• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.159-169
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• 2016

The goats raised in the barn are usually fed on fresh grass. As dry forage can be stored for long periods in large amounts, dry forage feeding makes it possible to feed large numbers of goats in barns. This review explains the physiological factors involved in suppressing dry forage intake and the cause of drinking following dry forage feeding. Ruminants consume an enormous amount of dry forage in a short time. Eating rates of dry forage rapidly decreased in the first 40 min of feeding and subsequently declined gradually to low states in the remaining time of the feeding period. Saliva in large-type goats is secreted in large volume during the first hour after the commencement of dry forage feeding. It was elucidated that the marked suppression of dry forage intake during the first hour was caused by a feeding-induced hypovolemia and the loss of $NaHCO_3$ due to excessive salivation during the initial stages of dry forage feeding. On the other hand, it was indicated that the marked decrease in feed intake observed in the second hour of the 2 h feeding period was related to ruminal distension caused by the feed consumed and the copious amount of saliva secreted during dry forage feeding. In addition, results indicate that the marked decreases in dry forage intake after 40 min of feeding are caused by increases in plasma osmolality and subsequent thirst sensations produced by dry forage feeding. After 40 min of the 2 h dry forage feeding period, the feed salt content is absorbed into the rumen and plasma osmolality increases. The combined effects of ruminal distension and increased plasma osmolality accounted for 77.6% of the suppression of dry forage intake 40 min after the start of dry forage feeding. The results indicate that ruminal distension and increased plasma osmolality are the main physiological factors in suppression of dry forage intake in large-type goats. There was very little drinking behavior observed during the first hour of the 2 h feeding period most water consumption occurring in the second hour. The cause of this thirst sensation during the second hour of dry forage feeding period was not hypovolemia brought about by excessive salivation, but rather increases in plasma osmolality due to the ruminal absorption of salt from the consumed feed. This suggests the water intake following dry forage feeding is determined by the level of salt content in the feed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1069-1085
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• 2011

In large-type goats that were fed on dry forage twice daily, dry forage intake was markedly suppressed after 40 min of feeding had elapsed. The objective of this study was to clarify whether or not increases in plasma osmolality and subsequent thirst sensations produced by dry forage feeding suppress dry forage intake. Eight large-type male esophageal- and ruminal-fistulated goats (crossbred Japanese Saanen/Nubian, aged 3 to 6 years, weighing $72.3{\pm}2.74$ kg) were used in two experiments conducted under sham feeding conditions. The animals were fed ad libitum a diet of roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes for 2 h from 10:00 to 12:00 h during two experiments. Water was withheld during feeding in both experiments but was available for a period of 30 min after completion of the 2 h feeding period. In experiment 1, an intraruminal infusion of artificial parotid saliva (RIAPS) in the control replenished saliva lost via the esophageal fistula and an intraruminal infusion of hypertonic solution (RIHS) in the treatment was carried out in order to reproduce the effects of changing salt content due to feed entering the rumen. In experiment 2, the RIHS control was conducted in the same manner as the RIHS treatment of experiment 1. The treatment group consisted of RIHS-with an intravenous infusion of artificial mixed saliva (VIAMS) treatment that was carried out for 3 h to prevent increases in plasma osmolality during feeding. The results of the RIHS treatment in experiment 1 showed that ruminal fluid osmolality increased and then an increase in plasma osmolality was observed. This resulted in the production of thirst sensations and the reduction of cumulative dry forage intake to 43.3% (p<0.05) of the RIAPS control. The results of the RIHS-VIAMS treatment in experiment 2 indicated that ruminal fluid osmolality was the same as the RIHS control but plasma osmolality significantly decreased, and thirst level was markedly reduced. This caused a significant increase of 31.4% (p<0.05) in cumulative dry forage intake in the RIHS-VIAMS treatment compared to the RIHS control. These results indicate that increases in ruminal fluid osmolality during dry forage feeding indirectly suppresses dry forage intake by causing an increase in plasma osmolality and subsequently inducing thirst sensations. The results of the present study suggest that marked decreases in dry forage intake after 40 min of feeding are caused by increases in plasma osmolality and subsequent thirst sensations produced by dry forage feeding.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.213-216
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• 2002

Food consumption and conversion efficiency of new bivoltine hybrids (CSR2$\times$CSR4 and CSR2$\times$CSR5) were studied under restricted feeding levels (10, 20 and 30% less quantity of mulberry leaves). The data were compared with a control fed with standard quantum of feed as per the recommendation. The nutritional indices parameters i. e. ingests, digesta, approximate digestibility (%) and reference ratio were recorded higher in control batches compared to less feed batches while nutritional efficiency parameters i. e., ECI and ECD to cocoon and shell were recorded significantly higher in restricted feeding level batches. This increase is attributed due to the physiological adaptation under nutritional stress condition.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.98.4-98
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• 2001

A tape feeder of a SMD(Surface Mount Device) mounter is a device that sequentially feeds electronic components on a tape reel to the pick-up system of the mounter. As components are getting much smaller, feeding accuracy of a feeder becomes one of the most important factors for successful component pick-up. Therefore, it is critical to keep the feeding accuracy to a specified level in the assembly and production of tape feeders. This paper describes a tape feeder inspection system that was developed to automatically measure and inspect feeding accuracy using machine vision. It consists of a feeder base, an image acquisition system, and a personal computer. The image acquisition system is composed of CCD cameras with lens ...

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.1137-1144
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• 2014

A parallel-feeding AC traction power system increases the power supply capacity and decreases voltage fluctuations, but the circulating power flow caused by the phase difference between the traction substations prevents the system from being widely used. A circuit analysis shows that the circulating power flow increases almost linearly as the phase difference increases, which adds extra load to the system and results in increased power dissipation and load unbalance. In this paper, we suggest a phase shifter for the parallel-feeding AC traction power system. The phase shifter regulates the phase difference and the circulating power flow by injecting quadrature voltage which can be obtained directly from the Scott-connection transformer in the traction substation. A case study involving the phase shifter applied to the traction power system of a Korean high-speed rail system shows that a three-level phase shifter can prevent circulating power flow while the phase difference between substations increases up to 12 degrees, mitigate the load unbalance, and reduce power dissipation.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.542-549
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• 1998

Dietary orotic acid is known to induce the fatty liver. Fatty acid profiles in the lipid fraction of the liver and the serum in rats fed with or with orotic acid diet were analyzed. In all the hepatic lipid fraction of rats fed on the supplemented orotic acid diet, there was a significant increased in linoleic acid. In addition, linoleic acid was also increased in the triacylglycerol fraction of hepatic endoplasmic reticulum and the triacylglycerol and diacylglycerol fractions of hepatic Golgi apparatus of the orotic acid-feeding rats. In the time course study of the fatty acid profile in the hepatic triacylglycerol and diacylgycerol fractions, an increase of linoleic acid was observed similarly in the initial stages of orotic acid intake in the both fractions. However, linoleic acid in the serum triacylglycerol fraction of orotic acid-feeding rats increased from day 1, but it began to decrease the increment from day 2, resulting in the lower level of linoleic acid in the serum triacylglycerol fraction of orotic acid-feeding rats than that of rat fed a orotic acid-free diet after 10 days. Oleic acid (18:1) was increased in the only cholesteryl ester fraction of helpatic. However, oleic acid level in other fractions was not changed. The compositions of 14:0, 16:0 and 18:0 was reduced in the hepatic triacylogylcerol, diacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester fractions by orotic acid-feeding. However, these saturated fatty acids were significantly increased in the serum triacylglycerol fractions. The orotic acid indcued changes in linoleic acid level in hepatic triacylglycerol may be explained by the impaired fatty acid metabolism and limited excretion of this fatty acid from liver to serum.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.365-370
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• 2013

This study investigated the effect of dietary paprika on the skin coloration of red- and white-colored fancy carp Cyprinus carpio var. koi, in two age groups: 0-age ($7.4{\pm}0.1$ g/fish) and 1-age ($164{\pm}2.9$ g/fish). Three isonitrogenous diets were formulated to contain 0, 5, and 10% paprika (Con, P5 and P10, respectively). Three replicate groups of 0-age fish and two replicate groups of 1-age fish were fed one of the experimental diets for 9 weeks. Survival, weight gain, and feed efficiency were not significantly affected by the dietary paprika level (P>0.05) at both fish sizes. The dietary paprika level influenced the redness ($a^*$), lightness ($L^*$), and yellowness ($b^*$) of fish skin. The $L^*$ value of the skin of the fish fed the P5 and P10 diets tended to decrease with feeding period. The skin $a^*$ value of 0-age fish (small) fed the diets containing paprika increased significantly with feeding period and was higher than that of fish fed the control diet after 3 weeks (P<0.05). However, the $a^*$ value of 1-age fish (large) fed the diets containing paprika tended to increase slightly with feeding period. At the end of the experiment, the skin total carotenoid level was increased significantly in fish of both sizes fed the P5 and P10 diets compared to fish fed the control diet. Therefore, 5% paprika powder in the diet increases the skin redness of red- and white-colored fancy carp, especially in small fish.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.1040-1048
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• 1999

Four ruminally fistulated crossbred $(Sahiwal{\times}Holstein\;Friesan)$ adult (~6 yr.) cattle of about $318{\pm}16kg$ body weight were randomly assigned in an experiment based on $4{\times}4$ latin square design to study the effect of different level of barseem (Trifolium alexendrinum) supplementation to wheat straw based diet on intake, digestion, VFA production, eating behaviour and passage rate. Four dietary treatments were wheat straw ad lib. (I), supplementation to wheat either 15(II), 30(III) or 45(IV)% of berseem. Mean total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) concentration in rumen liquor was 58.45, 66.14, 77.92 and 78.64 mmol/l. TVFA concentration in rumen liquor increased significantly (p<0.01) with increased level of berseem supplementation upon 30% level of breseem. Two peaks of TVFA concentration was observed at 4 and 8 h post feeding. Brseem supplementation showed no significant effect on daily time spent for eating, ruminating or idling, chews per minute or number of rumination boli ingested per minute. Time spent for eating and ruminating one kg neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was significantly (p<0.05) less in breseem supplemented groups. Animals in groups I, II, III and IV consumed 26, 34, 47 and 57% of DM within 1st 4 h and 64, 70, 70 and 77% of total DM within 1st 8 h of offering. All the animals consumed more than 90% of their DMI within 12 h. Active period of rumination was observed 8h post feeding reached the peak at 16 h post feeding, then declined and animals spend considerable time idling in last 4 h of 24 h feeding cycle. Berseem supplementation showed no significant effect on eating and rumination time. It is concluded that berseem supplementation upon 30% increases the efficiency of chewing during eating and rumination, which results in increase intake and TVFA production and nutrient digestibility.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.207-213
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• 2006

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of oolong tea extract on blood glucose level and antioxidant system in diabetic rats. The Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on AIN-76 based experimental diets containing 1 % oolong tea extract for 6 weeks. They were induced to be diabetic by receiving streptozotocin (45mg/kg BW) intramuscularly. Blood glucose, blood and hepatic concentration of vitamins A and E, and antioxidant enzyme activities were measured. Oolong tea extract feeding decreased the plasma glucose in diabetic rats. Dietary supplementation of oolong tea extract did not affect antioxidative enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase in diabetic rats. The plasma level of retinol was increased in diabetic rats by feeding oolong tea extract. Plasma and hepatic levels of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol were higher in diabetic rats fed oolong tea extract. In conclusion, these results suggest that oolong tea extract consumption might reduce the plasma glucose in diabetic rats and protect the oxidative damage from diabetic stress to some extent.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.1015-1019
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• 2003

A 50 day feeding trial was conducted with White Leghorn (WL) laying hens, 42 weeks old, to determine if feeding of varying levels of aflatoxin (AF), ochratoxin A (OA) or their combinations has any effect on their performance and egg quality parameters. Feeding of $T_4$, $T_7$, $T_8$, $T_9$ and $T_10$ caused significant reduction in feed intake of hens. Hen day egg productions were significantly reduced at all the levels of toxins except 0.5 ppm of AF. Maximum reduction in egg production was noticed at 2 and 4 ppm of AF and OA, respectively. Average body weight and egg weight were not affected by toxin feeding. The feed efficiency in terms of net feed efficiency and feed consumed per dozen egg produced was significantly reduced at higher levels of both the toxins and their combinations. Feed consumption for production of 1 kg egg mass remained uninfluenced due to aflatoxin feeding whereas significant increase in the value of the same was noticed at 4 ppm level of OA and combination of 1 and 2 ppm of AF and 2 and 4 ppm of OA ($T_9$ and $T_10$), respectively. Various levels of OA (1-4 ppm) and all the combination of two toxins ($T_8$, $T_9$ and $T_10$) significantly altered the shape index of eggs in laying hens. The shell thickness was significantly reduced by higher level of AF (2 ppm), OA (2 and 4 ppm) and their combination. Albumen index, Haugh Unit and yolk index remained unchanged due to incorporation of toxins in the diet. It is concluded that AF, OA either singly or in combination at higher levels could depress the performance in terms of egg production and feed efficiency significantly. The egg quality parameters i.e. shape index and shell thickness were also significantly affected.