• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.53-79
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• 2021

The recession caused by the COVID-19 crisis has features that could disproportionately harm female employment. Risk of infection and social distancing measures may have disrupted jobs in face-to-face industries, which have traditionally hired more women than men. School closures and a consequent increase in childcare and homeschooling demands may have discouraged labor market participation by working mothers. Using the Economically Active Population Survey, I examine how female employment was affected by each factor. I find that the gender gap in the Employment to Non-participation (E to N) transition rates is twice as large as the gap in the Employment to Unemployment (E to U) transition rates. Women's overrepresentation in the face-to-face industries accounts for most of the gap in the E to U transition but only a third of the gap in the E to N transition. The rise in non-participation is especially pronounced among married women aged 39-44, the group most likely to have elementary-school-age children.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.69-78
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• 2013

This study investigated various attributes that contributed to successful employment in order to develop employment support programs, especially for female engineering students. We surveyed engineering students who graduated between 2006 and 2011. The 401 employed graduates participated in an online survey. The surveys inquired about their attachment towards their major, participation in various academic and non-academic activities, and their participation's contribution to their successful employment. In regards to their majors, women, in general, had lower levels of satisfaction, confidence, attachment, and motivation to succeed in their fields when compared to their male counterparts. These results show that engineering colleges still need to work on empowering female engineering students to gain confidence in their engineering major and attachment. The graduate school experience was highly rated by both men and women, whereas double majors exhibited somewhat lower scores. Among academic activities, part-time work experience and major-related internships were rated as the most helpful, and among extracurricular activities, study-abroad for language training and participation in student council or clubs received high scores. There was little difference between men and women in study-abroad participation, and women participated more actively in student councils. However, women had much less major-related work experience, reaffirming that colleges need to expand internship and field experience programs for female students.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.29 no.10 s.106
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• pp.915-920
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• 2005

This paper is aimed to survey threats of employment in Korean shipping industry, review the importance and speciality of women power, and diagnose its sexual discrimination and the actual condition of that. Therefore, this survey research will provide substantial data concerning issues in the employment and the significance of women power in the shipping firms, and give solutions for problems in managing women resource in the shipping companies. In conclusion, this study is able to identify the fact that threats of female employment are social costumes and prejudice, the speciality of work in shipping firms, and the shortage of occupations for women. This result of survey shows that the exclusive recognition about female employment in unique shipping industry should be revised as soon as possible.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.31-41
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of the minimum wage policy and the employment labor force in Myanmar by exploring firms' actions such as installing supplementary machines to substitute for labor resources and by addressing gender issues in employment. Research design, data, and methodology: This paper applies a fixed-effect estimation method by using the World Bank's enterprise panel data set surveyed in Myanmar. Results: Findings suggest that the minimum wage reduces both full-time and part-time employment, while the first minimum wage policy increases overall female employment. The adverse impacts are more pronounced for female employees of Joint Venture enterprises and enterprises located in the less-populated regions. Investment in capital such as equipment and machinery increase to substitute for labor after the minimum wage policy implementation; as a result, full-time employment slightly decreases. Conclusions: Appropriate measures concerning the minimum wage policy must be prepared by the government and institutions related to the labor union to serve the well-being of employees. Government of Myanmar should fix the minimum wage in a reasonable period based on the fiscal year for both employers and employees to prevent possible issues and losses resulting from the minimum wage being set.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.17-28
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• 2007

Objective: To find the relevant stress factors of male and female employees. Method: The survey was collected from April 7th to May 10th in 2006 by formalized questionnaires targeted on male and female employees. The research used both quota sampling and accidental sampling to collect the data. Results: 1) It was found that relevant factors are related with ages in general traits for male employees and associated with ages, marital status and education level in general traits for female employees. In other words, age is the primary factor for both male and female employees at age 20s, and as the marital status is single and the education level is lower, the stress level is higher for female employees. 2) Occupation is the main relevant stress factor for male employees in employment traits and the period of employment, working hour and wages are relevant stress factors to the level of stress for female employees. That is to say, manufacture related job shows higher level of stress than other jobs for both male and female employees. As period of employment and working hour is shorter and wages are less, it appears to be high stress level for female employees. 3) It presents that stress level is decided based on if he exercises regularly or keeps regular hours for male employees in lifestyle aspect and it also shows drinking is an additional relevant stress factor to conclude the level of stress for female employees. So to speak, as the regular exercise is performed and regular hours are kept, it comes out low level of stress for both. In addition, it shows lower stress level from the group of female employees who do not drink than the other. Conclusion: The research is summarized that no matter what gender you are, both male and female employees should try to have a positive lifestyle. Specially, the research concludes that the regular exercise is the best way to get rid of stress.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.95-120
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate the levels of assets and income of male- and female-headed households. A series of analyses of data from the 2013 Korean Household Finance and Welfare Survey on the economic resources of single-parent households were conducted. One of the major findings was that in a comparison between male-headed households and female-headed households, the levels of assets and income in female-headed households were lower than those in male-headed households. The labor income in male households was almost two times higher than that in female households. Housing conditions with respect to male households were more secure and better than those in female households. The factors influencing the levels of economic resources in single-parent households varied in terms of the type of economic resources. Gender, employment status, family characteristics and household income were statistically significant factors with respect to the levels of assets in single-parent households. The level of household income was influenced by gender, education, employment status and the number of household members. The effect of employment status on housing conditions was significant.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.44-67
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• 2016

The purposes of this study were to measure resilience, major satisfaction and employment preparation of technical high school students, and to analyze the structural relationship among resilience, major satisfaction and employment preparation of them. The population was technical high school students. The study was carried out through questionnaire survey method. The survey questionnaire was sent by mail. A survey questionnaire consists of 38 items. 391 questionnaires were used for analysis. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed for data analysis. And the data was analyzed by using structural equation modeling to examine structural relationship. The results of this study were as follows: First, resilience of technical high school students was high. In the domain of resilience, 'diversity of interest' was the highest, and 'emotional management' was the lowest. And resilience of meister high school students was higher than that of specialized high school students. Resilience of male students was higher than that of female students. Second, major satisfaction of them was moderate. In the domain of major satisfaction, 'major prospect' was the highest, and 'satisfaction of societal dimensions' was the lowest. And major satisfaction of meister high school students was higher than that of specialized high school students. Major satisfaction of male students was higher than that of female students. Third, employment preparation of technical high school students was moderate. In the domain of employment preparation, 'employment attitude' was the highest, and 'job performance competency' and 'employment information' were moderate. And employment preparation of meister high school students was higher than that of specialized high school students. Employment preparation of male students was higher than that of female students. Forth, resilience of technical high school students had a positive effect on employment preparation. Also major satisfaction of them had a positive direct effect on employment preparation. And the mediating effect of major satisfaction was significant in pathway from resilience to employment preparation. Lastly, a multi-group analysis by school type revealed that the mediation effect of major satisfaction did not differ by school type.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.263-283
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• 2023

In this study, the factors of major satisfaction(curricular satisfaction, class satisfaction, relationship satisfaction, cognitive satisfaction, and general satisfaction factors) which influence the employment preparation behaviors were identified by conducting a survey of female college students of the department of library and information science, and whether the feeling of employment efficacy had a moderating effect on the relationship between the the major satisfaction and the employment preparation behaviors were verified. The research results are as follows. First, curricular satisfaction(C.R.=3.847, p<0.001), class satisfaction(C.R.=3.244, p<0.01), relationship satisfaction(C.R.=3.045, p<0.01), and cognitive satisfaction(C.R.=2.464, p<0.05) factors turned out to have a significant positive(+) effect on the employment behaviors of female college students of the department of library and information science. Second, the moderating effect between the high group and the low group in terms of employment efficacy turned out to have a statistically significant moderating effect as the p value was less than 0.05, p = .040. The results of this study may be used as the useful basic data to not only improve the employment rate for the department of library and information science of community colleges in Korea, but also to prepare for the rapidly declining school-age population and the Institutional Accreditation.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.337-344
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• 2005

Objectives : Job insecurity, such as non-standard work, is reported to have an adverse impact on health, regardless of health behaviors. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between non-standard employment and health in Korea. Methods : We analyzed a representative weighted sample, which consisted of 2,112 men and 1,237 women, aged 15-64, from the 1998 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Non-standard employment included part-time permanent, short time temporary and daily workers. Self-reported health was used as a health indicator. Results : This study indicated that women were more likely to report poorer health than men with standard jobs. Of all employees, 20.3% were female manual workers. After adjusting for potential confounders, such as age, education, equivalent income, marital, social and self-reported economic status and health behavior factors, nonstandard employment was found to be significantly associated with poor health among female manual workers (OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.24 to 2.79). No significant association was found in other working groups Conclusions : Among female manual workers, nonstandard employees reported significantly poorer health compared with standard workers. This result raises concern as there are increasing numbers of non-standard workers, particularly females.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.78-82
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to review the labor force partitpation rate and work environment characteristics of female workers to provide basic information for establishment and implementation of effective policies related to accident prevention and workers health protection for female workers. It was analyzed employment status, work environment and injuries and illnesses based on economic activity census results, compensation of industrial injury and the second working condition survey. According to economic activity census results, female labor force participation rate has been steadily increased, whereas male labor force participation rate has been decreased since 1970. Industrial accident rate has been declined in male workers but that in female workers has been steadily increased even though male workers were higher accident rate than female workers. It was evaluated that female workers are vulnerable to industrial injuries and illnesses in the aspect of their working environment and employment status. Also, Substantial differences between female and male workers in occupational exposure patterns, occupational disease and occupational environments were observed. Therefore it was recommended that special care programs for female workers such as a specialized monitoring and management program should be introduced in the near future.