• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.238-243
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 시중에 유통되고 있는 백삼 농축액(white ginseng extract, WG), 발효인삼 농축액(fermented ginseng extract, FG), 홍삼 농축액(red ginseng extract, RG)에 대해 고형분, 점성도, 회분, 조지방, 조단백, 탄수화물, 나트륨, 열량 등을 분석하였다. 백삼 농축액, 발효인삼 농축액, 홍삼 농축액의 고형분 조사결과, 발효인삼 농축액, 백삼 농축액, 홍삼 농축액 순으로 발효인삼 농축액이 가장 높았으나, 점성도는 홍삼 농축액에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 백삼 농축액, 발효인삼 농축액, 홍삼 농축액 모두 온도를 높일수록 점성도는 떨어지는 경향을 보였으며 $40^{\circ}C$ 이상 가열 시에는 점성도의 차이가 크게 나타나지 않았다. 회분과 조단백질의 함량은 발효인삼농축액이 가장 높았으며, 조지방은 홍삼농축액에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 탄수화물 함량은 세 농축액에서 큰 차이 없이 유사한 결과를 보였으며, 나트륨 함량은 백삼농축액이 가장 높았다. 그러나 열량에 있어서는 백삼 농축액, 발효인삼 농축액, 홍삼 농축액에서 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 조사되었다. 현재 활발히 연구 중인 백삼 농축액, 발효인삼 농축액, 홍삼 농축액 각각의 이화학적 특성을 분석하여 앞으로의 연구 및 신제품 개발에 이용할 수 있는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 이를 토대로 항산화, 면역활성, 혈관이완작용에 미치는 영향을 규명하고 인삼농축액, 발효인삼농축액, 홍삼농축액의 효능 차이를 비교 평가하는 실험이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.577-584
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• 2018

Background: Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is a widely used traditional herbal supplement that possesses various health-enhancing efficacies. Various ginseng products are available in market, especially in the Korean peninsula, in the form of drinks, tablets, and capsules. The different ginseng types include the traditional red ginseng extract (RGE), white ginseng, and black red ginseng extract (BRGE). Their fermented and enzyme-treated products are also available. Different treatment regimens alter the bioavailability of certain compounds present in the respective ginseng extracts. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare the antioxidant and immune-stimulating activities of RGE, BRGE, and fermented red ginseng extract (FRGE). Methods: We used an acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress model for investigating the reduction of oxidative stress by RGE, BRGE, and FRGE in Sprague Dawley rats. A cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression model was used to evaluate the immune-stimulating activities of these ginseng extracts in BALB/c mice. Results: Our results showed that most prominently, RGE (in almost all experiments) exhibited excellent antioxidant effects via increasing superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in the liver and decreasing serum 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase levels compared with the groups treated with FRGE and BRGE. Moreover, RGE significantly increased the number of white blood cells, especially T and B lymphocytes, and antibody-forming cells in the spleen and thymus, and it also activated a number of immune cell subtypes. Conclusion: Taken together, these results indicate that RGE is the best supplement for consumption in everyday life for overall health-enhancing properties.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.1087-1094
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was investigated hypoglycemic effects of fermented red ginseng extracts. We prepared non-fermented red ginseng extracts(R), fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum(RL) extracts, Saccharomycescerevisiae(RS) extracts, and L. plantarum mixed S. cerevisiae(RLS) extracts, examined composition of ginsenosides, SOD-like activity, and $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Ginsenoside Re was highest contents in all extracts, second was ginsenoside Rc and then ginsenoside Rb1. Concentration of these ginsenoside was showed higher in RS than in other extracts. SOD-like activity and $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory activity were shown higher in fermented red ginseng extracts than non fermented extracts. And activities of mixed fermentation extracts(RLS) higher than single fermentation extracts(RL, RS). Effects of blood glucose level, serum lipid profile and metabolic variables were evaluated in streptozotocin(STZ) induced diabetic rat. Experimental group was divided into 7 groups: normal control group(hereafter NC group), diabetes control group(DC group), positive control group treated with 50 mg/kg body weight of acarbose(PC group), treated with 300 mg/kg body weight of R, RL, RS and RLS extracts groups, respectively. Blood glucose level of DC group was maintained high level in all experimental period, but treated with red ginseng extracts groups was reduced the glucose level by R group 18.00%, RL group 28.07%, RS group 29.03%, RLS group 42.42%, respectively. The concentration of total cholesterol and triglyceride of fermented red ginseng extracts treated groups (RL, RS, RLS) was lower than non- fermented extracts group(R) DC and PC groups. The activity of ALT, AST in RLS treated groups were lower than other groups.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.36-41
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• 2010

상황버섯, 영지버섯 및 노루궁뎅이버섯 균사체로 발효된 인삼추출물이 암세포증식에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위하여 위암세포(MKN-45), 대장암세포(HCT116), 유방암세포(MCF-7), 폐암세포(NCIH460), 전립선암세포(PC-3) 및 간암세포(HepG2)에 농도별(0.25～1.5 mg/mL)로 처리하여 암세포 성장억제율을 측정하였다. 전립선암 세포에서의 암세포 증식억제 효과는 영지버섯 균사체발효 인삼추출물이 1.5 mg/mL 농도에서 3.07%로 가장 낮은 생존율을 나타내었으며, 상황버섯 균사체발효 인삼추출물이 35.05%, 노루궁뎅이버섯 균사체발효 인삼추출물이 44.29%의 생존율을 보였다. 폐암세포에 대한 세 가지 버섯균사체발효 인삼추출물의 1.5 mg/mL 농도에서 영지버섯 균사체발효 인삼추출물은 5.31%로 우수한 항암활성을 나타낸 반면, 상황버섯 균사체발효 인삼추출물이 53.52%, 노루궁뎅이버섯 균사체발효 인삼추출물이 35.27%의 생존율을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과로부터 영지버섯 균사체로 발효시킨 인삼추출물이 다른 균사체 인삼발효물보다 다양한 암세포에 대한 성장억제 효과가 우수함을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2008

To evaluate the antiatopic effect of Korea red ginseng (RG, steamed root of Panax ginseng CA Meyer, Family Araliaceae) fermented by Bifidobacterium longum H-1 (FRG), its inhibitory effect on passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction and itching in mice was measured. FRG and its ingredient saponin fraction (FSF) potently inhibited PCA reaction and scratching behaviors. FRG at a dose of 200 mg/kg and FSF at a dose of 50 mg/kg significantly inhibited the scratching frequency by 45% and 47%, respectively. FRG and FSF also inhibited the degranulation and protein expression of tumor-necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ and interleukin-4 of RBL-2H3 cells induced by IgE-complex. However, polysaccharide fraction of FRG (FPF) weakly inhibited it, compared with FSF. The inhibitory effect of FRG against PCA reaction and scratching behaviors more potently inhibited than that of RG. Based on these findings, FRG can improve allergic skin disorders atopic dermatitis by the regulation of $TNF-{\alpha}$, and IL-4 produced by mast cells and basophils and its degranulation.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.647-656
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• 2022

The influence of fermented red ginseng (FRG) and red ginseng extract (RGE) on the growth, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality of growing-fattening pigs was evaluated in the present study. In total, 120 growing-fattening crossbred pigs with a bodyweight of 21.77 kg (_SE1.88) were allocated to 3 treatments with 8 repeats of 5 pigs (2 boars and 3 gilts) for a 22-week experimental period. The pigs were supplemented with a basal diet (CON group) or a basal diet containing 0.1% FRG or 0.1% RGE. Pigs fed the FRG diet had a higher (p < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) from days 1 to 42 and during the whole period. The apparent nutrient digestibility of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) was improved (p < 0.05) in the FRG treatment in week 6 and that of DM in week 10. Moreover, the drip loss of the meat from the FRG pigs was reduced (p < 0.05) on days 1, 5, 7, and 9. Taken together, this study revealed that the supplementation of 0.1% FRG in the diet improved the ADG and the apparent nutrient digestibility of DM and N and decreased the drip loss of the meat. However, the addition of RGE did not affect the growth of the growing-fattening pigs.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.108-116
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• 2013

For the improvement of ginsenoside bioavailability, the ginsenosides of fermented red ginseng by Phellinus linteus (FRG) were examined with respect to bioavailability and physiological activity. The polyphenol content of FRG ($19.14{\pm}0.50$ mg/g) was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared with that of non-fermented red ginseng (NFRG, $11.31{\pm}1.15$ mg/g). The antioxidant activities in FRG, such as 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid, and ferric reducing antioxidant power, were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in NFRG. The HPLC analysis results showed that the FRG had a high level of ginsenoside metabolites. The total ginsenoside contents in NFRG and FRG were $41.65{\pm}1.53$ mg/g and $50.12{\pm}1.43$ mg/g, respectively. However, FRG had a significantly higher content ($33.90{\pm}0.97$ mg/g) of ginsenoside metabolites (Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, compound K, Rh1, F2, and Rg2) compared with NFRG ($14.75{\pm}0.46$ mg/g). The skin permeability of FRG was higher than that of NFRG using Franz diffusion cell models. In particular, after 3 h, the skin permeability of FRG was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of NFRG. Using a rat everted intestinal sac model, FRG showed a high transport level compared with NFRG after 1 h. FRG had dramatically improved bioavailability compared with NFRG as indicated by skin permeation and intestinal permeability. The significantly greater bioavailability of FRG may have been due to the transformation of its ginsenosides by fermentation to more easily absorbable forms (ginsenoside metabolites).

• BMB Reports
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• 제48권7호
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• pp.419-425
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• 2015

Ginseng has been widely used for therapeutic and preventive purposes for thousands of years. However, orally administered ginseng has very low bioavailability and absorption in the intestine. Therefore, fermented ginseng was developed to enhance the beneficial effects of ginseng in the intestine. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory activity of fermented wild ginseng (FWG). We found that FWG significantly alleviated the severity of colitis in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model, and decreased expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in colonic tissue. Moreover, we observed that FWG suppressed the infiltration of macrophages in DSS-induced colitis. FWG also attenuated the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) by reducing the translocation of NF-κB into the nucleus. Our data indicate that FWG contains anti-inflammatory activity via NF-κB inactivation and could be useful for treating colitis. [BMB Reports 2015; 48(7): 419-425]

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.663-669
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• 2013

인삼과 마찬가지로 많은 사포닌을 함유하고 있는 인삼꽃의 이용 가치를 증진시키기 위한 연구의 일환으로 Bacillus subtilis(BS), Lactobacillus plantarum(LP), Lactobacillus casei(LC), Candida utilis(CU), Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CHY1011(Y1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain ZP 541(Y2), 혼합발효(M) 등의 여러 유용 미생물을 이용하여 인삼꽃을 발효시킨 후 미생물별 인삼꽃 발효물에 대한 항산화 활성 변화를 탐색하였다. 총 페놀함량 측정 결과 무발효 추출물은 인삼꽃 발효물에 비해 유의적(p<0.05)으로 높은 값을 보였으며, 발효 균주 중에서는 BS로 발효한 발효물이 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다. DPPH radical 소거활성 및 ABTS radical 소거활성 측정 결과 BS 발효물이 유의적으로 가장 높은 활성을 나타내었으나, FRAP value(10 mg/mL)는 무발효 추출물의 활성이 가장 높게 나왔으며 BS 발효물과는 유의차를 보이지 않았다. 환원력 측정 결과, 대체적으로 무발효 추출물에 비해 미생물 발효물에서 높은 활성을 나타내었으며 LC 발효물이 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 따라서 여러 유용미생물을 이용한 인삼꽃 발효의 경우 Bacillus subtilis를 이용하여 발효할 경우 다른 균주들을 이용하는 것보다 항산화 활성 증진에 우수한 효과를 나타낼 것으로 사료되며 다른 생리활성 증진 효과에 대한 연구가 좀 더 진행되어져야 할 것이다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.350-356
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• 2010

DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성 측정 결과 발효장뇌삼엽차의 추출물이 장뇌삼엽차의 추출물보다 활성이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 장뇌삼과 발효장뇌삼이 장뇌삼엽차와 발효장 뇌삼엽차보다 항산화 활성이 높은 결과를 얻었다. 장뇌삼과 발효장뇌삼의 항산화 활성은 비슷하였다. SOD 유사활성도 측정에서는 대조군인 vitamin C와 비교할 때 모든 군이 SOD 유사활성도가 약한 것으로 분석되었다. 아질산염 소거능은 pH 1.2, 3.0의 조건에서 1 mg/mL의 농도로 처리 하였을 때 아질산염 소거능이 장뇌삼엽차, 발효장뇌삼, 장뇌삼, 발효장뇌삼의 순으로 높은 것으로 나타났고, pH 6.0의 조건에서는 모든 군이 아질산염 소거능이 약한 것으로 분석되었다. HeLa cell에서 시료 중 장뇌삼과 발효장뇌삼엽차의 추출물이 1 mg/mL의 농도에서 30% 이상의 암세포 증식 억제율을 나타내었다. 발효장뇌삼과 장뇌삼엽차는 각각 약 24%, 22%로 분석되었다. MCF-7 cell 발효장뇌삼과 장뇌삼엽차의 추출물이 1 mg/mL의 농도에서 27% 이상의 암세포 증식 억제율을 나타내어 비슷하였고, 장뇌삼 추출액이 21%로 가장 낮았으며, 발효장뇌삼엽차 추출액이 70% 이상으로 나타나 암세포 증식 억제율이 각 시료 중 가장 높은 것으로 분석되었다.