• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.786-791
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• 2010

The effects of fermented garlic powder on production performance, egg quality, blood profiles and fatty acid composition of egg yolk in laying hens were studied in a 35-d experiment. Two-hundred and forty (ISA brown) layers aged 41 weeks were randomly allocated into the following four treatments: i) CON (basal diet); ii) G1 (CON+fermented garlic powder 1.0%); iii) G2 (CON+fermented garlic powder 2.0%) and iv) G3 (CON+fermented garlic powder 3.0%). There were no differences (p>0.05) among treatments in egg production, egg weight, eggshell breaking strength and eggshell thickness throughout the whole experimental period. However, yolk height was increased significantly (p<0.05) by the addition of fermented garlic powder during the 5th week while yolk color was greater (p<0.05) in G2 and G3 than in CON and G1 in the 5th week. Compared with CON, Haugh unit was increased (p<0.05) in response to fermented garlic powder treatments during the 5th week. No significant effects on total protein, albumin and IgG were observed in response to any of the treatments over the experimental period (p>0.05). There was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in plasma cholesterol concentration when the dietary level of fermented garlic powder was increased from 0.0 to 3.0%. The levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA) were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in response to G2 and G3 while monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were higher (p<0.05) in G2 and G3 treatment groups than in CON and G1. Compared with other treatments, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and PUFA:SFA ratio were higher (p<0.05) in G3. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that addition of fermented garlic powder reduced plasma cholesterol concentration and did not cause adverse effects on production performance. Moreover, addition of 3.0% garlic powder decreased SFA but increased PUFA and PUFA:SFA ratio in egg yolk.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.17-26
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• 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate the functionality of fermented black garlic extracts under various conditions. Black garlic powder was prepared by aging for 0~72 hours at 80℃ depending on relative humidity (RH). It showed the highest antioxidant effects among the samples; the total antioxidant activity of black garlic powders at RH 75%, 84%, and 90% for 72 hours was increased 31.9 times, 28.2 times, and 22.6 times compared with that of the fresh garlic powder, respectively. Also, the alliin content was gradually decreased. S-ally-L-cysteine and S-ethyl-cysteine levels were increased; the highest values were 495.9 ㎍/g and 1,769.7 ㎍/g after aging for 72 hours at RH 75%. Aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels were increased following high fat diet feeding, but the rise was obviously reduced by administration of black garlic extract. The total cholesterol, LDL/VLDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride contents in serum were significantly lower in methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet treatment groups than in the positive control group. The concentration was increased following the intake of black garlic and fermented black garlic extracts. Therefore, black garlic extracts could be an ideal material as a dietary supplement in healthy functional foods to improve the effects on fatty liver.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.48-53
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• 2006

Although garlic has been reported to have impressive effects in lowering serum lipids, there have been controversial evaluations on these effects. To find the potential fator causing the inconsistency in the previous studies, we examined the effects of two types of garlic according to the producing-area (hangihyung garlic, nangihyung garlic) on serum lipid profiles and leptin level. Thirthy six of 4 wk old Sprague Dawley male rats fed high fat diet (40% of calories as fat) for 6 wks to induce obesity, and subsequently fed 5% garlic powder supplemented (HF+H: hangihyung garlic powder, HF+N: nangihyung garlic powder) high fat diets (w/w) for further 5 wk. For the comparison, normal control group fed AIN-76A diet (11.7% of calories as fat). Supplementation with hangihyung and nangihyung garlic resulted in a significant reduction of high fat induced body weight gain, white fat (i.e., epididymal, visceral and peritoneal fat) development, adipocyte hypertrophy and the development of hyperinsulinemia and hyperliptinemia. Serum triglyceride and total cholesterol level was greatly reduced by hangihyung garlic supplementation (p<0.05). The HDL-cholesterol level was increased by dietary hangihyung and nangihyung garlic. There were slight non-significant decreases in triglyceride and total cholesterol of HF+N group as compared to those of HF group. Leptin level of HF+H group was found to be significantly lower than HF group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference among N group and HF+N group. These results suggest that hangihyung garlic may lead to the higher activity in improving lipid profiles than nangihyung garlic. Whether the hypolipidemic effect of garlic increases in a species-dependent has yet to be determined and awaits further research.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.149-153
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• 2003

Effects of kimchi and its ingredients, vitamin C and $\beta$-sitosterol on the growth of Helicobacter pylori were investigated. Three kimchi variations were studied: a standard recipe (kimchi I) and two functional variations for cancer prevention and treatment made with organically grown ingredients (kimch II and III). Methanol extracts and juices from kimchi I and III did not inhibit the growth of H. pylori. However, 10 mm and 12 mm inhibition zones were formed by methanol extract and juice from kimchi II, which had higher concentrations of red pepper powder (RPP) than those of kimchi I and III. Among the major kimchi ingredients, methanol extracts of RPP, garlic and ginger substantially inhibited the growth of H. pylori. The maximal inhibition zone (30 mm) was attained with garlic treatment. Inhibitory effects of the RPP, garlic and the sub-ingredient mixture (prepared with radish, garlic, RPP, ginger, green onion, sugar and fermented anchovy juice) on H. pylori were decreased by lactic acid bacteria fermentation. Neither the fermented garlic nor the fermented sub-ingredient mixture inhibited the growth of H. pylori. But, the inhibition Bone of fermented RPP was 12 mm, which was less than the 16 mm inhibition zone formed by the non-fermented RPP. Vitamin C and $\beta$-sitosterol which are known to be functional active compounds of kimchi also showed no inhibitory effect on the growth of H. pylori after 3 days of incubation. Further study is needed to determine why the inhibitory effect is removed or decreased by lactic acid fermentation, and to determine if fresh kimchi and lactic acid bacteria of kimchi can inhibit the growth of H. pylori.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.48-52
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• 2007

마늘 분말을 첨가한 호상 요구르트를 개발하기 위하여 탈지분유에 마늘 분말을 혼합하고 Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium longum, Streptococcus thermophilus를 혼합 균주를 접종하여 마늘 분말의 첨가가 유산균의 생육에 미치는 영향과 품질특성 및 관능적 특성을 검토하였다. 마늘 분말을 0.2-1.0%(w/v) 첨가한 결과 산의 생성과 젖산균의 증식이 마늘 분말을 첨가하지 않은 대조군보다 감소되었으며, 18시간 발효시킨 요구르트의 적정 산도는 대조구의 1.35%에서 마늘분말을 1.0% 첨가한 경우 1.08%로 20% 감소하였다. 마늘 분말의 첨가로 요구르트의 점도는 약2배 증가하였으나, 색도는 거의 일정하였다. 요구르트에 설탕을 10% 첨가하고 관능적 특성을 조사한 결과 마늘 분말을 0.5% 이상 첨가한 경우 마늘 향과 맛이 강하게 감지되어 요구르트의 기호도는 낮게 평가되었다. 그러므로 마늘 분말의 첨가량은 0.2% 수준이 적당한 것으로 나타났다.

• 식품과학과 산업
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.284-300
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• 2022

Indigenous fermented foods have played a vital role in human history, and continue to offer a multitude of diverse sensory characteristics. According to earthenware relic, the fermented fisheries products might be consumed in Korean peninsula from Paleolithic period. The traditional Korean fermented fish products are classified into four groups; Jeot-gal (sik-hae), Aek-jeot, Seasoned Jeot-gal, and Seasoned Aek-jeot. Jeot-gal is a fermented fishery with salt. Aek-jeot is a liquid part of Jeot-gal. Sik-hae is manufactured by fementing fishery with salt, cereal, malt powder, etc. Seasoned Jeot-gal is a salt-seasoned fish with red pepper powder, garlic, onion, etc. Seasoned Aek-jeot is a seasoned product by adding "salt-water" or "condiment" to Aek-jeot. The fermented fisheries industry has traditionally been succeeded mainly in a cottage scale to the middle of 20th century. Thereafter, together with the development of pelagic fishery, the fermented fisheries industry also developed constantly to an enterprise size.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.644-652
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• 2011

Two consecutive studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with fermented garlic powder (FGP) or fermented garlic fluid (FGF) on growth performance, immune responses, and disease resistance of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. In experiment I, olive flounder (BW: 65 g) were fed four experimental diets formulated to contain 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% FGP (designated as FGP-0, FGP-0.5, FGP-1, and FGP-1.5, respectively). After the 10-weeks feeding trial, feed intake was significantly lower in fish fed the FGP-0.5 and FGP-1.0 diets, as compared to those fed the control diet. Fish fed the FGP-0 and FGP-0.5 diets showed significantly lower survival, as compared to the other treatments. Dietary supplementation with FGP resulted in higher non-specific immune responses than the FGP-0 group. Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels decreased as dietary FGP level increased. In experiment II, olive flounder (BW: 65 g) were fed four experimental diets for 10 weeks. The diets were prepared with a commercial expanded pellet to have 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% FGF (designated as FGF-0, FGF-0.25, FGF-0.5, and FGF-1, respectively) by adsorption. At the end of the second feeding trial, feed intake was significantly lower in fish fed the FGF-0 diet, as compared to other treatments. Fish fed the FGF-0.25 and FGF-0.5 diets exhibited significantly lower cholesterol levels, as compared to other treatments. Lysozyme activity significantly increased with increases in dietary FGF. Cumulative mortality in a challenge test with Streptococcus iniae was significantly lower in the fish groups fed FGF-supplemented diets than in fish fed the control diet. The results of this study indicated that dietary supplementation with FGP or FGF can enhance the non-specific immune responses and disease resistance of olive flounder against S. iniae.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.640-647
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• 2012

Squid Sikhae is a traditional salt-fermented food in Korea. We evaluated the standardization of optimal processing conditions for desirable quality-controlled squid Sikhae using analyses of physiochemical properties, microbiological species, and organoleptic tests. The optimal fermentation temperature, sun-dried sea salt concentration, and fermentation period for manufacturing squid Sikhae products of the aceeptable quality were $10^{\circ}C$, 4%, and 6 days. In addition, optimal concentrations of the additional ingredients of red pepper powder and crushed garlic for acceptable quality squid Sikhae were both 6%.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.613-622
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• 2018

This study investigated changes in the quality and antioxidant activity of soy sauce with added Saccharina japonica powder (FSP). Soy sauce was prepared with acid-hydrolyzed soy sauce, brewed soy sauce, honey, ginger, garlic, dried red pepper, ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-enriched sea tangle fermented in lactic acid, and 1% or 3% S. japonica powder by soy sauce volume. The color, pH, microbiology, amino nitrogen, free amino acids, antioxidant activity, and sensory qualities of the soy sauce were evaluated. There were no significant differences in the general characteristics or antioxidant activity. However, the addition of FSP to the soy sauce enhanced the delicate flavor. Furthermore, soy sauce containing FSP had higher levels of GABA (50 mg/100 mL), a biofunctional ingredient. Therefore, the development of seasoning soy sauce with enhanced functionality seems possible.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.779-784
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• 2006

기능성 강화를 목적으로 키토산 0.2%, 송이버섯 1.0%, 석류분말 1.2%, 산사추출분말 1.0%, 실크분말 1.2%, 은행잎추출분말 0.01%, 동아분말 1.2%, 마늘유 0.2%, 홍국분말 1.2%를 각각 첨가하여 고추장을 제조하였다. 각각의 소재가 고추장의 숙성에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과 45일간의 숙성 기간별 pH, 산도, 포르몰태 질소함량, 색도의 변화는 소재 첨가구와 control 간에 큰 차이가 없었다. 항산화활성은 0.2%의 마늘유 첨가구가 control에 비해 약 2배 증가하였고 ACE저해활성은 1.2%의 실크분말 또는 0.01%의 은행추출분말 첨가 시 control에 비해 약 2배의 효과가 있었다.