• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권12호
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• pp.1690-1698
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• 2011

Feedlot and in vitro ruminal experiments were conducted to assess the effects of saponin-containing surfactant applied during tempering of barley grain on cattle growth performance and on ruminal fermentation. In the feedlot experiment, treatments with three barley grain/barley silage based diets were prepared using barley grain at 7.7% moisture (dry, D), after tempering to 18% moisture (M), or after tempering with a saponin-based surfactant included at 60 ml/t (MS). Each treatment was rolled at settings determined previously to yield optimally processed barley. A total of 180 newly weaned British${\times}$Charolais steers were fed three diets in 18 pens for a 63-d backgrounding period and 91-d finishing period to determine feed intake, growth rate and feed efficiency. Cattle were slaughtered at the end of the experiment to measure the carcass characteristics. Tempering reduced (p<0.001) volume weight and processing index, but processing characteristics were similar between MS and M. Tempering increased (p<0.05) growth during backgrounding only, compared with D, but did not affect feed intake in either phase. During backgrounding, feed efficiency was improved with tempering, but during finishing and overall this response was only observed with the surfactant. Tempering did not affect carcass weight, fat content or meat yield. Surfactant doubled the proportion of carcasses grading AAA. In the in vitro experiment, barley (500 mg; ground to <1.0 mm or steam-rolled) was incubated in buffered ruminal fluid (40 ml) without or with surfactant up to 20 ${\mu}l/g$ DM substrate for 24 h. Surfactant increased (p<0.05) apparent DM disappearance and starch digestibility but reduced productions of gas and the volatile fatty acid and acetate:propionate ratio, irrespective of barley particle size. Compared with feeding diets prepared with non-tempered barley, tempering with surfactant increased the feed efficiency of feedlot steers. This may have arisen from alteration in processing characteristics of barley grain by surfactant rather than its direct effect on rumen microbial fermentation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.214-221
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• 2011

Effects of the cell wall-degrading enzymes derived from Acremonium cellulolyticus and Trichoderma viride on the silage fermentation and in sacco degradation of tropical grasses i.e. rhodesgrass (Chloris gayana Kunth. cv. Callide) and guineagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Natsukaze) were investigated in laboratory-scale experiments. These two grasses were either treated with or without the enzymes before ensiling. Untreated rhodesgrass produced acetate fermentation silage (lactate, $13.0\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM; acetate, $38.7\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM) with high final pH value and $NH_3$-N content (5.84 and $215\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM). Addition of enzymes significantly increased (p<0.01) the lactate production (lactate, 45.6; acetate, $34.0\;g\;kg-^{1}$ DM) and decreased (p<0.01) the pH and $NH_3$-N (4.80 and $154\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM) in the ensiled forages when compared with the control silages. Untreated guineagrass was successfully preserved with a high lactate proportion (lactate, 45.5; acetate, $24.1\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM), and the addition of enzymes further enhanced the desirable fermentation (lactate, $57.5\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM; acetate, $19.4\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM). The content of NDF was lowered (p<0.05) by enzymes in both silages, but the extent appeared greater in the enzyme-treated rhodesgrass (rhodesgrass, $48\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM; guineagrass, $21\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM). Changes in the kinetics of in sacco degradation showed that enzyme treatment increased (p<0.01) the rapidly degradable DM (rhodesgrass, 299 vs. $362\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM; guineagrass, 324 vs. $343\;g\;kg^{-1}$ DM) but did not influence the potential degradation, lag time and degradation rate of DM and NDF in the two silages.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.1400-1410
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• 2004

Eight crossbred (75% Holstein Friesian) cows in mid-lactation were randomly assigned to a switchback design with a 2x2 factorial arrangement to evaluate two nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) sources (corn meal and cassava chips) with different rumen degradability and used at two levels of NSC (55 vs. 75%) with protein source (supplied by urea in the concentrate mix). The treatments were 1) Low degradable low level of corn (55%) 2) Low degradable high level of corn (75%) 3) High degradable low level of cassava (55%) and 4) High degradable high level of cassava (75%). The cows were offered the treatment concentrate at a ratio to milk yield at 1:2. Urea-treated rice straw was offered ad libitum as the roughage and supplement with 1 kg/hd/d cassava hay. The results revealed that total DM intake, BW and digestion coefficients of DM were not affected by either level or source of energy. Rumen fermentation parameters; NH3-N, blood urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen were unaffected by source of energy, but were dramatically increased by level of NSC. Rumen microorganism populations were not affected (p>0.05) by source of energy, but fungal zoospores were greater for cassava-based concentrate than corn-based concentrate. Milk production and milk composition were not affected significantly by diets containing either source or level of NSC, however concentrate than corn-based concentrate averaging (4.4 and 4.2, respectively). Likewise, income over feed, as estimated from 3.5% FCM, was higher on cassava-based concentrate than corn-based concentrate averaging (54.0 and 51.4 US$/mo, respectively). These results indicate that feeding diets containing either cassava-based diets and/or a higher of oncentrates up to 75% of DM with NPN (supplied by urea up to 4.5% of DM) can be used in dairy rations without altering rumen ecology or animal performance compared with corn-based concentrate.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.1137-1142
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• 2003

In a balanced incomplete block design, two dry Holstein cows were used to investigate the effect of $\beta$ 1-4 galactooligosaccharides (GOS) supplementation on nitrogen (N) utilization, rumen fermentation and microbial N supply in the rumen. During the experiment, cows were fed four diets: orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) silage (OS), OS with GOS supplementation (OSG), OS mixed with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) silage (MS) and MS with GOS supplementation (MSG). GOS was supplemented at 2% of dry matter intake. Diets were fed at maintenance level of protein and energy. Results showed that N digestion was affected by silage and interaction of silage and GOS supplementation. Cows fed OSG had the highest N digested (p<0.05) followed by MS, OS and MSG. Supplementation of GOS to OS or MS diets tended to improve N utilization through reducing the N losses on dairy cows. There was no effect of GOS supplementation on rumen fermentation parameters (i.e. pH, $NH_3$-N and total VFA) at 1 h and 6 h after feeding. Compared to cows fed MS, cows fed OS silage had higher (p<0.05) allantoin excretion (80.8 vs. 67.1 mmol/d) and higher (p<0.05) total purine derivatives excretion (92.9 vs. 78.5 mmol/d). The microbial N supply in cows fed OSG was higher (p<0.05) than those fed OS, MS and MSG.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.603-615
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• 2008

Dietary fiber is an inevitable component in pig diets. In non-ruminants, it may influence many physiological processes in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) such as transit time as well as nutrient digestion and absorption. Moreover, dietary fiber is also the main substrate of intestinal bacteria. The bacterial community structure is largely susceptible to changes in the fiber content of a pig's diet. Indeed, bacterial composition in the lower GIT will adapt to the supply of high levels of dietary fiber by increased growth of bacteria with cellulolytic, pectinolytic and hemicellulolytic activities such as Ruminococcus spp., Bacteroides spp. and Clostridium spp. Furthermore, there is growing evidence for growth promotion of beneficial bacteria, such as lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, by certain types of dietary fiber in the small intestine of pigs. Studies in rats have shown that both phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) play an important role in the fermentative activity and growth of the intestinal microbiota. This can be attributed to the significance of P for the bacterial cell metabolism and to the buffering functions of Ca-phosphate in intestinal digesta. Moreover, under P deficient conditions, ruminal NDF degradation as well as VFA and bacterial ATP production are reduced. Similar studies in pigs are scarce but there is some evidence that dietary fiber may influence the ileal and fecal P digestibility as well as P disappearance in the large intestine, probably due to microbial P requirement for fermentation. On the other hand, fermentation of dietary fiber may improve the availability of minerals such as P and Ca which can be subsequently absorbed and/or utilized by the microbiota of the pig's large intestine.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.365-374
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• 2014

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing concentrations of crude glycerin (CGLY) in diets on nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation characteristics, and nitrogen utilization of goats. Four male crossbred (Thai Native${\times}$Anglo Nubian) goats, with an average initial weight of $26{\pm}3.0$ kg, were randomly assigned according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design with four 21 days consecutive periods. Treatments diets contained 0%, 5%, 10%, and 20% of dietary DM of CGLY. Based on this experiment, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) among treatment groups regarding DM intake and digestion coefficients of nutrients (DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF, and ADF). Likewise, mean serum glucose, BHBA, and PCV concentrations were not affected (p>0.05) by dietary treatments, whereas serum insulin concentration linearly increased (L, p = 0.002) with increasing the amount of CGLY supplementation. Ruminal pH, $NH_3$-N, and BUN concentration were unchanged by dietary treatments, except for 20% of CGLY, $NH_3$-N, and BUN were lower (p<0.05) than for the diets 10% of CGLY, while the difference between the diets 0%, 5%, and 20% of CGLY were not significant. The amount of N absorption and retention were similar among treatments. Based on this study, CGLY levels up to 20% in total mixed ration could be efficiently utilized for goats and this study elucidates a good approach to exploiting the use of biodiesel production for goat production.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.318-323
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• 2003

본 연구는 셀룰로오스 성분의 분해가 용이하지 않은 폐지 를 이용하여 유기산 및 메탄으로 전환시킬 수 있는지의 여부 에 대하여 연구하였다. 유기산 생성 회분식 실험에서 초기 건조중량 15 g의 폐신문지와 종이박스를 음식페기불 산 발 효액과 1 1로 혼합하여 주입하였을 때 생성된 유기산의 총량은 신문지와 종이박스가 각각 2461과 4978 mg/L로 나 타났다. 메 탄발효 회분식 반응에서 초기 건조중량 15 g의 신 문지와 종이박스 폐지를 주입하였을 때 24일 후 tCOD 제거 율은 각각 60.9와 62.4%를 나타내었고 생산된 바이오 가스양 은 각각 6.95와 6.43 L이었다. 총 고형불 (TS)의 변화는 신문 지와 종이박스가 각각 34.8 과 33.4% 정도 감소함을 알 수 있었고, 휘발성 고형물 (VS)의 변화는 신문지와 종이박스가 각각 40.0 과 39.2% 정도 감소함올 알 수 있다 pH는 20일 이후부터 7.5로 일정하게 유지되어 메탄발효가 적절히 진행 되는 것으로 확인되었다. 반 연속식 실혐의 경우 산 발효조 에서 2일, 메탄 발효조에서 12일간 체류하변서 신문지와 종 이박스의 tCOD 제거 효율은 각각 64.7과 65.0%를 나타냈다. 각각의 일일 바이오 가스 생산량은 g당 0.31과 0.30 L로 나 타났으며 바이오 가스 중 메탄함량은 57.3과 56.2%로 나타났 다. 공정의 안정화가 이루어졌다고 판단되는 25일 이후의 pH 는 혐기성 산 발효조와 메탄 발효조에서 각각 5.0과 7.5로 일 정하게 나타났다

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.378-387
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• 2009

To investigate the effects of sago palm pith (SPP) substitution of corn in the diets on intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics, nitrogen balance and microbial N Supply, five ruminally fistulated Southern indigenous cattle (mean initial BW = 226${\pm}$5 kg) were randomly assigned to a 5${\times}$5 Latin Square Design to receive five diets, $T_1$ = concentrate with 0% SPP, $T_2$ = 25% SPP, $T_3$ = 50% SPP, $T_4$ = 75% SPP and $T_5$ = 100% SPP, of dietary dry matter, respectively. Plicatulum hay (PH) was offered ad libitum as the roughage. A metabolism trial lasted for 21 days during which liveweight changes and feed intakes were measured. Based on this experiment, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) among treatments groups regarding total DM intake (OMI, NDFI and ADFI) and digestion coefficients of nutrients (DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF), while total DM intake (% BW) was significantly (p<0.05) higher as higher levels of SPP were incorporated into diets. Rumen parameters (ruminal temperature, pH, glucose, packed cell volume, volatile fatty acid and rumen microorganism populations) were similar among treatments (p>0.05), whereas $NH_3-N$, blood urea nitrogen and molar proportion of propionate concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) higher as higher levels of SPP were incorporated into diets. The amount of N absorption, N retention and microbial protein synthesis were similar among treatments. These results indicate that SPP can be included in diets for Southern indigenous cattle to supply up to 100% of supplemental corn when fed with PH without negative impact on animal performance and it was a good approach in exploiting the use of local feed resources for beef cattle production.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.666-673
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• 1988

쌀을 기질로 하는 유산균 음료 발효에서 Bacillus와 효모의 혼합배양을 이용한 고체상태 예비발효와 extruder를 이용한 압출조리 전처리가 유산균의 생육을 증진하는 효과에 대하여 검토하였다. Bacillus laevolacticus와 Saccharomyces cerevisiae의 혼합배양을 쌀과 탈지 대두분의 혼합물에 접종하여 고체 상태로 $45^{\circ}C$에서 배양한 후 자가발열형 단일축 압출성형기를 통하여 처리함으로서 살균과 조직의 변화를 도모하였다. 이렇게 처리된 물질을 분산액으로 만들어 Lactobacillus plantarum과 Leuconostoc mesenteroides 혼합배양을 접종하여 유산발효시켰다. 예비발효와 압출조리에 의하여 유산균의 증식속도와 산생성이 증가하였으며 가용성 고형분의 함량이 크게 증가하였고 분산안정성이 향상되었고 관능적 기호도도 증가하였다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.68-73
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• 2002

하수슬러지의 발생량 감소와 BNR공정의 외부탄소원 개발에 대한 해결방안으로 1차슬러지의 산발효가 연구되었다. 기존 혐기성 소화조를 활용한다는 측면에서 반응조의 형상, 온도, pH와 같은 환경인자는 변화시키지 않았고, HRT변화에 따른 가수분해율, 산생성율 및 환경인자의 특성변화를 검토하였다. 평균 가수분해율은 HRT가 3일과 1.5일 일때, 각각 0.0309., $0.0204mgSCOD_{prod.}/mgICOD_{inf.}$였다. 평균 산생성율은 HRT 3일에서 0.0068mg HAc/mg $TCOD_{inf.}$, 0.0652mgHAc/mg $VSS_{destroyed}$였다. HRT 1.5일에서 평균 산생성율은 0.0060mg HAc/mg $TCOD_{inf.}$, 0.0346mgHAc/mg $VSS_{destroyed}$였다. 실험기간 동안 알칼리도와 pH는 인위적인 조절없이 적정하게 유지되었다.