• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.305-316
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• 2005

This study was conducted to determine the total amount and type of seleniwn (Se) in the Se-enriched mushroom and its spent mushroom composts (SMC), and to investigate the metabolism in relation to Se accwnulation in the mushroom. Mushrooms, Flammulina velutipes, used in this study were grown for 60 days by adding 2 rng of inorganic Se (Na2Se03) per kg of mushroom composts (MC) on as-fed basis and were compared with normal mushrooms grown on the non Se-supplemented Me. Total Se contents for Se-treated mushrooms were significantly increased (P < 0.0001) by 20-fold (4.51 $\mu$/ g of dry) compared to Se-untreated (0.23 $\mu$/ g of dry). On the contrary, organic Se ratio was significantly lower (P < 0.0001) in the Se-treated mushroom (72.3 %) than the Se-untreated one (100 %, not analytically detected of inorganic Se). Se distribution upon a length in the Se-treated mushrooms was the highest in the bottom part (6.86 $\mu$/ g of dry) near to MC, and top and middle parts were significantly lower (3.71 and 3.01 $\mu$/ g of dry, respectively; P < 0.001) than the bottom. In the SMC from Se-treated mushrooms, the significant amount of Se (5.04l1g/g of dry) was remained, but that from the Se-untreated mushrooms was significantly low (P$\mu$ / g of dry. Se-treated SMC showed a high ratio of organic Se (65.67 %), suggesting that the significant amount of inorganic Se in the SMC was converted to organic Se by mushroom mycelia. Prior to mycelia inoculation in the mushroom culture, the sterilization of MC brought approximately 18% of Se loss in the MC. Apparent and net accumulation rates (%) for Se into mushrooms were 14.81 and 10.14 %, respectively, resulting from the Se volatilization into the air via metabolic process of mushroom itself. The result of this study shows that inorganic Se addition to MC for mushroom improved the organic Se contents in the mushroom and SMC. This study showed the possibility that Se in Se-enriched mushroom and SMC could be utilized as Se sources of food for human as well as feed for livestock.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.63-70
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• 2013

Experiments in a pilot-scale hybrid multi-stage unit system (HMUS) combination of ATAD and EGSB followed by SBR process for pig slurry treatment were conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of using autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD) and expended granular sludge bed (EGSB) followed by sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system. Contaminants in pig slurry with high organic matter, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content were completely removed in the combined process. The highest removal rate for CODcr among contaminants in the feed pig slurry was attained by about 43.3% in ATAD unit process. Also TS removal rate of 96.5% was attained and the highest in the next coagulation unit process. The highest removal rate of CODcr under operating parameter conditions of OLR(organic loading rate), 3-6Kg $COD/m^3{\cdot}day$ and line velocity, 1.5-4m/h was earned at 3days of HRT. The disinfection of pathogens was effective at 50,000mg/L of TS in ATAD unit process. Biogas production per organic removal was $2.3{\sim}8.5m^3/kgTS{\cdot}d$ (average $5.2m^3/kgTS{\cdot}d$) in EGSB unit process. The average removal rates of CODcr 71.7%, TS 64.1%, TN 45.9%, and TP 50.4% were earned in the intermittent aeration SBR unit process.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.253-261
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• 2007

In this study, we investigated the in vitro anti-obesity, anti-cancer activity and single oral dose toxicity of Inonotus xeranticus extracted by methanol (INXM) or ethyl acetate (INXE). In order to investigate anti-obestity effect of Inonotus xeranticus extracts, the 3T3-L1 cells were treated with these extracts at various concentrations(1, 10, 100 and $300{\mu}g/ml$). It was observed that 3T3-L1 cells treated with $100{\mu}g/ml$ of Inonotus obliquus ethyl acetate extract (INOE), INXM and INXE, in the absence of differentiation cocktail (0.5mM isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) $1{\mu}M$ dexamethasone, $1{\mu}M$ insulin), differentiated at a rate of 78.5, 80.9, and 76.4% respectively. Differentiation rates of 86.6% and 83.4% were observed in 3T3-L1 cells which were treated with differentiation cocktail at $100{\mu}g/ml$ of INXM and INXE, respectively. The anti-cancer effect of Inonotus xeranticus extracts was investigated using a method of sulforhodamine B in sarcoma 180 cell line. The cells were treated with these extracts (1, 10, 100 and $300{\mu}g/ml$) for 48 hours. The growth of cells which were treated with $300{\mu}g/ml$ of INXM was inhibited by 80.1%. The growth of sarcoma 180 cells which were treated with 100 and $300{\mu}g/ml$ of INXE was inhibited by 74.7% and 64.5%, respectively. In single oral dose toxicity study, no differences were observed between control and treated groups in clinical signs, body weight gains, and feed and water consumptions. The results indicated that Inonotus xeranticus extracts did not show any toxic effects at 2,000mg/kg in mice, and the $LD_{50}$ of these extracts was found to be higher than 2,000 mg/kg in this experiment. From the above results, Inonotus xeranticus methanol and ethyl acetate extracts might have useful clinical applications in the management of cancer and obesity and may also be useful as a medicinal food.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.362-366
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• 1999

Membranes for biosensor were prepared from poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)l derivatives using the solution casting method, and their gas permeabilities were studied. The polymer membranes dried slowly in air showed higher permeability coefficients than those dried in vacuum. The permeabilily coefficients of carboxylated poly(vinyl chloride) (CPVC) membranes for $O_2$ and $CO_2$ decreased as the pressure of the feed gas increased. The addition of dioctylphthalate (DOP) enhanced the permeation rates for $O_2$ and $CO_2$. For example, the permeability coefficients of CPVC membranes containing 30 wt. % DOP for $O_2$ and $CO_2$ at 100 psig were 2.03 and 0.96 Barrer, respectively, which were about 4~5 times higher than those of the membranes without DOP. Poly(vinyl chloride-co-vinyl acetate-co-vinyl alcohol) (Syn-PVCAcAl) obtained by hydrolysis of poly(vinyl chloride-co-vinyl acetate (PVCA) showed a higher permeability coefficient for $CO_2$ in the presence of DOP than that for commercial PVCAcAl, but did not show any significant difference in permeability for $O_2$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.205-212
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• 2015

Farmers with forage barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)-rice (Oryza sativa L.) cropping system at reclaimed tidal lands burn crop residues to facilitate seedbed preparation or remove them for feed stock. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of rice straw amendment and N fertilization on soil properties and N uptake of rice under forage barely-rice cropping system at reclaimed tidal paddy field. Rice straw was applied at the rates of 0, 2.5 and $5.0ton\;ha^{-1}$ and N was fertilized at 0, 100, 200 and $400kg\;ha^{-1}$. Although there was no significant difference in the growth and yield of rice, fresh and dry weight of forage barely increased with increasing the amount of rice straw. The amount of N uptake of rice at harvesting stage was $65.8-69.2kg\;ha^{-1}$ by the amount of rice straw amendment, but there were no significant differences among rice straw amendment levels. After harvesting the rice, the soil salinity decreased with rice straw amendment compared to the control. After forage barely and rice cultivation, soil organic matter contents increased to $2.6-2.8g\;kg^{-1}$ and $3.2-3.5g\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. The amount of N uptake of rice at harvesting stage increased up to $82kg\;ha^{-1}$ in $400kg\;ha^{-1}$ N applied plots which were $37.8kg\;ha^{-1}$ higher than the control. Nitrogen fertilization decreased N recovery efficiency. The highest yield of rice was observed at $244kg\;ha^{-1}$ N fertilization level, but the optimum N level was estimated at $168kg\;ha^{-1}$ in order to keep the protein content of rice under 6.5%. Further researches on N uptake and application of organic matter according to soil salinity will be necessary to increase N use efficiency at reclaimed tidal paddy field.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.483-492
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• 2019

During the breeding season, both adults and immature Eurasian Oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus osculans) were observed to feed on prey, such as gastropods (Umbonium thomasi) and bivalves, at the tide water line around Yubu island in Korea. To determine differences in the foraging efficiency between the adult and immature birds, we recorded the feeding behavior using digiscoping with a telescope and a smartphone. We compared the pace, the prey search rate, the proportion of prey search techniques, the feeding success rate, the handling time, and the heads-up rate between the adult and immature birds. There were significant differences in the proportion of prey search techniques when gastropods were consumed and in the prey search rate and heads-up rate when bivalves were consumed but there were no significant differences in feeding success rates. Therefore, although the immature birds on Yubu Island were inferior to adults during the breeding season and they lacked the proficiency to locate prey, their overall foraging efficiency was similar to adults. This was considered to be due to the continuous eating of bivalves during the wintering season, which requires a high level of foraging efficiency.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 2001

A field experiment was carried out to determine the effects of chemical/mechanical treatments at mowing on the field drying rate and hay quality of alfalfa(Medicago sativa L., cv. Vernal) and spring oats(Avena satvia L., cv. Swan). The chemical drying agent of 2% $K_2CO_3$, mechanical mower conditioning, and no treatment(control) were treated for hastening hay-making in the spring of 1997. The forages were harvested at early bloom stage in alfalfa and heading stage in oats. After field dry, square bales were made by hay baler, and the dry matter(DM) loss, visual estimation and nutritive value of hay were evaluated after storing two months. The field drying rates of alfalfa and oats were high at mechanical treatment, but the drying effectiveness of chemical agents alone was very low. With mower conditioning, the duration of field dry was shortened by 1 day compared with control. therefore, mower conditioning enhance the field drying rate of alfalfa and oats. The DM loss of alfalfa and oats hay was reduced by mechanical treatment, but the efficiency by chemical alone was low. The visual score(leafiness, green color, odor and softness) of hay at mechanical treatment was slightly higher than that of chemical and control. The nutritive value(ADF, NDF, in vitro digestibility, and relative feed value) of hay was also high with treatment of mechanical, but those of chemical alone were similar compared with control. The nutritive value of hay after two months in both alfalfa and oats was decreased when compared with at harvest.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.190-195
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• 2008

We investigated the changes in growth, digestive enzymes activities, nucleic acids contents and RNA/DNA ratio of flounder Paralichthys olivaceus larvae (C for Paracyclopina nana, A for Artemia, and M for Mix of C and A) for 14 to 28 DAH. Body length of flounder larvae showed the best in the C trial at 28 DAH. The change of nucleic acids contents showed faster in C and M trials than A trial. And RNA/DNA ratio showed the significantly faster changes in C trial than A trial. High metamorphosis rates were also observed in C and M trial. $\alpha$-amylase activities increased gradually up to 28 DAH in all trials. Total alkaline protease (TAP) activities of A trial showed the highest value to 9 mU/larvae at 26 DAH. But others trials showed lower to $5{\sim}6$ mU/larva than A trial. TAP:$\alpha$-amylase activity ratio did not significantly changed to $0.025{\sim}0.053$ in A trial during the experiments. But, C and M trials tended to gradually decrease from $0.078{\sim}0.083$ (initial) to $0.013{\sim}0.018$ (final). Therefore, it shown the ratio gradually decreased of TAP:$\alpha$-amylase activity, stability of TAP activity, and rapid change of nucleic acids in trials grown positively. Thus, because P. nana could continuously supply the optimal nutrients for flounder larvae, we suggested the supplement of the copepod to an efficient feed of the flounder larvae.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2000

The effect of various dietary protein levels on growth and body composition of young common carp raised from 56 g to 170 g in recirculating system was investigated for 15 weeks when they were fed to visual satiety three times daily. Five experiemtal diets were formulated to contain 40, 35, 30, 25 and 21% protein levels and 3.56, 3.59. 3.63, 3.66 and 3.69 kcal/g diet GE levels respectively. Mean survival rates of the fish fed the 40, 35, 30 and 25% protein diets were not different but sig-nificantly higher than that of the fish fed the 40, 35, 30 and 25% protein diets were not different but sig-nificantly higher than that of o the fish fed the 21% protein diet(P<0.05) Weight gain (g/tank) of common carp fed the 30% protein diet was the best. However weight gain of the fish fed the 25, 30, 35 and 40% protein diets were not different but significantly better than that of the fish fed the 21% protein diet. Feed efficiency ratio of the 21% protein diet was significantly lower (P<0.05) than for other groups of diets which were not different among them. Protein efficiency ratio for the 21% protein diet was significantly lower (P<0.05) than for other groups of diets which were not different among them(P>0.05) Dietary protein level had no effect on hemoglobin content in the fish(P>0.05) Crude protein contents of whole body of the fish fed the 35 and 40% protein diets were significantly higher than that of the fish fed the 21$$\mid$% or 25% protein diet(P<0.05) Body crude lipid contents of the fish fed the 21 and 25% protein diets were significantly higher than that of the fish fed the 30% or 35% protein diet. Crude ash contents of the fish fed the 35 and 40% protein diets were significantly higher than that of the fish fed the 21% or 25% protein diet(P<0.05) Moisture content of the fish fed the 35% protein diet was significantly higher than that of the fish fed the 21% protein diet(P<0.05) In considering growth performance of common carp and efficiency of diet dietary protein level could be lowered up to 25% without the reduction of young common carp production in recirculating system.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.121-126
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of drinking ion water on the performance, egg quality, and serum biochemical properties of laying hens in a high-temperature environment. A total of 180 laying hens with equal egg production rates were randomly divided into three treatments with five replicates. Treatments were applied from 24 to 27 weeks of age and included the supply of ion water (IW), tap water (TW), and cold water (CW). The results showed that the egg production rate, egg weight, and feed intake of hens were significantly (P<0.01) improved in the IW group compared with those in the TW group but did not differ from those in the CW group. Egg quality parameters such as albumen height, Haugh unit, and eggshell thickness were found to be higher in the IW than in the TW group (P<0.05); however, no significant differences were observed in comparison with the CW group. Serum Ca and P concentrations tended to increase (P<0.10) in the IW group, and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and albumin levels were greater (P<0.05) in response to IW than those to TW. This study provides evidence that the supply of IW can relieve the high-temperature stress during the summer. In particular, because the improved effects of the IW were confirmed to be similar to those of CW, it shows potential as a method to manage the drinking water of hens in the summer season along with the supply of CW.