• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.454-458
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• 2015

This report describes the diagnostic radiographic and CT features of pleuropneumonia in a cat with wet type of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). In a 1 year-old cat presented with respiratory distress, pulmonary mass, thickened pleural wall with mass-like structures, and a large amount of pleural effusion were identified on radiography, ultrasonography, and CT. About two months later, in addition to the pre-existing lesions, multiple nodules had developed on the intestine and left kidney. The cat was diagnosed with pleuropneumonia caused by FIP through histologic examination and immunohistochemistry. Pleuropneumonia is rarely reported in cats with FIP, and only one cat with non-effusive FIP had pyogranulomatous pneumonia as consolidated lung lobe. In the present case, pleuropneumonia was detected as multiple mass-like lesions on diagnostic imaging.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.445-448
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• 2015

A 5 month old Korean domestic short haired male kitten (weighing 1.7 kg) was presented with primary complaints of upper respiratory disease (URD) signs and skin ulceration and edema on face, feet and footpad with lameness. Diagnostic test revealed leukopenia, lymphopenia, pancreatitis and feline calicivirus (FCV) infection. Diagnosis of virulent systemic FCV (VS-FCV) was made on clinical signs, isolation of calicivirus via PCR and exclusion of other causes of acute upper respiratory disease. Therapeutic strategies were directed to lessen URD signs and to treat secondary bacterial infection and antiviral infection. One month after this therapy, skin lesions on face and feet and URD signs were much improved, although the lameness persisted mildly. To author's best knowledge, this is the first case reporting VS-FCV infection in a kitten in Korea.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.427-430
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• 2011

A 6-month-old intact female, domestic short hair cat was presented with dyspnea and anorexia for 2 days. Physical examination revealed muffled heart sound with labored breaths. Hyperproteinemia and hyperglobulinemia with polyclonal gammapathy was revealed. Pleural effusion was non-septic exudates, it also had hyperglobulinemia with decreased albumin: globuline ration. In addition, effusion RT-PCR for feline coronavirus was positive in this cat. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) was strongly suspected and aggressive treatments with human interferon-alpha, pentoxifylline, and glucocorticoids were initiated. The cat remained healthy without recurrence of pleural effusion during 5 months follow-up periods. To the author's knowledge, this is the first case report describing successful management of FIP with human interferon-alpha and pentoxifylline in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.313-320
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• 2012

In this study, we focused to identify whether eupatilin (5,7-dihydroxy-3',4',6-trimethoxyflavone), an extract from Artemisia argyi folium, prevents $H_2O_2$-induced injury of cultured feline esophageal epithelial cells. Cell viability was measured by the conventional MTT reduction assay. Western blot analysis was performed to investigate the expression of 5-lipoxygenase by $H_2O_2$ treatment in the absence and presence of inhibitors. When cells were exposed to 600 ${\mu}M$ $H_2O_2$ for 24 hours, cell viability was decreased to 40%. However, when cells were pretreated with 25~150 ${\mu}M$ eupatilin for 12 hours, viability was significantly restored in a concentration-dependent manner. $H_2O_2$-treated cells were shown to express 5-lipoxygenase, whereas the cells pretreated with eupatilin exhibited reduction in the expression of 5-lipoxygenase. The $H_2O_2$-induced increase of 5-lipoxygenase expression was prevented by SB202190, SP600125, or NAC. We further demonstrated that the level of leukotriene $B_4$ ($LTB_4$) was also reduced by eupatilin, SB202190, SP600125, NAC, or nordihydroguaiaretic acid (a lipoxygenase inhibitor) pretreatment. $H_2O_2$ induced the activation of p38MAPK and JNK, this activation was inhibited by eupatilin. These results indicate that eupatilin may reduce $H_2O_2$-induced cytotoxicity, and 5-lipoxygenase expression and $LTB_4$ production by controlling the p38 MAPK and JNK signaling pathways through antioxidative action in feline esophageal epithelial cells.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.6340-6345
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• 2013

This study examined the involvement of histamine in heat-induced changes in pulpal blood flow(PBF) to determine the mechanism of neurogenic inflammation in feline dental pulp. The experiments were carried out in 10 felines anesthetized with sodium pentobartial and histamine injected into the dental pulp through the external carotid artery. The change in the pulpal PBF was measured using a laser Doppler flowmeter(Periflux 4001, Stockholm, Sweden). The probe of laser Doppler flowmeter was placed on the buccal surface of the ipsilateral canine teeth. Heat was applied to the tooth using a heat stimulator controlled script file with an input/output device. The application of heat ($40-65^{\circ}C$) induced a significant increase in PBF. The application of histamine($5{\mu}g/kg/1ml$) followed by heat($45^{\circ}C$) resulted in an increase in PBF. Therefore, the results of the present study showed that heat and histamine are capable of vasoconstriction caused by neurogenic inflammation in feline dental pulp. In addition, neurogenic inflammation plays an active role in modulating the microcirculation of the dental pulp.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.319-326
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• 2011

Quercetin-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucuronopyranoside (QGC) is a flavonoid glucoside extracted from Rumex Aquaticus Herba. We aimed to explore its protective effect against ethanol-induced cell damage and the mechanism involved in the effect in feline esophageal epithelial cells (EEC). Cell viability was tested and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate assay was used to detect intracellular $H_2O_2$ production. Western blotting analysis was performed to investigate MAPK activation and interleukin 6 (IL-6) expression. Exposure of cells to 10% ethanol time-dependently decreased cell viability. Notably, exposure to ethanol for 30 min decreased cell viability to 43.4%. When cells were incubated with $50{\mu}M$ QGC for 12 h prior to and during ethanol treatment, cell viability was increased to 65%. QGC also inhibited the $H_2O_2$ production and activation of ERK 1/2 induced by ethanol. Pretreatment of cells with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenylene iodonium, also inhibited the ethanol-induced ERK 1/2 activation. Treatment of cells with ethanol for 30 or 60 min in the absence or presence of QGC exhibited no changes in the IL-6 expression or release compared to control. Taken together, the data indicate that the cytoprotective effect of QGC against ethanol-induced cell damage may involve inhibition of ROS generation and downstream activation of the ERK 1/2 in feline EEC.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.616-623
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• 2015

P2 receptors are membrane-bound receptors for extracellular nucleotides such as ATP and UTP. P2 receptors have been classified as ligand-gated ion channels or P2X receptors and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors. Recently, purinergic signaling has begun to attract attention as a potential therapeutic target for a variety of diseases especially associated with gastroenterology. This study determined the ATP and UTP-induced receptor signaling mechanism in feline esophageal contraction. Contraction of dispersed feline esophageal smooth muscle cells was measured by scanning micrometry. Phosphorylation of $MLC_{20}$ was determined by western blot analysis. ATP and UTP elicited maximum esophageal contraction at 30 s and $10{\mu}M$ concentration. Contraction of dispersed cells treated with $10{\mu}M$ ATP was inhibited by nifedipine. However, contraction induced by $0.1{\mu}M$ ATP, $0.1{\mu}M$ UTP and $10{\mu}M$ UTP was decreased by U73122, chelerythrine, ML-9, PTX and $GDP{\beta}S$. Contraction induced by $0.1{\mu}M$ ATP and UTP was inhibited by $G{\alpha}i_3$ or $G{\alpha}q$ antibodies and by $PLC{\beta}_1$ or $PLC{\beta}_3$ antibodies. Phosphorylated $MLC_{20}$ was increased by ATP and UTP treatment. In conclusion, esophageal contraction induced by ATP and UTP was preferentially mediated by P2Y receptors coupled to $G{\alpha}i_3$ and $G{\alpha}q$ proteins, which activate $PLC{\beta}_1$ and $PLC{\beta}_3$. Subsequently, increased intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ and activated PKC triggered stimulation of MLC kinase and inhibition of MLC phosphatase. Finally, increased $pMLC_{20}$ generated esophageal contraction.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.96-101
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• 2010

Norovirus, which causes gastroenteritis in humans, is an important food-borne pathogen worldwide. In an effort to discover an antiviral substance against norovirus, extracts from several seaweeds were evaluated for antiviral activity against feline calicivirus (FCV), which was used as a surrogate. The methanolic extract of Undaria pinnatifida exhibited the most significant antiviral activity and virucidal efficacy against FCV. The concentrations of the extract that reduced viral replication by 50% ($EC_{50}$) and resulted in the death of 50% of the host cells ($CC_{50}$) were 0.05 mg/mL and 1.02 mg/mL, respectively. The selectivity index, calculated from the ratio of the $CC_{50}$ and $EC_{50}$ was 20.4. No FCV infection of host cells occurred following a 1-h incubation in the presence of 12.50 mg/mL U. pinnatifida extract, indicating that the virus was completely inactivated by the extract treatment. The results obtained in this study will contribute to the development of a natural antiviral substance that will prevent food-borne disease caused by norovirus.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.193-196
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• 2017

A 14-year-old, castrated male, domestic shorthair cat was referred for gastrointestinal (GI) signs, including nausea, regurgitation, anorexia, and weight loss. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed thickening of the wall of the gastric and proximal duodenum, moderately enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes, and coarse echotexture of the splenic parenchyma. The results of the feline leukemia virus test were positive. Based on gastrointestinal endoscopic characteristics and histopathological examinations, low-grade alimentary lymphoma was identified in multiple regions of the gastrointestinal tract. The patient was treated with oral prednisolone and chlorambucil chemotherapy, and the clinical signs resolved gradually. During serial follow-up, ultrasonographic findings demonstrated decreases in the duodenal wall thickness and size of the abdominal lymph nodes over a period of 550 days. Survival time was 886 days with prednisolone and chlorambucil chemotherapy. This report describes clinical features, imaging findings, endoscopic characteristics, histopathological features, and long-term management with chlorambucil chemotherapy in a case of feline low-grade alimentary lymphoma.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.267-272
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• 2011

A number of studies have demonstrated that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) can induce muscle contraction or relaxation response and enhance secretion in the gastrointestinal tract via a multiplicity of 5-HT receptor subtypes. In the present study, we investigated the pharmacological characterization of the 5-HT-induced contractile response in longitudinal smooth muscle isolated from the feline ileum. Addition of 5-HT into muscle chambers enhanced the basal tone and spontaneous activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The neurotoxin tetrodotoxin did not alter the 5-HT-induced contraction of the longitudinal muscles. Neither atropine nor guanethidine affected the contraction. The 5-HT agonists, 5-methylserotonin hydrochloride and mosapride, also evoked concentration-dependent contractions. The 5-HT-induced contraction was enhanced by the $5HT_2$ receptor antagonist ketanserin and the $5-HT_3$ receptor antagonist ondansetron but was inhibited by the 5-$HT_1$ receptor antagonist methysergide and 5-$HT_4$ receptor antagonist GR113808. These results indicate that 5-$HT_1$ and 5-$HT_4$ receptors may mediate the contraction of the 5-HT-induced response and 5-$HT_2$ and 5-$HT_3$ receptors may mediate 5-HT-induced relaxation in feline ileal longitudinal smooth muscles.