• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.278-283
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• 2022

To develop a value-added anchovy Engraulis japonicus sauce, we examined processing conditions and quality characteristics of rapidly fermented, high purity anchovy sauce (RPAS) by adding 30% (w/w) intermediate salt-fermented anchovy material. RPAS had higher total nitrogen and amino nitrogen contents, and lower salinity than traditional anchovy sauce (TAS). The total amino acid contents of RPAS and TAS were 17,626.8 and 12,808.2 mg/100 g, respectively, and the major amino acids were alanine, glutamic acid, lysine, cystine, valine, and leucine. The histamine contents of RPAS and TAS were 12.6 and 25.2 mg/100 g, respectively, and the protease activity levels were 0.851 and 0.595 unit/mg, respectively. These results demonstrate that RPAS was more flavorful, and could shorten the salt-fermentation period by more than half compared to TAS, and can serve as a high-end fish sauce.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.197-213
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• 2002

In order to establish the processing condition of rapid- and low salt-fermented liquefaction of anchovy (Engrulis japonica), effect of temperature on crude enzyme activity of anchovy viscera, pretreatment conditions, and the minimum content of adding NaCl were investigated. The minimum limitation of NaCl content for anchovy liquefaction was 10%. Sample A(water adding, heating, adding 10% NaCl): chopped whole anchovy adding 20% water and then heating for 9 hrs at $50^{\circ}C$ and then adding 10% NaCl and then fermented at room temperature$(8-29^{\circ}C)$ for 180 days. Sample B(water adding, heating, adding 13% NaCl): chopped whole anchovy adding 20% water and then heating for 9 hrs at $50^{\circ}C$ and then adding 13% NaCl and then fermented at room temperature for 180 days. Sample C(adding 13% NaCl): chopped whole anchovy and then adding 13% NaCl and then fermented at room temperature for 180 days. Sample D(adding 17% NaCl): whole anchovy adding 17% NaCl and then fermented at room temperature for 180 days. The content of free amino acids such as aspartic acid, serine and threonine fluctuated severely according to the pretreatment methods. Possibly they might be recommend quality indices of standardization for salt-fermented liquefaction of anchovy. As for the relation between fermentation period(X) and individual free amino acid(Y), five kinds of free amino acids such as glutamic acid, valine, glycine, lysine, and alanine showed highly significant in their coefficient of determination in most of samples. They might be recommend as quality indices for salt-fermented liquefaction of anchovy during fermentation. The difference of taste between products of the rapid- and low salt-fermented liquefaction and the traditional salt-fermented liquefaction were caused by their composition of the free amino acids ratios, in which were umami, sweet, and bitter taste in the extracts of anchovy during fermentation. The appropriate fermentation period of the sample A was shorten 30 days than the sample B and 60 days than the samples C and 90 days than the sample D in the processing of anchovy.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.363-376
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• 2002

In order to establish the processing conditions for salt-fermented liquefaction of anchovy(Engrulis japonica), changes in the amino acid composition from oligopeptides during fermentation periods were analyzed. Experimental sample A: chopped whole anchovy, adding 20% water, heating at $50^{\circ}C$ for 9 hrs and then adding 10% NaCl. Sample B: chopped whole anchovy, adding 20% water, heating at $50^{\circ}C$ for 9 hrs and then adding 13% NaCl. Sample C: chopped whole anchovy adding 13% NaCl. Sample D: whole anchovy adding 17% NaCl. The total amino acids from oligopeptides in fermented liquefaction of anchovy increased in early fermentation period and reached highest level, and then they declined irregularly during fermentation. Their maximum amounts were just after heating at $50^{\circ}C$ for 9 hrs in sample A, after 15 days in sample B, and after 60 days in samples C and D. The fermented liquefaction of anchovy extracts were rich in glutamic acid, aspartic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, lysine and valine. However, the contents of most amino acids fluctuated by the experimental specimens and fermenting periods. Among them glutamic acid was the most abundant amino acid which was occupied $0.6{\sim}27.7%$(average 24.0%) in the content of total amino acids from oligopeptides. The contribution of the amino acid composition from oligopeptides to extractive nitrogen was occupying average 20.8 and 17.5% in rapid- and low salt-fermented liquefaction(sample A, B and C) and traditional fermented liquefaction(sample D), respectively.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.144-149
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• 2001

In other to establish the exact determination method of amino nitrogen (AN) in salt-fermented fish sauces, we determined the AN in fish sauces according to the measuring methods and also investigated the main factors influencing on determination method of AN. AN in salt-fermented anchovy sauce increased linearly as fermentation progressed, and was shown the highest amount measuring by the Formol method, followed by the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) method and the Copper-salt method. AN concentration in anchovy sauces fermented for 12 months was $88.2\%$ and $77.6\%$ for the TNBS method and the Copper-salt method, respectively, on the basis of Formol method. The ratio of AN/total nitrogen (TN) in anchovy sauce fermented for 12 months was higher than that in commercial anchovy sauces. The determination of AN in anchovy sauce by the TNBS method was not affected by salt concentration, and slightly affected by heating. The effect of MSG on AN contents by Copper-salt method was shown higher than those by the Formol method and the TNBS method. The TNBS method was adaptable to measure the content of AN in fish sauce by this study.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.238-241
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• 2005

Aroma-active compounds were evaluated from salt-fermented anchovy sauce by solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-olfactometry (SPME-GC-O) based on sample dilution analysis (SDA). SPME extract from carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS) fiber was the most similar to the original odor of salt-fermented anchovy sauce used for this experiment, followed by divinylbenzene/CAR/PDMS (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fiber. Because salt-fermented anchovy sauce contains 23% NaCl, NaCl concentration of diluent was considered when salt-fermented anchovy sauce was serially diluted. Linear relationship between GC response and sample concentration was observed when diluted with 23% NaCl solution, whereas not observed when diluted with deodorized distilled water. Eleven and 16 aroma-active compounds were detected by SPME-GC-O based on SDA using CAR/PDMS and DVB/CAR/PDMS fibers, respectively. Butanoic acid and 3-methyl butanoic acid showed the highest ${\log}_2SD$ factors for CAR/PDMS and DVB/CAR/PDMS fibers. Dimethyl trisulfide, methional, trimethyl amine, 1-penten-3-ol, and acetic acid were also detected as potent aroma-active compounds.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.862-874
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• 2014

Salt-fermented fish and fish sauce are very important materials to make Kimchi. They provide good taste and plenty of nutrition to Kimchi during fermentation. However, it is difficult to purchase Korean salt-fermented fish or fish sauce out of Korea. Therefore, to generalize Kimchi for other countries, this research carefully compared the quality differences between Kimchi made with South East Asian fish sauce, which is fairly similar to traditional Korean salt-fermented anchovy extract (Aekjeot) in terms of taste and ingredients, and that made with traditional Korean salt-fermented anchovy extract. To determine quality differences among traditional Korean Kimchies made with different sauces, Korean-made salt-fermented shrimp, salt-fermented shrimp extract, salt-fermented anchovy and salt-fermented anchovy extract were used. Of the four Kimchis, the one made with salt-fermented anchovy extract was chosen as a control sample and compared with those made with three different South-East Asian fish sauces. In the sensory evaluation for acceptance of fish sauces, characteristics of taste, texture and overall acceptance showed significant differences. In the sensory evaluation for differences, characteristics of fish odor and crunchiness showed visible differences. For umami taste, all fish sauces received higher points than Korean salt-fermented anchovy extract (control sample), although the difference was not significant. Sensory evaluation and research results show that Kimchi can become a highly likable food overseas and Kimchi can substitute easily bought South-East Asian fish sauces for Korean salt-fermented fish sauces (Jeotkal).

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 1989

멸치를 물로 씻은 후 식염 10%, 15%, 20% 및 식염과 염화칼리 1:1 홈합염 10%를 각기 첨가하여 1~12주간 숙성할 때 불휘발성 아민의 함량과 미생물의 변화와 시중에 유통중인 멸치젓의 불휘발성아민 함량을 조사하였다. 불휘발성아민은 식염농도가 높을수록 생성량이 적었고 숙성기간별 생성량은 histamine의 경우 숙성 초기부터 증가하여 6주째에 식염 10%, 멸치젓이 657.8ppm으로 최고치를 나타낸 후 감소하기 시작하여 숙성 12주째는 식염 20%, 멸치젓이 210.8ppm으로 가장 적었고 혼합염 10% 멸치젓이 310.8ppm으로 가장 많이 생성되었다. Cadaverine과 putrescine은 숙성 8주째까지 생성량이 증가한 후 점차적으로 줄어들었고 tyramine은 숙성 10주째까지 RPthrwmd가한 뒤 숙성 12주째 현저히 감소하였다. 시중 유통품과 식염 함량이 비슷한 20% 멸치젓의 12주째 실험결과를 비교하면 시중 유통품의 불휘발성 아민 함량이 전반적으로 높게 나타났다. 미생물의 변화는 숙성 초기에는 Achromobacter 속, Aeromonas 속 및 Pseudomonas속이, 숙성 중기에는 Pediococcus속 , Microc....us 속 및 Lactobacillus 속이 많았으며 숙성 후기에는 Sacchromyces 속이 증가하였고 전 숙성기간 동안 미생물은 109주가 분리되었다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.330-336
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• 1990

젓갈에서 분리한 단백질분해균을 이용하여 속성 저식염 멸치젓의 제조조건과 저장중의 품질 안정성에 대하여 실험한 결과 저식염 멸치젓의 제조조건은 생멸치 100g에 대해 식염 1%, B. licheniformis p-5균 배양액 20m1($3.2{\times}10^{4}cells/ml$), sodium erythorbate 1%를 첨가한 후 $40^{\circ}C$, pH7.0에서 15시간 진탕배양(45strokes/min)시킨 후 저장성과 풍미를 고려하여 NaCl 3%, KCl 4%, 에탄을 4%(w/v), 마늘 및 생강가루 각각 0.5%씩 첨가하는 것이며, 저장중 휘발성 염기질소는 서서히 증가하였고, 히스타민 함량은 제조 직후 17.6mg/100g으로 위생상 안정하였다. 그리고 첨가된 Bacillus 속이 저장기간 동안 총균수의 상당량을 지배하였으며, 유리 아미노산 함량이 분석된 정미성분의 대부분을 차지하였다. 휘발성 성분중 휘발성산이 젓갈의 냄새에 기여도가 켰으며 다음으로 카르보닐 화합물, 염기의 순이었다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.482-495
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• 2002

Changes in ATP and related compounds, TMAO, TMA, creatine and creatinine were analyzed to establish the processing conditions for rapid- and low salt-fermented liquefaction of anchovy(Engrulis japonica) extracts during fermentation. Experimental sample A: chopped whole anchovy, adding 20% water, heating at $50^{\circ}C$ for 9 hrs and then adding 10% NaCl. Sample B: chopped whole anchovy, adding 20% water, heating at $50^{\circ}C$ for 9 hrs and then adding 13% NaCl. Sample C: chopped whole anchovy adding 13% NaCl. Sample D: whole anchovy adding 17% NaCl. ATP, ADP, AMP and IMP were broken down during fermentation period, while inosine and hypoxanthine or hypoxanthine were detected in each fermented liquefaction of anchovy. However the amounts of them were varied from collection to collection according to the pretreatment methods. Possibly ATP and their related compounds will not make a great contribution to the umami taste in fermented liquefaction of anchovy. The contents of TMAO were decreased during fermentation period, ranging from 3 to 15 mg/100g in the fermented liquefaction of anchovy after 180 days. The TMA contents were increased slowly during fermentation period, ranging from 60 to 114 mg/100g in the 180 days specimens, however their contents were varied from sample to sample. The contents of creatine and creatinine were increased during early fermentation period, and then they were decreased in the last period. As for distribution of nitrogen in the anchovy extracts, the contribution of creatine and creatinine to the extractive nitrogen was occupying 6.8, 5.7, 4.6 and 5.7% in the experimental sample A, B, C and D, respectively. The contribution of ATP and related compounds to the extractive nitrogen was occupying 2.1, 2.4, 2.2 and 2.7% in the experimental sample A, B, C and D, respectively. The contribution of TMAO and TMA to the extractive nitrogen was very low as they are occupying $0.7{\sim}1.2%$ in the four experimental samples.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.1426-1432
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• 2000

Ames 실험계에서 소금에 절인 생멸치는 생멸치보다 돌연변이유발성이 높았고, 잘 숙성된 멸치액젓(12개월)은 6개월된 멸치젓갈보다 낮은 보돌연변이성을 나타내었다. MNNG에 의한 돌연변이 실험에서 12개월간 발효시킨 멸치액젓 2.5 mg에 함유된 천일염 1.4 mg과 histidine $8\;{\mu}g$은 12개월간 발효시킨 멸치액젓보다 2배 이상 높은 보돌연변이성을 보였다. 따라서 histidine의 함량이 높은 멸치젓갈의 안전성을 Ames test로 판정하는 것은 바람직하지 못한 것으로 나타났다. 반면 SOS 실험계에서 생멸치, 소금에 절인 생멸치와 발효된 멸치젓갈 자체는 돌연변이유발성이 없었고, 오히려 12개월된 젓갈은 6개월 된 젓갈보다 높은 항돌연변이성을 보였다. 따라서 멸치젓갈 제조시 멸치에 소금이 첨가되어(생젓갈) 돌연변이 유발이 일어날 수 있지만 숙성기간이 길어지면(12개월, 익은 젓갈) 항돌연변이 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.