• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.201-206
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• 2015

An experiment was carried out to determine the homofermentative activity of Lactobacillus plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 on the ensiling of whole crop barley (WCB). The crude protein in the silages was slightly higher in the KCC-10 and KCC-19 treatments compared to the control, but there was no significant difference between the two inoculant-treated silages. Nutrient parameters such as acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and in vitro dry matter digestibility in L. plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 treated silages did not differ from those in the control silage. The lactic acid content increased in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treated silage when compared with the control silage but the contents of acetic acid and butyric acid produced in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treated silages were similar with the control silage. Further, the number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in KCC-10 treated silage demonstrated a significant increase when compared to the control. Especially, KCC-19 treated silage showed greater lactic acid bacterial growth potential. Other microbes such as yeast and fungi were not detected in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treated WCB silages. Hence, this study suggests that the addition of L. Plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 to the WCB silage can improve fermentation quality for the production of high-quality silage.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.5-12
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• 2006

본 연구는 struvite 결정화 적용시 $Mg^{2+}$과 $PO_4{^{3-}}$의 주입량, pH, 반응시간 그리고 결정핵 주입과 같은 실험인자가 혐기성 발효액의 질소 및 인 제거에 미치는 영향을 실험적으로 검토하였다. $Mg^{2+}:NH_4{^+}:PO_4{^{3-}}$의 적정 주입 몰비는 1.2:1.0:1.2 였다. 최적 주입 몰비에서 $NH_4{^+}-N$와 $PO_4{^{3-}}-P$의 평균제거율 및 반응속도상수는 각각 79.2, 96.8%, 0.157 그리고 $0.344min^{-1}$였다. 최적 pH는 11이었으며 반응시간 10분 이내에 충분히 struvite 결정화가 이루어 졌다. 결정핵 주입 유 무에서 결정핵 주입량 1g/L에서 가장 낮은 영양염류 잔류농도 값을 보여주었으며, SEM 사진 분석 결과 결정핵의 성장을 관찰할 수 있었다. 또한 struvite 침전물의 XRD 분석 결과 사방정계 결정구조를 가지는 것으로 확인되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권8호
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• pp.1122-1127
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• 2019

Objective: The objective of current study was to investigate the lactation performance and rumen fermentation characteristics of dairy cows fed a diet with alfalfa hay replaced by corn stover but supplemented with molasses. Methods: Sixteen Holstein cows in mid-lactation were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments: i) alfalfa based diet (AH), and ii) corn stover based diet supplemented with molasses (CSM). The experiment was conducted according to a $2{\times}2$ crossover design with 22-d each period, consisting of 17 d for adaptation and 5 d for data and samples collection. Results: Dry matter intake and milk yield were higher for cows fed AH than CSM (p<0.01). Milk protein content and nitrogen conversion were higher (p<0.05), while milk urea nitrogen was lower (p<0.01) for cows fed AH than CSM-fed cows. Contents of milk total solids, fat and lactose were not different between two groups (p>0.10). Total rumen volatile fatty acid concentration tended to be higher (p = 0.06) for cows fed AH than CSM-fed cows. Molar proportion of acetate was lower (p = 0.04), but valerate was higher (p = 0.02) in cows fed AH than CSM-fed cows. Rumen concentration of propionate, and isobutyrate, and ratio of acetate to propionate tended to be different (p<0.10) between two groups. The feed cost per kilogram of milk was lower in CSM than AH (p<0.01). No differences were found in feed efficiency and most plasma parameters tested (p>0.10). Conclusion: In comparison with AH diet, CSM diet could be fed to dairy cows without negative effect on feed efficiency, ruminal fermentation, but economically beneficial, indicating that CSM could be an alternative choice for dairy farms instead of AH to feed midlactation dairy cows.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.1146-1156
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• 2021

Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the effect of two plant additives, rich in polyphenolic compounds, supplemented to sheep diets on microorganisms and carbohydrate fermentation in rumen. Methods: In the experiment, 6 ewes of the Polish Mountain breed were fitted with ruminal cannulas. Sheep were divided into three feeding groups. The study was performed in a cross-over design of two animals in each group, with three experimental periods (n = 6 per each group). The animals were fed a control diet (CON) or additionally received 3 g of dry and milled lingonberry leaves (VVI) or oak bark (QUE). Additionally, plant material was analyzed for tannins concentration. Results: Regardless of sampling time, QUE diet increased the number of total protozoa, as well as Entodinium spp., Diplodinium spp. and Isotrichidae family, while decreased bacterial mass. In turn, a reduced number of Diplodinium spp. and increased Ophryoscolex spp. population were noted in VVI fed sheep. During whole sampling time (0, 2, 4, and 8 h), the number of protozoa in ruminal fluid of QUE sheep was gradually reduced as opposed to animals receiving CON and VVI diet, where rapid shifts in the protozoa number were observed. Moreover, supplementing sheep with QUE diet increased molar proportions of butyrate and isoacids in ruminal fluid. Unfortunately, none of the tested additives affected gas production. Conclusion: The addition of VVI or QUE in a small dose to sheep diets differently affected rumen microorganisms and fermentation parameters, probably because of various contribution of catechins in tested plant materials. However, it is stated that QUE diet seems to create more favorable conditions for growth and development of ciliates. Nonetheless, the results of the present study showed that VVI and QUE additives could serve as potential natural modulators of microorganism populations and, consequently, carbohydrate digestion in ruminants.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.1535-1544
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• 2022

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of decreasing dietary crude protein content on rumen fermentation, mictobiota, and metabolites in goats. Methods: In an 84-day feeding trial, a total of twelve male Anhui white goat kids with initial body weight 15.9±1.13 kg were selected and randomly classified into two groups, feeding a normal crude protein diet (14.8% CP, NCP) or a low crude protein diet (12.0% CP, LCP). At the end of the experimental trial (on day 84), six animals were randomly selected from each group and were slaughtered to collect rumen fluid samples for the analysis of rumen fermentation parameters, microbiome, and metabolome. Results: The concentrations of ammonia-nitrogen, total volatile fatty acid, acetate, and propionate were decreased (p<0.05) in the LCP group in comparison with those in the NCP group. The abundances of genera Prevotella, Campylobacter, Synergistetes, and TG5, which were associated with nitrogen metabolism, were lower (p<0.05) in the LCP group compared with those in the NCP group. The levels of 78 metabolites (74 decreased, 4 increased) in the rumen fluid were altered (p<0.05) by the treatment. Most of the ruminal metabolites that showed decreased levels in the LCP group were substrates for microbial protein synthesis. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that vitamin B6 metabolism was significantly different (p<0.05) in rumen fluid between the two treatments. Conclusion: Decreased dietary protein level inhibited rumen fermentation through microbiome and metabolome shifts in goat kids. These results enhance our understanding of ruminal bacteria and metabolites of goat fed a low protein diet.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.235-244
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• 2024

A nonthermally sterilized raw apple vinegar was manufactured using an ultra-fine filtration process (0.2 ㎛ membrane filter) and its quality was comparable to commercially available vinegar products. First, using apple concentrate as a raw material, it was possible to produce non-thermal sterilized Using a two-stage fermentation process of alcohol and acetic acid fermentations, a non-thermally sterilized raw apple vinegar with pH 2.94 and an acidity of 6.20% was produced from an apple concentrate. The fermentation process increased the browning index significantly. However, the fundamental quality parameters of the non-thermal sterilized raw apple vinegar (A) with sterilized apple vinegar (B) did not differ significantly. The pH (2.92-2.95) of apple vinegar (A and B) was higher than that (pH 2.65-2.70) of commercial vinegar (C and D), and the total acidity, which is in the range of 6.20-6.21% and 6.53-6.90%, respectively, was higher in samples C and D than in samples A and B. However, four kinds of organic acids were detected in non-thermal sterilized raw apple vinegar (A), and its total organic acid content (6,245.00 mg%) was significantly higher than that of other samples (B, C, D) (p<0.05). In particular, malic acid content, as a main organic acid in apples, was very high in sample (A) (244.83 mg%) and sample (B) (210.21 mg%), compared to commercial products C (125.78 mg%) and D (86.90 mg%). The total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of fermented apple vinegar (A, B) were more than twice as high as those of commercial products (C, D). Vinegar A had higher total polyphenol content than vinegar B. The above results suggest it is possible to manufacture and commercialize non-thermal sterilized raw apple vinegar with higher organic acid content and antioxidant properties using ultra-fine filtration.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.240-252
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• 2024

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of dietary nicotinic acid (NA) on apparent nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and rumen microbiota in uncastrated Xiangzhong black cattle. Methods: Twenty-one uncastrated Xiangzhong black cattle (385.08±15.20 kg) aged 1.5 years were randomly assigned to the control group (CL, 0 mg/kg NA in concentrate diet), NA1 group (800 mg/kg NA in concentrate diet) and NA2 group (1,200 mg/kg NA in concentrate diet). All animals were fed a 60% concentrate diet and 40% dried rice straw for a 120-day feeding experiment. Results: Supplemental NA not only enhanced the apparent nutrient digestibility of acid detergent fiber (p<0.01), but also elevated the rumen acetate and total volatile fatty acid concentrations (p<0.05). 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis of rumen microbiota revealed that dietary NA changed the diversity of rumen microbiota (p<0.05) and the abundance of bacterial taxa in the rumen. The relative abundances of eight Erysipelotrichales taxa, five Ruminococcaceae taxa, and five Sphaerochaetales taxa were decreased by dietary NA (p<0.05). However, the relative abundances of two taxa belonging to Roseburia faecis were increased by supplemental 800 mg/kg NA, and the abundances of seven Prevotella taxa, three Paraprevotellaceae taxa, three Bifidobacteriaceae taxa, and two operational taxonomic units annotated to Fibrobacter succinogenes were increased by 1,200 mg/kg NA in diets. Furthermore, the correlation analysis found significant correlations between the concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the rumen and the abundances of bacterial taxa, especially Prevotella. Conclusion: The results from this study suggest that dietary NA plays an important role in regulating apparent digestibility of acid detergent fiber, acetate, total volatile fatty acid concentrations, and the composition of rumen microbiota.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.218-227
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• 2024

Objective: The aim of this research was to explore the effects of dietary substitution of alfalfa hay by amaranth hay on production performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, serum biochemical parameters and antioxidant ability in dairy cows. Methods: A total of 45 healthy Holstein cows with same parity and similar milk yield and body weight were randomly divided into 3 groups: control diet without amaranth hay (CON) or 50% and 100% alfalfa hay replaced by an equal amount of amaranth hay (dry matter basis, AH1 and AH2, respectively). All the cows were fed regularly 3 times a day at 06:30, 14:30, and 22:30 and had free access to water. The experiment lasted for 60 d. Results: The dry matter intake of CON and AH1 groups was higher (p<0.05) than that of AH2 group. Compared with AH1 group, the milk yield of AH2 group was reduced (p<0.05). Moreover, dietary substitution of alfalfa hay by amaranth hay increased (p<0.05) milk fat, ammonia nitrogen and acetate concentrations. However, the crude protein digestibility of AH2 group was lower (p<0.05) than that of CON group, while an opposite tendency of serum urea nitrogen was found between two groups. The neutral detergent fiber digestibility of AH1 group was increased (p<0.05) when compared to AH2 group. Amaranth hay treatment increased (p<0.05) the serum concentration of glutathione peroxidase in dairy cows. Compared with CON group, the malonaldehyde activity of AH1 group was decreased (p<0.05). Conclusion: Dietary replacing alfalfa hay with amaranth hay (50% ratio) in dairy cows did not affect production performance but improved their antioxidant ability.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2001

본 시험은 1998 년 축산기술연구소 초지사료과 시험포장에서 호밀 라운드베일 사일리지 제조시 수확시 숙기별로 발효가 진행됨에 따라 사일리지의 품질에 미치는 영향을 비교하기 위하여 수행되었다. 시험 설계는 분할구 배치법으로 주구는 수잉기, 출수기 및 개화기에 수확하는 수확시 숙기를 두고 세구로는 발효 경과 일수 (1, 2, 3. 5, 10, 30, 45 및 60 일)를 두고 3 반복으로 수행하였으며 라운드베일 사일리지 제조시 호밀은 수잉기에는 1일, 출수기 및 개화기에는 0.5일간 예건하였다. 최종 pH는 개화기 > 수잉기 > 출수기의 순으로 나타났으며 개화기는 pH의 감소가 발효초기에 일어났으나 수잉기와 출수기는 1~2일 늦어짐을 알 수 있었다. 암모니아태 질소 함량은 수잉기에서 놀은 비율로 나타났고 발효가 진행됨에 따라 증가되었다. 그러나 출수기에서는 발효 30일째까지 감소한 후 45일이후에 다시 증가하였다. 발효단계별 온도에 있어서 내부온도는 기상의 영향을 받지 않고 초기 3$0^{\circ}C$ 부근까지 상승한 후 계속 감소하였으나 외부온도는 10일 후부터 기상에 따라 변화하는 경향을 보여주었다. 초산 함량은 5일째까지는 수확시 숙기에 따른 차이가 없었으나 10일 후부터는 수잉기에서 높아졌으며 낙산 함량도 수잉기는 5일째, 출수기는 10일 후부터 발생되었으며 젖산 함량은 초기 l~2% 내외에서 6~8% 내외까지 지속적으로 증가되었다. 젖산균수는 출수기와 개화기는 5일째 그리고 수잉기는 10일째에 가장 높은 수치를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 호밀 라운드베일 사일리지의 발효는 초기 5일 이내에 대부분이 일어나며 따라서 초기 발효조건을 맞추는 것이 고품질 사일리지를 제조할 수 있는 가장 효과적인 방법이라 할 수 있다. 종이라 판단된다.세포 모두에서 endogenous RXR의 발현이 일어남을 확인하였고 RXR expression plasmid를 transfection시켰을 때 두 세포 모두에서 단백질의 발현이 현저하게 증가되었다. Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR)에 의한 CYP2B의 PBRU 활성효과를 다르게 분화된 세포에서 차이가 일어나는지를 비교하기 위하여 CAR에 의해 매개되는 PBRU의 transactivation효과를 Hep G2와 COS세포에서 조사하였다. Hep G2 세포에서는 transfection된 CAR의 발현에 의해 firefly luciferase 보고단백질의 활성이 약 12배 증가하였다. CAR 발현유전자를 15 ng transfection하였을 때 주어진 보고유전자의 양에 대하여 최대반응을 나타내었고 CYP2B1PBRU가 제거된 CYP2C1 promotor/firefly luciferase를 보고유전자로 사용하였을 때는 CAR에 의한 luciferase의 활성이 나타나지 않았다. Hep G2와는 달리, COS세포에서는 transfection된 CAR의 발현이 PBRU에 의한 firefly luciferase보고단백질의 발현에 영향을 주지 못하였다. 이러한 결과들은 분화된 세포의 종류에 따라서 constitutive androstane receptor의 CYP2BPBRU 활성효과가 다르게 나타날 수 있음을 제시할 뿐만 아니라, 간세포에서 Phenobarbital에 의한 PBRU의 활성유도에 영향을 주는 endogenous 매개 인자들 중 CAR와 RXR과는 다른 전사조절인자들이 필요로 하며 이러한 인자들의 발현이 콩팥 세포에서는 다르게 존재함을 시사한다.", including parameters affecting the

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.129-139
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• 2014

A. oryzae로 발효한 청미래덩굴(Smilax china L.)잎 발효차의 적정 발효기간을 확립하고자 비 발효(NF) 및 10, 20 및 30일간 발효(F10, F20, F30)시킨 차 1% 열수추출물(1 tea bag 기준)의 색상, 관능검사 및 total polyphenol(TP), total flavonoid(TF), 전자공여능(EDA), 철환원력(FRAP), 과산화물 생성 억제능(LPOIA)을 조사하였다. 또, 체내 활성산소(ROS) 생성계 효소인 동시에 요통과 음주로 인한 간손상유도 및 이로 인한 복부비만에 직간접적으로 관여하는 xanthine oxidase(XO) 및 aldehyde oxidae(AO)의 저해활성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 색상과 spectrum(400~700nm)의 변화를 조사한 결과, NF는 연한 황색을 띠는 반면 F10∼F30에서는 엷은 적색을 띠었으며 F10의 색상이 가장 선명하였다. 향(aroma)과 밝기(brightness)에 대한 기호도는 비발효차와 발효차간의 유의차를 보이지 않았으나 맛(taste)과 입에 닿는 감각(mouth feel) 및 종합적인 기호도(overall acceptability)는 F10, F20 및 F30 간의 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않아 발효 10일이 이상적인 발효기간이라 사료된다. TP 함량은 NF에서 41.55 mg/g(dry basis)이었으나 발효에 따라 거의 비례적으로 감소하였으며 그 감소율은 발효 10일째 24.91%, 20일째 56.92%, 30일째 64.41%를 나타내었다. TF의 함량은 NF에서 27.33 mg을 나타내었으나 발효에 점차적으로 감소하여 F10 24.30 mg/g, F20 17.32 mg/g, F30 13.22 mg/g으로 감소하였다. 그러나 TP의 감소율이 TF의 경우에 비하여 커서 TF/TP 비율(%)은 발효에 따라 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. EDA는 NF에서는 29.01%이었으나 F10에서는 NF에 비하여 17.14%가 감소하였으며, F20 및 F30에서는 각각 18.79% 및 23.20%가 감소하였다. FRAP(${\mu}M$ $Fe^{2+}$)는 NF 4.63, F10 4.30, F20 및 F30에서는 각각 3.77 및 3.47로 발효에 따라 감소하는 경향을 보였다. LPOIA는 NF에서는 39.86%이었으나 F10의 경우는 31.92%로 NF에 비하여 19.92%가 감소하였고 F20 및 F30는 NF에 비하여 각각 23.61% 및 28.38%가 감소하였다. NF 및 F10∼30의 1% 열수추출액이 생유 및 토끼 간 조직으로부터 부분정제한 XO와 AO의 활성에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과, XO활성에는 비발효, 발효 모두에서 뚜렷한 영향을 미치지 않았다. 그러나 AO의 활성은 비발효, 발효 관계없이 38.09∼41.70%범위로 억제하였으며, 이러한 억제는 경쟁적 저해현상에 기인되어 나타난 것으로 생각된다.