• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.275-279
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• 1993

A study using dairy heifers was conducted to determine the effect of environmental temperature on heat production differing in feed intake level. The design consisted of three levels of feed intake (low, medium and high) and two environmental chamber temperature (15 and $30^{\circ}C$) with four replications in each treatment. Rectal temperature (RT), respiration rate (RR), heart rate (HR) and heat production (HP) were then measured. At the both environmental temperature, RT, RR and HR increased with the increase in feed intake level. The RT and RR also increased with the elevation of environmental temperature. The HP of $30^{\circ}C$ was significantly higher (4.8-8.9%) than $15^{\circ}C$. The estimated metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance (MEm) was higher (p<0.05) at $30^{\circ}C$ ($554.7kJ/kg^{0.75}$ d) than $15^{\circ}C$ (464.9 kJ/kgd). It was suggested that the decreasing in productive efficiency under hot environmental conditions partly associated with the increase in HP, which associated with the change in heat loss mechanism from sensible path to evaporative path.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.4.1-4.7
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• 2016

This study evaluated the dietary lysine requirement by measuring the plasma free lysine concentrations in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss after dorsal aorta cannulation. A basal diet containing 36.6 % crude protein (29.6 % crystalline amino acids mixture, 5 % casein and 2 % gelatin) was formulated to one of the seven L-amino acid based diets containing graded levels of lysine (0.72, 1.12, 1.52, 1.92, 2.32, 2.72 or 3.52 % dry diet). A total of 35 fish averaging $512{\pm}6.8g$ ($mean{\pm}SD$) were randomly distributed into seven groups with five fish in each group. After 48 h of feed deprivation, each group of fish was fed one of the experimental diets by intubation at 1 % body weight. Blood samples were taken at 0, 5 and 24 h after intubation. Post-prandial plasma free lysine concentrations (PPlys, 5 h after intubation) of fish fed diets containing ${\geq}2.32%$ lysine were higher than those of fish fed diets containing ${\leq}1.92%$ lysine. Post-absorptive free lysine concentrations (PAlys, 24 h after intubation) of fish fed diets containing 2.32 and 3.52 % lysine were higher than those of fish fed diets containing ${\leq}1.52%$ lysine. The brokenline regression analysis on the basis of PPlys and PAlys indicated that the lysine requirement of rainbow trout could be 2.34 and 2.20 % in diet. Therefore, these results strongly suggested that the dietary lysine requirement based on the broken-line model analyses of PPlys and PAlys could be greater than 2.20 % but less than 2.34 % (corresponding to be $6.01%{\leq},but{\leq}6.39%$ in dietary protein basis, respectively) in rainbow trout. Also, these results shown that the quantitative estimation of lysine requirement by using PPlys and PAlys could be an acceptable method in fish.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권3호
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• pp.471-480
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• 2022

This experiment was conducted to determine the maximum dietary energy levels on growth performance and carcass characteristics of White Pekin duck. the Six dietary treatments were formulated based on their apparent metabolizable energy (AME) concentrations from 2,700 to 3,200 kcal/kg with a 100 kcal/kg gap to evaluate the accurate dietary AME requirement to address current knowledge and further issues for fulfilling the genetic potential of meat-type white Pekin ducklings. A total of 432 one-day-old male White Pekin ducklings were randomly allocated into one of six dietary treatments with six replicates (12 birds per pen). The diets were formulated as corn-soybean meal-based diets to meet or exceed the Nutrient Requirement of Poultry specification for meat-type ducks. Growth performance indices (i.e. average daily gain [ADG], average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio) were measured weekly. Medium body weight (BW) ducklings from each pen were sacrificed to analyze the carcass traits and abdominal fat content on day 21. Obtained data were analyzed to estimate significant effect using the one-way ANOVA of IBM SPSS Statistics (Version, 25). If the p-value of the results were significant, differences in means among treatments were separated by Tukey's post hoc test. Significant differences were then analyzed with a linear and quadratic broken model to estimate the accurate concentration of AME. Ducklings fed higher dietary AME diets increased (p < 0.05) BW, ADG. Ducklings fed higher AME than 2,900 kcal/kg diets increased abdominal fat accumulation and leg meat portion. The estimated requirement by linear plateau method showed from 3,000.00 kcal/kg to 3,173.03 kcal/kg whereas the requirement by quadratic plateau method indicated from 3,100.00 kcal/kg to 3,306.26 kcal/kg. Collectively, estimated dietary requirements exhibit diverse results based on the measured traits and analysis methods. All the estimated requirements in this experiment present higher than previous research, the maximum requirement for the next diet formulation should be selected by the purpose of the diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.1140-1149
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• 2015

This research aimed to define the energy requirement of Dorper and Hu Hybrid $F_1$ ewes 20 to 50 kg of body weight, furthermore to study energy requirement changes with age and evaluate the effect of age on energy requirement parameters. In comparative slaughter trial, thirty animals were divided into three dry matter intake treatments (ad libitum, n = 18; low restricted, n = 6; high restricted, n = 6), and were all slaughtered as baseline, intermediate, and final slaughter groups, to calculate body chemical components and energy retained. In digestibility trial, twelve ewes were housed in individual metabolic cages and randomly assigned to three feeding treatments in accordance with the design of a comparative slaughter trial, to evaluate dietary energetic values at different feed intake levels. The combined data indicated that, with increasing age, the net energy requirement for maintenance ($NE_m$) decreased from $260.62{\pm}13.21$ to $250.61{\pm}11.79kJ/kg^{0.75}$ of shrunk body weight (SBW)/d, and metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance (MEm) decreased from $401.99{\pm}20.31$ to $371.23{\pm}17.47kJ/kg^{0.75}$ of SBW/d. Partial efficiency of ME utilization for maintenance ($k_m$, 0.65 vs 0.68) and growth ($k_g$, 0.42 vs 0.41) did not differ (p>0.05) due to age; At the similar condition of average daily gain, net energy requirements for growth ($NE_g$) and metabolizable energy requirements for growth ($ME_g$) for ewes during late fattening period were 23% and 25% greater than corresponding values of ewes during early fattening period. In conclusion, the effect of age upon energy requirement parameters in the present study were similar in tendency with previous recommendations, values of energy requirement for growth ($NE_g$ and $ME_g$) for Dorper and Hu crossbred female lambs ranged between the NRC (2007) recommendation for early and later maturating growing sheep.

• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.42-50
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• 1987

This objective of this paper is to develop an efficient method with small memory requirement for a feed-mixing problem on a micro computer. First this method uses the decomposition principle to reduce the memory requirement. Next, the decomposition principle is modified to fit the problem. Further four different variations in solving subproblems are designed in order to improve efficiency of the principle. According to the test with respect to the processing time, the best variation is such that the dual simplex method is used, and the optimal basis of a previous subproblem is used as an initial basis, and the master problem is (M +1) dimensional. In general, the convergence of solution becomes slower near the optimal value. This paper introduces a termination criterion for a sufficiently good solution. According to the test, 5%-tolerence is acceptable with respect to the relation between the processing time and optimal value.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.145-153
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• 1999

This study was conducted to determine the protein requirement of ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis). Two replicate groups of fish initially averaging 6.6 g were fed the five isocaloric diets containing different protein level from 29% to 57% in a flow-through freshwater system for 25 days. White fish meal was used as a sole protein source. Weight gain and feed efficiency of fish increased significantly with dietary protein level up to 43% (P＜0.05) with no additional response above this level. Protein and lipid retention, moisture, protein and lipid contents of body were not affected by dietary protein levels (P>0.05). Daily protein intake increased significantly with dietary protein level, whereas protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the 57% dietary protein decreased (P<0.05). The data obtained in this study indicate that a 43% dietary protein level could be recommended for the optimum growth of ayu.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 6th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.620-621
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• 2015

In this study, the multi-criteria decision-making model based on Quality Function Deployment Method is proposed. Multicriteria decision-making is an attempt to link QFD method with the TOPSIS. By this effort, a model that makes client's decision-making more rational and objective in design phase is suggested. The multi-criteria decisionmaking model confirming to the Owner's requirements will improve the productivity of the construction industry and the satisfaction of the customer. Further study extending the range of the requirements, not only the Owner's requirement will be necessary to cover the various factors as much as possible. And then, finally as a flexible platform to achieve a sustainable quality management, web-based multi-criteria decision-making model can be utilized by the relevant stakeholders simultaneously with the feed-back and sharing the necessary informations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.365-368
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• 1992

The experiment was carried out to estimate the energy and protein requirements of Khaki Campbell $\times$ Thai Native laying ducks. To estimate the energy requirement, 5 experimental diets were formulated at levels of 2.70, 2.75, 2.80, 2.85 and 2.90 Mcal ME/kg. These diets were equal in ME/CP ratio (170/l). A total of 150 18-week old laying ducks were assigned to 5 energy level treatments, each comprising 3 replicates of 10 birds each, and they were fed the diets for 18 weeks. To estimate the protein requirement, 90 18-week old laying ducks were divided into 9 groups of 10 birds each, and they were assigned to 3 protein level treatments, each comprising 3 replicates. The levels of protein in the diets were 13.5%, 15.0% and 16.5%, and all diets were isocaloric (2.8 Mcal ME/kg). As a result, the 16.5% protein diet gave significantly better egg production than the 13.5% and 15.0% protein diets, however, no significant difference in egg production was found among the energy levels. Feed cost to produce 1k eggs was lower in the 2.70 Mcal and 16.5%protein diets than in the higher ME and lower protein diets.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권12호
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• pp.1880-1888
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• 2023

Objective: The present experiment aimed to determine standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) requirements for pregnant sows individually housed under commercial farm conditions. Methods: Two hundred multiparous sows (parity = 5.1±2.0) on day 42 of gestation were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments with a balanced parity. Experimental diets were formulated to contain 0.22%, 0.32%, 0.42%, 0.52%, and 0.62% of SID Lys for the mid-gestation period (days 42 to 76) and 0.36%, 0.46%, 0.56%, 0.66%, and 0.76% of SID Lys for the late gestation period (days 77 to 103). All indispensable amino acids except Lys were provided at 110% of their requirement estimates. Daily feed allowance per sow was determined based on the back-fat thickness and body condition score at the second pregnancy check and on day 90 of gestation. Three different statistical models were used to estimate the SID Lys requirement. Results: Total born piglets alive per litter increased linearly and quadratically (p<0.001) as dietary SID Lys increased. For total born piglets alive per litter, the SID Lys requirement estimates ranged from 9.69 to 12.4 g/d for the mid-gestation period (1.19 to 1.52 g/Mcal metabolizable energy; 0.39% to 0.49%) and 14.6 to 17.4 g/d for the late gestation period (1.62 to 1.93 g/Mcal metabolizable energy; 0.52% to 0.62%). Conclusion: The mean values of the SID Lys requirement for the mid-gestation period and the late gestation period are 11.1 and 16.1 g/d (1.36 and 1.79 g/Mcal metabolizable energy; 0.44% and 0.58%), respectively, for maximal total born piglets alive per litter.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.88-93
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• 2017

Due to the requirement of the development of the precision manufacturing industry, the accuracy of machine tools has become a key issue in this field. A critical factor that affects the accuracy of machine tools is the feed system, which is generally driven by a ball screw. Basically, to improve the performance of the feed drive system, which will be thermally extended lengthwise by continuous usage, a thermal error compensation system that is highly dependent on the feedback temperature or positioning data is employed in the machine tool system. Due to the overdependence on measuring technology, the cost of the compensation system and low productivity level are inevitable problems in the machine tool industry. This paper presents a novel feed drive thermal error compensation system method that could compensate for thermal error without positioning or temperature feedback. Regarding this thermal error compensation system, the heat generation of components, principal of compensation, thermal model, mathematic model, and calculation method are discussed. As a result, the test data confirm the correctness of the developed feed drive thermal error compensation system very well.