• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.137-144
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to determine the effect of feed additives including probiotics, moisture and feed ingredients and the effect of fermented feed on digestibility and volatile fatty acid (VFA) level in finishing pigs. Feed was mixed with microbials including Saccharomyces, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus and Pediococcus together with different levels of probiotics, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3%. Addition of probiotics showed improved fermentation rate after 48 h incubation. To determine the optimal moisture level for fermentation, different levels of water, 30, 40, 50 and 60%, were added into the feed. Fermentation rate of feed with 40~50% moisture level was higher than that from 60% level at 60 h post-fermentation. In vitro fermentation rate of feed ingredients was analyzed by comparing VFA levels. Beet pulp and tapioca showed higher fermentation rate compare to other ingredients including canola meal or rapeseed meal. To determine the effect of administration of fermented feed In vivo, feces from finishing pigs were analyzed. Finishing pigs administrated with fermented feed showed improved digestibility and higher volatile fatty acid (VFA) level. In conclusion, results from the current study indicate that 40~50% of moisture with addition of beet pulp and tapioca in feed is optimal condition for fermentation. Furthermore, our data suggest that fermentation of feed can improve the feed quality and digestibility, thereby provide more nutrient in finishing pigs.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.37-42
• /
• 2002

Effect of mercury (Hg) toxicity on survival, growth, feed efficiency and oxygen consumption were examined in the juvenile olive flounder. Paralichthys olivaceus. Fishes were exposed to sublethal concentrations of Hg ranging from 0 to 0.13mg/L for 6 weeks. Hg reduced survival rate in a concentration and exposure period-dependent way and suddenly reduction occurred at Hg concentrations greater than 0.05mg/L after 6 weeks. Growth rate and feed efficiency also significantly decreased at greater than 0.028 and 0.05 mg/L respectively. Oxygen consumption rate was significantly decreased to 25 and 32% than that of the control at the Hg concentration of 0.05 and 0.13 mg/L respectively. These results suggest that Hg toxicity inhibit physiological function including growth, feed efficiency and oxygen consumption in the juvenile olive flounder, resulting in survival failure at high concentration.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers Conference
• /
• 2005.05a
• /
• pp.97-102
• /
• 2005

This paper presents feed rate optimizaton of a PMLSM driven feed-slide for mininum vibrations by smoothing velocity curve with finite jerk. First of all, the PMLSM was designed and made to reduce detent force. Next, a PMLSM driven feed-slide system was mathematically modeled as a 4-degree-of-freedom lumped parameter model. The key idea of our vibration minimization method is to find out the most appropriate smooth velocity curve with finite jerk. The validity of our proposed method has been verified by comparing computer simulation results of the feed-slide model with experimental ones.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
• /
• v.10 no.5
• /
• pp.387-394
• /
• 2019

Membrane distillation (MD) is one of the water treatment processes which involves the momentum, heat and mass transfer through channels and membrane. In this study, CFD modeling has been used to simulate the heat and mass transfer in the direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). Also, the effect of operating parameters on the water flux is investigated. The result shows a good agreement with the experimental result. Results indicated that, while feed temperature is increasing in the feed side, water flux improves in the permeate side. Since higher velocity leads to the higher mixing and turbulence in the feed channel, water flux rises due to this increase in the feed velocity. Moreover, results revealed that temperature polarization coefficient is rising as flow rate (velocity) increases and it is decreasing while the feed temperature increases. Lastly, the thermal efficiency of direct contact membrane distillation is defined, and results confirm that thermal efficiency improves while feed temperature increases. Also, flow rate increment results in enhancement of thermal efficiency.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.154-165
• /
• 1997

Abrasive wear characteristics of high Cr white cast iron-based hardfacing were investigated using the rubber wheel abrasion wear test method according with the ASTM G65-85. Mild steel was also tested for comparison with high Cr cast iron hardfacing. Wear experiments, where the applied force, wheel revolution rate and abrasive powder feed rate were selected as test valuables, were planned and analyzed by response surface method to evaluate wear statistically and quantitatively. Weight loss of high Cr cast iron hardfacing was mostly affected by the applied force and wheel revolution rate, and little by the powder feed rate. Weight loss of mild steel was greatly affected by the wheel revolution rate and powder feed rate, and slowly and steadily increased with the applied force. Abrasive wear mechanism of high Cr cast iron and mild steel was discussed in the light of the wear test results.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.13 no.12
• /
• pp.1717-1725
• /
• 2000

The objective was to determine the relationship between feed intake levels and patterns, and growth performance and body composition of barrows and gilts using automatic feed intake recording equipment (F.I.R.E.). This system records the time of visits to the feeder and the duration and size of meals for individual animals housed in groups. Ninety-six crossbred pigs were grown from $33.4{\pm}0.51$ to $109.7{\pm}1.39kg$ live weight over a 13-week period. Eight mixed-sex groups of 12 pigs were used and 4 dietary treatments were compared giving 2 pens per treatment. The dietary treatments consisted of corn-soybean meal diets with differing protein levels which ranged from 14.7% to 19% between 30 to 55 kg, from 13.3% to 16.9% between 56 and 85 kg, and from 12.3% to 16.8% for the remainder of the study. Animals were ultrasonically scanned to measure loin-eye area and backfat thickness to estimate carcass fat-free lean content at the beginning and end of the study. Barrows had higher daily feed intake than gilts (2.67 vs. 2.46 kg resp. p<0.05) which was the result of a longer feeder occupation time per visit (4.77 vs. 4.54 min, resp. p<0.05), higher feed consumption rates (30.4 vs. 29.0 g/min, resp. p<0.05), and higher feed intakes per visit (136.9 vs. 126.8 g, resp. p<0.01). Gilts had less backfat and greater loin-eye area than barrows (p<0.05). Diet had no significant effect on growth performance and had limited impact on feeding patterns. Body weight showed high correlations with ADG (r=0.74), feed intake per visit (r=0.51) and feed consumption rate (r=0.69). Positive correlation were also found between daily feed intake and feed intake per visit (r=0.45), feeder occupation time per day (r=0.56), and feed consumption rate (r=0.55), and between daily feed intake and backfat thickness (r=0.32) and feed consumption rate and loin-eye area (r=0.32). There were negative correlations between number of feeder visit per day and daily feed intake (r=-0.54), and between feed intake per visit and number of feeder visits per day (r=-0.43). However, correlations between feed intake traits and carcass traits were generally low. Visits to the feeder were greatest during the morning (0700 to 1100 h) and lowest during the evening and nighttime. These results highlight limited variation among the sexes in feeding patterns and suggest important relationships between feeding behavior and feed intake.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.67-72
• /
• 2008

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of Lactobacillus spp. W44 and J124 strain isolated from Kimchi on the growth rate, average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion and change of intestine microflora in the weaning piglets. In the experiment 1, growth rate was significantly increased to $28.5\;{\pm}\;4.3\;kg$ and $27.6\;{\pm}\;3.3\;kg$ after oral administration of W44 and J124 strain as feed additives, respectively (p<0.05). ADG and feed conversion were also significantly improved after administration during 44 experiment days (p<0.05). In the analysis of intestinal microflora, the number of Lactobacillus spp. in the experiment groups was significantly increased 100 to 1,000 times compared to those of control group. In the experiment 2, the efficacy of W44 and J124 strains on the growth rate, ADG, feed conversion and change of intestine microflora were reconfirmed significantly (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences on feed conversion in the W44 bead and J124 bead groups. In summary, our results suggest that W-44 and J-124 stains from Kimchi have a significant effect on the weight gain and feed conversion, and it may be useful probiotic strains for the weaning piglets as feed additives.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.32-37
• /
• 2005

Under a typical Mediterranean environment in southern Australia, the evaporation rate increases significantly in hot summers, resulting in highly saline drinking water for grazing animals. Also in the cropping areas, dryland salinity is a problem. Grazing animals under these environments can ingest excessive amount of salt from feed, drinking water and soil, which can lead to a reduction in growth rate. To understand the impact of high salt intake on grazing deer, two experiments were conducted to assess the effect of salt levels in drinking water on feed intake and growth rate of red and fallow weaner deer. The results revealed that fallow deer did not show any abnormal behaviour or sickness when salt level in drinking water was increased from 0% to 2.5%. Feed intake was not affected until the salt content in water exceeded 1.5%. Body weight gain was not affected by 1.2% salt in drinking water, but was reduced as salt content in water increased. Compared with deer on fresh water, the feed intake of red deer on saline water was 11-13% lower when salt level in drinking water was 0.4-0.8%. An increase in salt level in water up to 1% resulted in about a 30% reduction in feed intake (p<0.01). Body weight gain was significantly (p=0.004) reduced when salt level reached 1.2%. The deer on 1% salt tended to have a higher (p=0.052) osmotic pressure in serum. The concentration of P, K, Mg and S in serum was affected when salt level in water was over 1.0%. The results suggested that the salt level in drinking water should be lower than 1.2% for fallow weaner deer and 0.8% for red weaner deer to avoid any reduction in feed intake. Deer farmers need to regularly test the salt levels in drinking water on their farms to ensure that the salt intake of grazing deer is not over the levels that deer can tolerate.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.125-135
• /
• 1996

A study was made to investigate the possibility of treating various organic waste of cattle manure, swine manure, goat manure, apple pomace, chinese medicine residue and coffee less by feeding these to earthworms and then by studying the growth and reproductive efficiency of earthworms, and the chemical composition of worm cast and its production. The results are summarized as follows. 1. When the feed for earthworms were in good condition which were cattle manure, swine manure and apple pomace, the reproductive efficiency of earthworms was improved however in worse condition the feed of which were goat manure and chinese medicine residue, the increasing rate(IR) became faster. 2. Despite the high content of organic matter(OM) in coffee lees, the earthworms fed coffee lees showed significantly lower reproductive efficiency and increasing rate(IR) than those fed other organic waste due mainly to its lower pH and lower total nitrogen(TN) content. Therefore, when coffee lees is considered to be fed to earthworms, it is believed necessary to be mixed with addiveves or other organic waste in order to improve the feed condition. 3. pH in swine manure, goat manure, apple pomace, chinese medicine residue and coffee lees became neutralized by being fed by earthworms. 4. Available P2O5 and exchangeable cation(EC) of earthworm cast were a little increased compared to those of feed. The contents of Mn, Fe and Cu in earthworm cast were a little decreased to compared to those of feed. 5. The contents of Mn, Fe and Cu in earthworm cast were a little a decreased to compared to those of feed. 6. Mean fresh weight of earthworm at final time(FW2) was negatively correlated with number of young worms(NY)(P<0.01), but positively with increasing rate(IR) (P<0.001) and C/N ratio(P<0.05) respectively. Number of cocoons (NC) and fresh weight of cocoons(WC) were positively(P<0.01) correlated with fresh weight of young worms (WY) and digested matter(DI) but negatively(P<0.001) correlated with residual matter(WY) and digested matter(DI) but negatively(P<0.001) correlated with residual matter(RW). Number of young worms(NY) and fresh weigh of young worms(WY) were negatively(P<0.001) correlated with increasing rate(IR), however increasing rate(IR) of earthworm was positively(P<0.05) correlatedd with C/N ratio.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.2 no.4
• /
• pp.331-336
• /
• 1993

A mathematical model for organic removal efficiency was investigated in a fluidized bed biofilm reactor by changing the feed flow rate, the residence time and the recycle flow rate. In batch experiment, organic removal could be assumed as first order and an intrinsic first order rate constant(k1) was found $6.4{\times}^{-6}cm^3/mg{\cdot}sec$ at influent COD range of 3040 - 6620 mg/L. In continuous experiment, at the condition of the influent COD, 3040 mg/L, the superficial upflow velocity, 0.47 cm/sec, the biofilm thickness 336 ${\mu}m$ and the biofilm dry density 0.091 g/mL, the calculated COD removal efficiency from the mathematical model gave 60% which was very close to the observed value of 66 %. As the feed flow rate was increased, the COD removal efficiency was sharply decreased and at constant feed flow rate, the COD removal efficiency was decreased also as the residence time being decreased.