• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.135-142
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• 2010

Low quality fresh ginseng was fermented by Pheliuus linteus mycelium at $22^{\circ}C$ for 30 days, then extracted by water solvent at $100^{\circ}C$ for 180 min. On human normal cell lines (HEK293), cytotoxicity was about 10% lower in adding extracts of the fermentation ginseng than that from low quality ginseng. The fermented extracts also inhibited the growth of several human cancer cells. Among them, respectively, digestive organs related cancer cells, such as human stomach adenocarcnioma and human epithelial adenocarcinoma were most effectively inhibited up to 85% and 90%, respectively. Then, selectivities were in the ranges of 3 to 5, compared to 2 to 3 from low quality fresh ginseng. Generally, fermented ginseng extract showed higher anticancer activities as well as higher DPPH radical sacavening activity, possibly due to high contents of total phenolic components as 6.96 mg/g. It was very interesting that the fermented ginseng contained very higher contents of ginsenoside-Rc+$Rb_2$, compared to others in low quality fresh ginseng because of partition digestion of mycelium growth. The results can tell that low quality fresh ginseng can be utilized by the fermentation with Pheliuus linteus mycelium.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.80-86
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• 2016

An in vitro trial was conducted to examine the effects of total mixed rations (TMR) on fermentation characteristics and effective degradability (ED) by rumen microbes. Three TMR diets were growing period TMR (GR-TMR, 67% TDN), early fattening period TMR (EF-TMR, 75.4% TDN) and late fattening TMR (LF-TMR, 80% TDN). Three TMR diets (3 g of TMRs in each incubation bottles) was added to the mixed culture solution of stained rumen fluid with artificial saliva (1:1, v/v) and incubated anaerobically for 48 hours at $39^{\circ}C$. The pH in all incubation solutions tended to decrease up to 48h, but the opposite results were found in concentration of total gas production, ammonia-N and total VFA in all incubations.The total gas production (p<0.05) in LF-TMR was highest compared with those of other diets. Also, concentration of total VFA was tended to increase in LF-TMR compared with other TMR diets in all incubations. The EDDM in both EF-TMR and LF-TMR was tended to high compared with GR-TMR (p=0.100). In this in vitro trials, concentration of propionate in all incubation solution was not affected by increased concentration of TDN. The results of the present in vitro study indicate that TMR may provide more favorable condition for nutrient digestion both in the rumen.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.403-408
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• 2001

알코홀 증류폐액은 통상적으로 COD 50,000-60,000 ppm, TS 3-8%, SS 2-4%, TN 0.05-0.2% 정도가 포함되어 있어 높은 SS와 TN 함량 때문에 종합폐수로써 생물학적 처리를 하거나 혐기성 소화를 통하여 처리하는 데 문제가 있다. SS의 주성분으로는 미발효 원료 잔류물과 함께 균체, 단백질, 섬유질, 그리고 기타 현탁성 또는 용해성 물질들이 포함된다. 본 연구에서는 알코홀 증류폐액 처리의 한 해결책으로써 0.1 $\mu$m Pore size를 갖는 스테인레스 재질의 분리막을 이용한 pilot scale 정밀여과(microfiltration)를 실시하였다. Decanter로 처리된 증류폐액을 정밀여과 처리한 결과 2.5 bar, 6$0^{\circ}C$ 조건에서 VCR 농축도 10X 정도가지 원활한 permeate flux를 얻으며 24시간 이상 장시간 여과가 가능하였고 feed 중 0.7%였던 SS가 100% 가까이 제거된 permeate를 얻을 수 있었다. SS는 retentate 중에 7%까지 농축 가능하였으며 COD는 25-27% 정도 제거되었다. SS가 2.6%인 decanter를 거치지 않은 증류 원폐액의 경우, VCR 3X 이내의 조건으로 여과할 때 SS를 100% 가까이 그리고 COD는 약 50% 정도 제거 가능하였다. 무방류 시스템으로의 전용을 위하여 정밀여과로 얻어진 permeate와 retentate를 발효배지 사입수으로 재활용하여 알코홀 발효에 미치는 영향을 검토한 결과, 재활용 사입수를 사용하지 않은 경우에 비해 발효 도중 이상 현상이나 발효속도와 알코홀 생산량에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 징후는 발견되지 않았다. 발효에 의한 총 $CO_2$ 발생량과 최종 알코홀 함량은 약간 증가하고 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 발효시간 동안의 $CO_2$ 발생속도는 비교적 빨라져서 $CO_2$ 발생량 450 L/ton에 도달하는 시간은 재활용 사입수를 15% 사용했을 때 83-87%, 30%를 사용했을 때 72-76% 정도 단축되는 효과를 얻었다. 증류폐액을 처리하기 위해 사용되는 기존 decanter를 대체하여 정밀여과 막분리장치를 이용한다면 SS가 완벽하게 제거됨으로써 폐수처리의 부하를 줄이는 한편 부가적인 농축 공정을 줄일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 또한 여과 permeate를 발효배지 사입수로 재활용함으로써 발효속도를 증진시킬 수 있으며 용수사용량을 절약할 수 있다.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2000년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.109-112
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• 2000

Long chain fatty acids (LCFA) are potential inhibitors of bacteria involved in anaerobic digestion because of their surface activity. Precipitation of long-chain fatty acids with iron can improve the anaerobic degradation due to their precipitation and reducing surface properties. Degradation of stearic acid was improved in the presence of iron (II). The methane production was increased 1.6 times as compared to control. Iron-containing soil was applied for degradation of vegetable oil as model case. The methane production was increased 1.5 times as compared to control. Yield of methane production was 0.09 and 0.06L/g COD in experiment and control respectively. Optimum COD/Fe ratio was found 20 mg/mg. Iron (II) can be produced in the treatment system from iron (III) hydroxide or iron containing minerals.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권2_spc호
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• pp.385-395
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• 2024

Ruminal ciliates are a fundamental constituent within the rumen microbiome of ruminant animals. The complex interactions between ruminal ciliates and other microbial guilds within the rumen ecosystems are of paramount importance for facilitating the digestion and fermentation processes of ingested feed components. This review underscores the significance of ruminal ciliates by exploring their impact on key factors, such as methane production, nitrogen utilization efficiency, feed efficiency, and other animal performance measurements. Various methods are employed in the study of ruminal ciliates including culture techniques and molecular approaches. This review highlights the pressing need for further investigations to discern the distinct roles of various ciliate species, particularly relating to methane mitigation and the enhancement of nitrogen utilization efficiency. The promotion of establishing robust reference databases tailored specifically to ruminal ciliates is encouraged, alongside the utilization of genomics and transcriptomics that can highlight their functional contributions to the rumen microbiome. Collectively, the progressive advancement in knowledge concerning ruminal ciliates and their inherent biological significance will be helpful in the pursuit of optimizing rumen functionality and refining animal production outcomes.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.831-840
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• 2015

Functionally and physiologically active peptides are produced from several food proteins during gastrointestinal digestion and fermentation of food materials with lactic acid bacteria. Once bioactive peptides (BPs) are liberated, they exhibit a wide variety of physiological functions in the human body such as gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, immune, endocrine, and nervous systems. These functionalities of the peptides in human health and physiology include antihypertensive, antimicrobial, antioxidative, antithrombotic, opioid, anti-appetizing, immunomodulatory and mineral-binding activities.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2007

A growth trial (Expt. 1) and an in vitro fermentation experiment (Expt. 2) were conducted to determine the response of growth performance, cecal fermentation characteristics and in vitro gas production to incremental levels of substitution of digestible fiber for lignified fiber in the diet of weaned rabbits. Three diets, formulated by substituting soyhulls (SH; used as digestible fiber source) for soybean straw (used as lignified fiber source) at substitution levels of 0, 25 and 50%, were used in a factorial design. In the growth trial (Expt. 1), increasing levels of SH substitution resulted in a quadratic increase in daily body weight gain rate (p<0.04) and feed conversion efficiency (p<0.02), but in a numerical decrease in dietary DM intake (p=0.15). When SH were included in the diet at 25% substitution level, rabbits had the highest rate of liveweight gain and feed conversion efficiency. As SH substitution level increased, pH values and ammonia-N of cecal contents linearly (p<0.001) decreased, but total VFA concentration linearly (p<0.03) increased. With incremental levels of SH substitution, the percentage of acetate and butyrate linearly (p<0.05) reduced, but the percentage of propionate and minor acids linearly (p<0.03) increased. Increasing the SH substitution levels tended to increase incidence of diarrhea. In the in vitro fermentation experiment (Expt. 2), regardless of origin of substrates fermented, increasing SH substitution level resulted in increased maximal gas production (p<0.001) and shortened gas production lag time, but had no effect on gas production rate (p>0.2). These observations suggest that incrementally feeding SH to rabbits could stimulate their cecal microbial activity, allowing cecal fermentation to shift towards favoring fiber digestion. In conclusion, digestible fiber from soyhulls may partially substitute for more lignified fiber, soybean straw, without having an adverse effect on cecal fermentative and microbial activity and growth performance. For growing rabbits, about 73% of total dietary NDF should be supplied by effective NDF, the remainder could come from digestible NDF, such as soyhulls.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.908-915
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• 1998

재래식 메주의 제조 공정을 재현하기 위하여 국산 대두를 사용하여 춘천 지역의 메주 제조 농가에서 메주를 발효시키면서 특성을 조사하였다. 재래식 메주 발효 중에 이화학적, 효소학적 및 미생물의 변화 분석은 산업적으로 메주의 대량 생산을 위한 기초적인 자료가 될 것이다. 발효 중 환경분석을 한 결과 이 지역의 메주 발효는 $10{\sim}15^{\circ}C,{\;}60{\sim}70%$ RH의 조건에서 이루어지고 있었다. 메주의 수분은 초기 59%에서 내부는 19%, 외부는 11%로 감소하여 무게가 73% 감소되었다. pH는 발효 33일에 8.5로 증가하였고 이후 감소하여 발효 70일에는 7.9로 되었다. 수용성 단백질은 초기에 1.47%이던 것이 발효 33일에는 $6.31{\sim}7.34%$로 증가하였고 아미노태 질소는 발효 70일에 내부 770 mg%, 외부 460 mg% 정도로 도달되었으며 메주의 색도는 발효 중 점차로 어두워지며 적색도와 황색도가 감소되는 편이었다. 발효가 진행됨에 따라 전분관련효소의 작용은 미미하고 산성 단백 분해 호소력이 강하였고 lipase 활성이 있어 메주 발효에 중요한 역할을 함을 알았다. 발효중 미생물의 변화를 보면 메주의 내외 부분에 큰 차이 없이 $10^8{\;}CFU/g$정도가 있으며 내염성 세균의 증식 경향도 유사하여 초기에 $1.51{\times}10^7{\;}CFU/g$인 것이 12일 이후로 $10^8{\;}CFU/g$정도로 유지되었다. 혐기성 균은 초기에 $10^4{\;}CFU/g$ 수준이던 것이 47일 후에 증가하는 추세로 $10^5{\;}CFU/g$ 수준이었다. 효모 및 곰팡이 수는 $10^4{\sim}10^5{\;}CFU/g$정도이었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.609-615
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• 2004

1998년에서 2001년도에 생산된 묵은 쌀의 일반성분에서는 2000년도 쌀이 11.3%로 가장 높게 나온 수분함량을 제외하고는 일반 쌀의 일반성분과 큰 차이는 없었다. 20분 수분흡수율과 120분 수분흡수율에서는 수분함량이 가장 높게 나타났던 2000년도 쌀이 각각 26.62%, 29.00%로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 호화특성에서는 호화개시온도 그리고 최고점도시의 온도가 오래 저장된 쌀이 높은 것으로 나타났고, 당화속도 비교에서는 1998년 시료가 당화속도가 다른 시료에 비해 24시간 경과시점에서는 늦었으나 36시간 이후에는 시료간의 차이가 없었다. 1998년에서 2001년도에 생산된 쌀을 이용하여 무증자법으로 탁주를 7일간 발효하였고 발효 특성과 선호도를 조사하였다. 무증자법으로 탁주를 담금한 후, 알코올 함량은 담금 5일째까지는 빠르게 증가하여 17.3-18.1%이고 그 중 1998년도 묵은 쌀이 가장 높았으며, 발효 7일째 최종 알코올함량은 17.5-18.2%로 역시 1998년도 묵은 쌀이 가장 높았으나 시료간의 차이는 크지 않았으며 일반 쌀과 마찬가지로 발효가 잘 진행됨을 알 수 있었다. 관능검사에서는 단맛, 신맛, 선호도에서 2000년산이 최고로 나타났으며 쓴맛에서는 1999년산이 최고로 나타났으나 각각에 대한 유의성은 나타나지 앓았다. 묵은 쌀 냄새를 비롯한 탁주에 악영향을 미치는 요인은 관능검사에서도 크게 나타나지 않았으며, 재고로 쌓여있는 묵은 쌀을 무증자 탁주 발효에 활용하면 충분히 사용 가능함을 알 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1276-1281
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• 2013

An in vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of methylcellulose on the attachment of major cellulolytic bacteria on rice straw and its digestibility. Rice straw was incubated with ruminal mixture with or without 0.1% methylcellulose (MC). The attachment of F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens and R. albus populations on rice straw was measured using real-time PCR with specific primer sets. Methylcellulose at the level of 0.1% decreased the attachment of all three major cellulolytic bacteria. In particular, MC treatment reduced (p<0.05) attachment of F. succinogenes on rice straw after 10 min of incubation while a significant reduction (p<0.05) in attachment was not observed until 4 h incubation in the case of R. flavefaciens and R. albus. This result indicated F. succinogenes responded to MC more sensitively and earlier than R. flavefaciens and R. albus. Dry matter digestibility of rice straw was subsequently inhibited by 0.1% MC, and there was a significant difference between control and MC treatment (p<0.05). Incubated cultures containing MC had higher pH and lower gas production than controls. Current data clearly indicated that the attachment of F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens and R. albus on rice straw was inhibited by MC, which apparently reduced rice straw digestion.