital signal conditioning, rectification, low -pass filtering, autocorrealtion function calculation and its peak detection. The personal computer interfaced with the DSP board is in charge of graphic display, hardcopy, data transmission and on -line analysis of fetal heart rate change including on - line warning system, base -line estmation, acceleration, deceleration and variability. It is one of the most suitable situation to apply the DSP chip for siganl conditioning, digital filtering of ultrasound fetal Dopier signal and fetal heart rate estimation using autocorrelation technique .

• 대한의용생체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한의용생체공학회 1994년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.96-99
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• 1994

Despite the simplicity of processing, a conventional autocorrelation function(ACF) method for the precise determination of fetal heart rate (FHR) has many problems. In case of weak or noise corrupted Doppler ultrasound signal. the ACF method is very sensitive to the threshold level and data window length. It is very troublesome to extract FHR when there is a data loss. To overcome these problems, the high resolution pitch detection algorithm was adopted to estimate the FHR. This method is more accurate, robust and reliable than the ACF method. With a lot of calculation, however, it is impossible to process real time FHR estimation. This paper is presented a new FHR estimation algorithm for real time processing.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제49권9호
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• pp.328-334
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• 2012

산전 및 분만 중 연속적인 태아감시는 임상의에게 태아의 안녕 평가하는데 필요하다. 또한 태아의 심장박동은 임신 중 태아의 건강을 평가하는 중요한 파라미터이다. 초음파 도플러는 태아 심박을 비관혈적으로 측정할 수 있는 방법으로 매우 유용하다. 그러나 현재 임상에서 널리 쓰이고 있음에도 불구하고, 태아 심박을 검출하는데 있어서 제한적인 정보만 제공할 뿐만 아니라 검출 오류에 대한 문제가 완전히 해결되지 못하고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 태아의 초음파 도플러 신호로부터 태아 심박을 검출하는 알고리즘을 간단한 방법으로 개선하고자 한다. 신호 주기를 검출하는데 가장 널리 쓰이는 자기상관함수의 수정된 함수를 제안하고, 신호의 주기를 찾기 위해 설정하는 데이터 분석 구간의 크기와 이동 간격을 가변하도록 하였다. 제안된 방법은 실제 산모에게서 측정된 데이터에 적용하여 태아 심박의 beat-to-beat 검출이 가능함을 확인하였으며, 태아 심전도 신호와도 비교하였다. 제안하는 방법은 간단하면서도 효과가 있으므로 실제 장비에 적용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한의용생체공학회 1993년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.81-85
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• 1993

Despite the simplicity of processing, conventional autocorrelation function (ACF) method for the precise determination of fetal heart rate (FHR) has many problems. In the case of weak or noise corrupted Doppler ultrasound singnals, the ACF method is very sensitive to the threshold level and data window length. It is real troublesome to extract FHR when there is a data loss. To overcome these problems, the high resolution pitch detection algorithm is adapted to estimate the FHR. The FHR is determined from the correlation of two interconnected segments by its maximum correlation value. FHR is compensated with a constant correlation threshold in a greatly smeared noise signal. This method yields more accurate, robust and reliable than the ACF method.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.175-182
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• 1995

태아 심음을 측정하기 위한 기존의 자기상관 함수 법은 처리과정이 간편한 반면에 많은 문제점을 가지고 있다. 초음파 도플러 신호가 열악할 경우 고전적인 자기상관 함수 법은 문턱 값의 선정과 창 함수 크기에 매우 민감하다. 특히 데이터 손실이 생길 때 정확한 태아 심박동 수를 찾기가 어렵다. 이들 문제점들을 보완하기 위하여 초음파 도플러 신호로부터 정확한 태아 심박동 수를 찾는 고해상 피치검출 알고리듬이 제안되었다. 이 알고리듬은 자기상관 함수법 보다 정확하고, 잡음에 강하며, 높은 신뢰성을 갖으나 계산량이 많아 실시간 처리가 어렵다. 본 논문에서는 실시간 처리에 적합한 새로운 태아 심음 추출 알고리듬을 제안하고, 제안된 알고리듬을 적용한 실시간 태아 심음 감시시스템에 관하여 연구하였다.

• 의료법학
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.199-247
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• 2012

According to the review and analysis of medical cases that are assigned to the Supreme Court and all local High Court in 2011 and that are presented in the media, it was found that the following categories were taken seriously, medical and pharmaceutical product liability, the third principle of trust between medical institutions, negligence and causation estimation, responsibility limit, the meaning of medical records and related judgment of disturbed substantiation, Oriental doctors' duties to explain the procedures, IMS events, whether one can claim for each medical care operated by non-physician health care institutions to the nonmedical domain in the National Health Insurance Corporation, and the basis of norms for each claim. In the cases related to medical pharmaceutical product liability, Supreme Court alleviated burden of proof for accidents with medical and pharmaceutical products prior to the practice of Product Liability Law and onset the point of negative prescription as the time of damage strikes to condition feasibility of the specific situation. In the cases related to the 3rd principle of trust between medical institutions, the Supreme Court refused to sentence the doctor who has trusted the judgment of the same third-party doctors the violations of the care duty. With respect to proof of a causal relationship and damages in a medical negligence case, the Supreme Court decided that it is unjust to deny negligence by the materials of causal relationship rejecting the original verdict and clarified that the causal relationship shall not deny the reasons to limit doctors' responsibilities. In order not put burden on patients with disadvantages in which medical records and the description of the practice or the most fundamental and important evidence to prove negligence and causation are being neglected, the Supreme Court admitted in the hospital's responsibility for the case of the neonate death of suffocation without properly listed fetal heart rate and uterine contraction monitor. On the other hand, the Seoul Western District Court has admitted alimony for altering and forging medical records. With respect to doctors' obligations to description, the Supreme Court decided that it is necessary to explain the foreseen risks by the combination of oriental and western medicines emphasizing the right of patient's self-determination. However, questions have arisen whether it is realistically feasible or not. In a case of an unlicensed doctor performing intramuscular stimulation treatment (IMS), the Supreme Court put off its decision if it was an unlicensed medical practice as to put limitation of eastern and western medical practices, but it declared that IMS practice was an acupuncture treatment therefore the plaintiff's conduct being an illegal act. In the future, clear judgment on this matter should be made. With respect to the claim of bills from non-physical health care institutions, the Supreme Court decided to void it for the implementation of the arrangement is contrary to the commitments made in the medical law and therefore, it is invalid to claim. In addition, contrast to the private healthcare professionals, who are subject to redemption according to the National Healthcare Insurance Law, the Seoul High Court explicitly confirmed that the non-professionals who receive the tort operating profit must return the unjust enrichment and have the liability for damages. As mentioned above, a relatively wide range of topics were discussed in medical field of 2011. In Korea's health care environment undergoing complex changes day by day, it is expected to see more diverse and in-depth discussions striding out to the development in the field of health care.