• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.527-532
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• 2019

Objective: Phosphorous (P) sources with greater bioavailability might increase animal production efficiency and decrease environmental pollution. The objective of current study was to determine animal performance, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites and fecal P concentration in finishing lambs fed a diet with either di-calcium phosphate (DCP) or di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) as a P source. Methods: Twelve 4-month-old male lambs (initial body weight $24.87{\pm}3.4kg$) were randomly allocated to a diet with either DCP or DAP (~261 g/kg of total diet P) fed ad libitum for 93 days. Diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic and had same calcium (Ca) and P concentrations. Results: The DAP contained 19.7 g/kg of dry matter (DM) Ca, 185.4 g/kg DM P and 14,623 ppm fluorine, while DCP contained 230.3 g/kg DM Ca, 195.2 g/kg DM P and 1,039 ppm fluorine. The diet with DAP contained 60 ppm fluorine while the diet with DCP contained 13 ppm fluorine. Lambs fed the diet with DAP tended to have a greater daily DM intake compared to those fed diet with DCP (p = 0.09). Lambs fed DAP had greater plasma P concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity ($p{\leq}0.01$) compared with lambs fed DCP. Dry matter and organic matter digestibility of the diets were similar between two treatments at days 60 and 90, while they were greater in lambs fed DCP (p<0.05) at day 30 of the trial. Feeding DAP increased P digestibility (58.7% vs 50.2%; p<0.05) and decreased fecal P concentration in lambs compared with feeding DCP (3.1 vs 3.8 g/kg DM; p<0.05). Conclusion: Providing ~261 g/kg of total diet P as DAP in the diet of finishing lambs improved the bioavailability of P in the body and decreased excretion of P in feces without affecting lamb performance.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.72-72
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• 2003

A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary glucose, dextrin and starch on growth and body composition of juvenile starry flounder. Triplicate groups of fish (average weight, 9.7 g) were fed iso-nitrogenous (53% CP) and iso-caloric (3.8 kcal/g diet) diets containing 20% glucose, 20% dextrin and 5-25% alpha-potato starch with 5-14% lipid levels. Survival was not affected by dietary carbohydrate. Weight gain, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the diet containing 20% glucose were the lowest among all groups. The best weight gain was observed in fish fed the diets containing 20% dextrin. Growth and feed efficiency were not affected by dietary -potato starch level. Lipid contents of whole body and liver were not affected by dietary glucose, dextrin and starch at the same level. However, the lipid contents tended to decrease with increasing dietary starch level and those of fish fed the diets containing 5% alpha-potato starch were significantly higher than those receiving 10-25% alpha-potato starch. Liver glycogen content and hepatosomatic index tended to increase with increasing dietary starch level. These results indicate that juvenile starry flounder are able to efficiently utilize dextrin and -potato starch compare to glucose in diets and that alpha-potato starch could be incorporated up to 25% in the diet for optimum growth by juvenile starry flounder.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.811-816
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• 2000

Five experiments were conducted to evaluate blood urea nitrogen (BUN) as a potential index of feed efficiency (G/F) and lean growth in growing-finishing pigs. Exp. 1 was conducted to examine the relationship between feeding protocol and BUN values. Fasted-refed pigs exhibited BUN peaks 3 h post-prandially while those given ad libitum access to diet had inconsistent BUN patterns in 10 h blood sampling with an 1 h interval. In Exp. 2 and 3, it was revealed that the peak BUN values were negatively correlated (p<0.01) with G/F in both barrows and gilts at 20 kg body weight (BW) and 50 kg to 90 kg BW. In Exp. 4, it was found that BUN values between 55 kg and 70 kg BW, when lean gain is maximized, were best correlated with average daily lean gain (ADLG). In Exp. 5, 18 barrows and 21 gilts were used to examine the relationship between BUN values at 65 kg BW and ADLG from birth to market weight. The BUN values at 65 kg BW and ADLG were negatively correlated (p<0.01) in both genders. These experiments demonstrated that there was a correlation between peak BUN values, and G/F and ADLG under specific circumstances.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.423-431
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• 2001

Animals are one of the important memberships of the food chain. The low-efficiency rule of nutrient transfer from one member to the next in the food chain determines the low efficiency of animal agriculture for human food. On the average, about 20% feed proteins and 15% feed energy can be converted into edible nutrients for humans. The rest proportion of feed nutrients is exposed to the environment. Environmental pollution, therefore, is inevitable as animal agriculture grows intensively and extensively. The over-loading of the environment by nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus from animal manure results in soil and water spoilage. The emission of gases like $CH_2$, $CO_2$, $SO_2$, NO, $NO_2$ by animals are one of the contributors for the acidification of the environment and global warming. The inefficient utilization of natural resources and the probable unsafety of animal products to human health are also a critical environmental issue. Improving the conversion efficiency of nutrients in the food chain is the fundamental strategy for solving environmental issues. Specifically in animal agriculture, the strategy includes the improvements of animal genotypes, nutritional and feeding management, animal health, housing systems and waste disposal programs. Animal nutrition science plays a unique and irreplaceable role in the control of nutrient input and output in either products or wastes. Several nutritional methods are proved to be effective in alleviating environmental pollution. A lot of nutritional issues, however, remain to be further researched for the science of animal nutrition to be a strong helper for sustainability of animal agriculture.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.67 no.10
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• pp.1338-1343
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• 2018

MIMO(Multiple Input Multiple Output) slot antenna that operates on the dual WiFi band(2.401~2.495GHz, 5.18~5.825GHz), in this paper, was studied. The basic theory for the slot design is based on the coupling between adjacent slot, and slots are fed by the each microstrip lines. Two slot antennas for the MIMO operation are located on the left and the right side of top of the metal notebook, and grounds between a notebook and two microstrip feeding lines are connected. Measurement of return loss showed under -6dB on entire design band, and isolation was below than -30dB. Radiation efficiency, average gain and peak gain for the left and the right slot were measured in the anechoic chamber, and showed good performances as 57.25%, -2.42dBi, 5.64dBi and 55.35%, -2.61dBi, 6.42dBi for the 2.4GHz band and 55.89%, -2.58dBi, 7.3dBi and 53.79%, -2.8dBi, 7.54dBi for the 5GHz band.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.748-763
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• 2003

Anaerobic rumen microorganisms mainly bacteria, protozoa and fungi degrade ligno-cellulosic feeds consumed by the ruminants. The ruminants in developing countries are predominantly maintained on low grade roughage and grazing on degraded range land resulting in their poor nutrient utilization and productivity. Hence, manipulation of rumen fermentation was tried during last two decades to optimize ruminal fermentation for improving nutrient utilization and productivity of the animals. Modification of rumen microbial composition and their activity was attempted by using chemical additives those selectively effect rumen microbes, introduction of naturally occurring or genetically modified foreign microbes into the rumen and genetically manipulation of existing microbes in the rumen ecosystem. Accordingly, rumen protozoa were eliminated by defaunation for reducing ruminal methane production and increasing protein outflow in the intestine, resulting in improve growth and feed conversion efficiency of the animals. Further, Interspecies trans-inoculation of rumen microbes was also successfully used for annulment of dietary toxic factor. Additionally, probiotics of bacterial and yeast origin have been used in animal feeding to stabilize rumen fermentation, reduced incidence of diarrhoea and thus improving growth and feed conversion efficiency of young stalk. It is envisaged that genetic manipulation of rumen microorganisms has enormous research potential in developing countries. In view of feed resource availability more emphasis has to be given for manipulating rumen fermentation to increase cellulolytic activity for efficient utilization of low grade roughage.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.205-212
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• 1999

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate dietary protein sources replacing fish meal for parrot fish, Oplegnathus fasciatus. A control diet with white fish meal as a protein source was included. White fish meal in the isonitrogenous diet was replaced with each of 22% meat meal, 17% blood meal, or 31% soybean meal. Triplicate groups of 25 fish initially averaging 26 g were fed four experimental diets for 7 weeks in a flow-through tank system. Weight agin and feed efficiency in fish fed diet containing 17% blood meal (this diet also contained 45% white fish meal) were not significantly different from those in fish fed the control diet (P>0.05). Fish fed diet containing 22% meat meal had lower weight gain and feel efficiency than those of fish fed the control diet (P<0.05). weight gain of fish fed diet containing 31% soybean meal was not different from that of fish fed the control diet, but feed efficiency of fish fed the diet was lower than that of fish fed the control diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.1777-1781
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• 2003

The lysine requirements of juvenile yellowtail flounder (Pleuronectes ferrugineus) having 19.5 g initial body weight were estimated by feeding six practical-type diets containing graded levels of lysine (1.21 to 2.69% of dry diet). Dietary amino acid profile simulated that of whole body of yellowtail flounder. Most of amino acids in the diets were provided by corn gluten meal, herring meal and gelatin. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) improved significantly until lysine level increased up to 2.1% (4.3% of protein). Same trend was observed in feed:gain ratio (FGR) which maintained constant in fish groups fed diets containing lysine above 2.1%. The highest nitrogen gain (0.34 g/fish) in whole body was found in fish fed 2.1% lysine, though the value was not different from those of fish fed above the level of lysine. Fish fed 2.1% lysine also showed the best nitrogen retention efficiency of 24.6%. The broken-line analysis of protein efficiency ratio and body nitrogen gain against dietary lysine level yielded an estimated lysine requirement of 2.2% (4.5% of protein) and 2.3% (4.7% of protein), respectively.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.167-171
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• 2009

We conducted performance test of a 350 kW class wood pellet boiler installed at a dormitory whose total area is $1,354\;m^2$. The maximum heating capacity of the boiler is 350 kW(300,000 kcal/kg). The wood pellet boiler consists of 3 parts; boiler, hot water storage tank and wood pellet storage tank. In testing the boiler, we shut off hot water utility supply and open up floor heating water system in order to measure exact value of the heating output of the wood pellet boiler. To determine the efficiency and heating output of the wood pellet boiler, we measured mass flow rate of wood pellet, the lower heating value(LHV) of the wood pellet, mass flow rate and temperature of water for floor heating and so on. We measured the mass flow rate of fuel, wood pellet with respect to rotational speed of auger, wood pellet feeding screw. We also measured the flue gas concentration of the wood pellet boiler by using a gas analyser. The result shows that the efficiency of the wood pellet boiler is 80.6% based on lower heating value at 124 kW of heating output. At this condition, O2 concentration of the flue gas is 6.0%, CO and NOx concentrations are 85 and 102 ppm.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.311-315
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• 2011

A 7-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary starch level and kind on the growth and body composition of juvenile olive flounder. Triplicate groups of fish (average weight: 1.5 g) were fed iso-nitrogenous (48% crude protein) and isocaloric (4.8 kcal/g diet) diets containing 15-25% ${\alpha}$-potato starch and 15% ${\beta}$-potato starch. Survival was not affected by dietary starch level and kind. The weight gain of fish fed the diet containing 20% ${\alpha}$-potato starch was significantly higher than that of fish fed the diets containing 15% and 25% ${\alpha}$-potato starch levels. The feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratios of fish fed the diets containing 15% ${\beta}$-potato starch were significantly lower than those of the other groups (P < 0.05). The protein efficiency ratio tended to increase with increasing ${\alpha}$-potato starch. The daily feed intake of fish fed the diet containing 15% ${\beta}$-potato starch was significantly higher than that of the other groups (P < 0.05). The hepatosomatic index, condition factor, and proximate composition of the whole body were not affected by the dietary starch level and kind. These results indicate that up to 20% ${\alpha}$-potato starch could be incorporated into the juvenile flounder diet for optimum growth.