• 한국양식학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.244-251
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• 2008

본 연구는 여름철에 넙치 치어 배합사료의 적정 지질함량 및 적정 사료공급량을 규명하는데 그 목적이 있다. 적정 지질함량 실험에서 실험사료는 사료내 단백질함량은 52로 동일하게 맞추고 지질함량은 6, 8, 10, 12, 14%가 되도록 설계 하였다. 평균 무게 $18.4{\pm}0.11\;g$ ($mean{\pm}SD$)인 넙치 치어를 300 L 사각수조에 30마리씩 수용하여 각 실험구당 3반복으로 6주간 실시하였으며, 실험기간 동안 평균 수온은 $21{\sim}25^{\circ}C$였다. 실험결과, 증중률, 일간성장률, 사료효율 및 단백질전환효율은 사료내 지질함량이 사료내 지질 함량이 8%(L8)및 10%(L10)인 실험구가 6, 14%인 실험구보다 유의적으로 높았으며(P<0.05), 사료내 지질 함량이 12%인 실험구와는 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. Broken line model분석을 통한 최대 성장을 위한 여름철 넙치치어 배합사료의 적정 지질 함량은 $9.08{\pm}0.37%$로 사료된다. 적정 공급량 실험에서는 적정 지질함량 실험에서 성장결과가 가장 우수했던 L10을 사용하여 사료공급량을 어체 중 당 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5% 그리고 만복공급으로 구분으로 6주간 실험하였다. 실험어는 평균무게 $13.4{\pm}0.1\;g$ ($mean{\pm}SD$)인 넙치 치어를 300 L 사각수조에 각각 30마리씩 수용하여 각 실험구당 3반복으로 실시하였으며, 실험기간 동안 평균 수온은 $21{\sim}25^{\circ}C$였다. 적정 사료공급량 실험결과, 증중률, 일간성장률은 사료공급량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 높게 나타났지만(P<0.05),사료공급량이 어체중 당 3.5%와 만복 실험구(어체중 당 4.0% 수준)는 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다(Table 6). Broken line model 분석을 통한 최대 성장을 위한 여름철 단백질 52%,지질 10% (P/E ratio; 108mg protein/kcal)를 함유한 넙치치어 배합사료의 적정 사료공급량은 어체중 당 $3.56{\pm}0.06$로 사료된다. 따라서, 본 연구를 통하여 여름철 넙치치어($10{\sim}50\;g$)배합사료의 적정지질 함량은 $9{\sim}10%$ (Energy: 4,774 kcal, P/E ratio; 108 mg protein/kcal)내외, 이에 대한 적정사료 공급량은 어체중 당 3.5% 내외가 될 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.968-978
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• 2003

The effects of monensin, Tween 80 and exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on ruminal fermentation and animal performance were studied in vitro and in vivo. In Expt 1, the effects of the surfactant Tween 80 (0.2% wt/wt, DM basis) on ruminal fermentation of alfalfa, corn and orchardgrass silages were investigated using in vitro gas production techniques. Tween 80 did not affect (p>0.05) cumulative gas production at 24 h, but it reduced (p<0.05) the lag in fermentation of all three silages. With corn silage and orchardgrass silage, gas production rates and concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) were increased (p<0.05) by Tween 80; with alfalfa silage, they were reduced (p<0.05). Tween 80 increased (p<0.05) the proportion of propionate in total VFA, and reduced (p<0.05) acetate to propionate ratios (A:P) with all three silages. In Expt 2, exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (E; at 0, 37.5 or 75 g/tonne DM), monensin (M; at 0 or 25 ppm and Tween 80 (T; at 0 or 2 L/tonne DM) were added alone or in combination to backgrounding and finishing diets fed to 320 crossbred steers in a feeding trial with a $3{\times}2{\times}$2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The backgrounding and finishing diets contained barley grain and barley silage in ratios of 57.8:42.2 and 93.5:6.5 (DM basis), respectively. Added alone, none of the additives affected DM intake (p>0.1) in the backgrounding or in the finishing period, but interactive $M{\times}T$ effects were observed in the finishing period (p=0.02) and overall (p=0.04). In the finishing period, T without M tended to reduce DM intake (p=0.11), but T with M increased (p=0.05) DM intake. Monensin increased average daily gain (ADG) during backgrounding (p=0.07) and finishing (p=0.01), and this ionophore also improved overall feed efficiency (p=0.02). Warm carcass weight was increased (p<0.001) by M, but dressing percentage was reduced (p=0.07). In the backgrounding period, T increased ADG by 7% (p=0.06). Enzymes increased (p=0.07) ADG by 5 and 6% (low and high application rates, respectively) during backgrounding, but did not affect (p>0.10) ADG during finishing, or overall feed efficiency. Whereas T enhanced the positive effects of M on ADG during backgrounding (p=0.04) and overall (p=0.05), it had no impact (p>0.1) on the effects of E. Interactions between M and T suggest that the surfactant may have potential for enhancing the positive effects of monensin on beef production, but this requires further research.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.239-245
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• 2011

산란율이 착색제의 난황 축적률에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 미생물 균주를 통해 합성된 몇 가지 형태의 착색제를 산란계에게 급여한 후 그들의 난황 착색 능력을 비교하였다. 약 70주령의 하이라인 브라운 산란계 37 수를 6개의 처리구로 나누어 다음의 사료를 4주 동안 급여했다. 1) 착색제를 포함하지않은시판사료(CON); 2) 시판사료에 BASF 사가 제조한 canthaxanthin을 4 ppm 첨가(BASF); 3) 사료 중 canthaxanthin이 4 ppm 포함되도록 canthaxanthin 균체를 시판 사료에 첨가(CX); 4) 사료 중 lycopene이 30 ppm 포함되도록 lycopene 균체를 시판 사료에 첨가(LP); 5) canthaxanthin의 합성 균체로부터 정제된 canthaxanthin 이 시판 사료에 4 ppm 첨가(SPCX); 그리고 6) lycopene의 합성 균체로부터 정제된 lycopene이 시판 사료에 30 ppm 첨가(SPLP). BASF Color Fan으로 측정된 난황의 착색도는 BASF > CX > LP 급여구 순이었다. 실험 초기에 산란율은 처리구간 차이가 있었지만 실험의 종반에 80% 정도였고, 특히 BASF와 CX처리구간에 차이는 없었다. 색소의 난황 축적률은 BASF > CX > SPCX > LP > SPLP 순이었고, 착색제의착색효율["BASF Color Fan score"를 "계란 1개에 포함된 색소의 양(${\mu}g$/egg)"으로 나눈 값]은 SPCX > SPLP > CX > BASF > LP 순이었다. SPLP를 제외하고 착색제들은 $25^{\circ}C$에서 4주 동안 비교적 사료 주의 함량이 변하지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과는 착색제의 난황 축적률은 산란율에 독립적임을 시사한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권9호
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• pp.1174-1183
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• 2010

In goats fed on dry forage twice a day, an esophageal fistula was used to investigate the physiological factors present in the marked suppression of dry forage intake that occurs after 40 min of feeding. The animals used in this study were five large-type male esophageal- and ruminal-fistulated goats. Roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes with any large remaining chunks removed were used as feed for this research. The study was conducted under both normal feeding conditions (NFC) and sham feeding conditions (SFC). In the NFC control, the esophageal fistulae were closed by plugs and the animals ate dry forage in the normal manner. In the SFC treatment, before starting the experiment the plugs for closing the esophageal fistula were removed and the cannulae for collecting boluses were fitted into the fistulae. Therefore, the esophageal boluses were removed via an esophageal fistula before they entered the rumen. In the NFC control, eating rates sharply decreased in the first 40 min of feeding and were subsequently maintained at low levels. However, eating rates in the SFC treatment remained high after 40 min of the feeding period had elapsed and the goats ate continuously during the 2 h feeding period. In comparison with the NFC control ($1,794{\pm}203.80\;g$/2 h), cumulative dry forage intake in the SFC treatment ($3,182{\pm}381.69\;g$/2 h) was 77.4% greater (p<0.05) upon conclusion of the 2 h feeding period. In the SFC treatment, cumulative bolus output ($6,804{\pm}469.92\;g$/2 h) was about twofold the cumulative dry forage intake due to cumulative salivary secretion volume ($3,622{\pm}104.13\;g$/2 h) upon conclusion of the 2 h feeding period. The result indicates that large amounts of secreted saliva during dry forage feeding act in conjunction with consumed feed to form the ruminal load responsible for ruminal distension. The increased plasma total protein concentrations were higher in the SFC treatment than in the NFC control. However, plasma and ruminal fluid osmolalities increased in the NFC control during and after feeding but were mostly unchanged in the SFC treatment. In comparison with the NFC control ($3,440{\pm}548.04\;g$/30 min), thirst level in the SFC treatment ($1,360{\pm}467.02\;g$/30 min) was 60.5% significantly less (p<0.05) upon conclusion of the 30 min drinking period. The results of the present study indicate that In the second hour of the 2 h feeding period, dry forage intake is regulated by factors produced when boluses enter the rumen.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.105-110
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• 2011

This study determined the effects of the dietary moisture level and feeding rate on the growth and gastric evacuation of young olive flounder. Four experimental diets with different moisture levels (9%, 21%, 30%, and 40%) were prepared through the addition of water to the commercial extruded pellet. Three replicate groups of fish (initial weight: $106{\pm}1.4\;g$) were fed diets containing 9%, 21%, 30%, and 40% moisture to satiation or a moisture level of 9% and 30% at a restricted feeding rate (95% of satiation) for 15 weeks. The mean water temperature was $22{\pm}1.6^{\circ}C$ during the feeding trial. Gastric evacuation rates were determined post-feeding. The dietary moisture levels did not significantly affect weight gain, but the weight of the fish receiving 9% and 30% moisture diets to 95% satiation were significantly lower than those of the fish fed 9-40% moisture diets to 100% satiation (P<0.05). The feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, viscerosomatic index, and survival were not significantly affected by the dietary moisture levels and feeding rates. The daily feed intake of the fish fed to 100% satiation did not significantly differ among the treatment groups. The stomach contents that peaked within 3 h of feeding gradually decreased, and the stomachs of fish were completely evacuated within 18 h. The contents of the intestine peaked at 3-12 h post-feeding, and then declined with the intestine being mostly evacuated at 30 h. The moisture of the stomach contents reached approximately 70% within 3 h post-feeding and gradually increased to approximately 75% within 12 h. No considerable differences were observed in the gastric evacuation and moisture levels of the stomach contents in the fish fed the different diets. The results of this study suggest that the gastric evacuation of olive flounder was not affected by the dietary moisture level and that the addition of water into the diet displayed no beneficial effects on the growth of young olive flounder.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.611-618
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• 2016

A $3{\times}2$ factorial experiment was conducted to investigate effects of water temperature and feeding rate on growth and body composition of olive flounder. Triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight of 118 g) fed a extruded pellet (55% protein and 4708 cal/g) to satiation and at restricted feeding rates of 0.25 and 0.4% body weight per day (BW/d) at the different water temperatures (13 and $18^{\circ}C$) for 9 weeks. Weight gain increased significantly with increase in feeding rates at each temperature. Weight gain of fish fed to satiation was significantly higher at 18 than $13^{\circ}C$, whereas, that of fish fed at 0.25 and 0.4% BW/d were significantly or slightly lower at 18 than $13^{\circ}C$. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed to satiation were not significantly different between 13 and $18^{\circ}C$, but those of fish fed at 0.25 and 0.4% BW/d were significantly higher at 13 than $18^{\circ}C$. The major finding of this study is that satiation feeding is efficient for optimal growth and feed efficiency of grower oliver flounder (116-164 g) in suboptimal water temperatures. The maintenance feeding ration which is zero growth performance, were 0.30 and 0.41% BW/day at 13 and $18^{\circ}C$, respectively. In the restricted feeding regime, compromised growth of fish were worsen in higher water temperature ($18^{\circ}C$ vs. $13^{\circ}C$). It might be related to high metabolic rate of fish that spend more energy for maintenance metabolism. Based on these results, we suggest that a satiation feeding regime is recommended for a productive growth of grower olive flounder in the suboptimal temperature.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.1118-1125
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• 2003

Research was carried out to clarify whether a suppression of dry forage intake during the early stages of feeding in ruminants is caused by feeding induced hypovolemia which is produced by the accelerated secretion of parotid saliva. Goats with a parotid fistula were fed roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes, commercial ground concentrate feed and $NaHCO_3$ twice daily (10:00-12:00, 16:00-18:00). The animals were free access to drinking water all day prior to, during and after experiments. The animals were intraruminally infused every day prior to the morning feeding period with parotid saliva collected from the parotid fistula over a 24 h period. The present experiment consisted of two treatments, non-infusion (RNI) and intraruminal infusion of parotid saliva (RSF). In the RSF treatment, 4-5 kg of parotid saliva (280-290 mOsm/l) collected over a 24 h period was intraruminally infused 1 h prior to the commencement of the morning feeding. During feeding, eating and parotid saliva secretion rates were measured. Blood samples were also periodically collected from the jugular vein. During and after 2 h feeding, water intakes were measured, respectively. These measurements were used to define thirst levels. It is thought that rumen fill in the RSF treatment was higher than the RNI treatment. Plasma osmolality in the RSF treatment increased in the first half of the 2 h feeding period due to the intraruminal infusion of parotid saliva. Therefore, parotid saliva secretion rates in the RSF treatment were lower than the RNI treatment for 30 min period from 30 to 60 min after the commencement of feeding. On the other hand, plasma total protein concentration and hematocrit in the RSF treatment decreased by 3.2 and 3.3% prior to the commencement of feeding due to the intraruminal infusion of parotid saliva. In the first half of the 2 h feeding period, plasma total protein concentration and hematocrit in the RSF treatment showed a tendency to decrease compared to the RNI treatment. Thirst level in the RSF treatment during feeding was approximately 31.3% less than the RNI treatment. Upon the completion of the 2 h feeding period, cumulative feed intake in the RSF treatment was significantly larger (19.7%) than the RNI treatment. The results suggest that a suppression of dry forage intake during the early stages of feeding in goats is partly caused by feeding induced hypovolemia, which is produced by the accelerated secretion of parotid saliva.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.341-352
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• 2012

In large-type goats that were fed on dry forage twice daily, dry forage intake was markedly suppressed after 40 min of feeding had elapsed. The objective of this study was to determine whether or not marked decreases in dry forage intake after 40 min of feeding are mainly caused by the two factors, that is, ruminal distension and increased plasma osmolality induced thirst produced by dry forage feeding. Six large-type male esophageal- and ruminal-fistulated goats (crossbred Japanese Saanen/Nubian, aged 2 to 6 years, weighing $85.1{\pm}4.89kg$) were used in two experiments. The animals were fed ad libitum a diet of roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes for 2 h from 10:00 to 12:00 am during two experiments. Water was withheld during feeding in both experiments but was available for a period of 30 min after completion of the 2 h feeding period. In experiment 1, saliva lost via the esophageal fistula was replenished by an intraruminal infusion of artificial parotid saliva (RIAPS) in sham feeding conditions (SFC) control, and the treatment was maintained under normal feeding conditions (NFC). In experiment 2, a RIAPS and non-insertion of a balloon (RIAPS-NB) control was conducted in the same manner as the SFC control of experiment 1. The intraruminal infusion of hypertonic solution and insertion of a balloon (RIHS-IB) treatment was carried out simultaneously to reproduce the effects of changing salt content and ruminal distension due to feed entering the rumen. The results of experiment 1 showed that due to the effects of multiple dry forage suppressing factors when feed boluses entered the rumen, eating rates in the NFC treatment decreased (p<0.05) after 40 min of feeding and cumulative dry forage intake for the 2 h feeding period reduced to 43.8% of the SFC control (p<0.01). The results of experiment 2 indicated that due to the two suppressing factors of ruminal distension and increased plasma osmolality induced thirst, eating rates in the RIHS-IB treatment were, as observed under NFC, reduced (p<0.05) and cumulative dry forage intake for the 2 h feeding period decreased to 34.0% of the RIAPS-NB control (p<0.01). The combined effects of ruminal distension and increased plasma osmolality accounted for 77.5% of the suppression of dry forage intake 40 min after the start of dry forage feeding. The results indicate that ruminal distension and increased plasma osmolality induced thirst are the main factors in the suppression of dry forage intake in large-type goats.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.110-117
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• 1998

고정화 transglucosidase (TG)를 이용한 충진형 반응기를 만들어 isomaltooligosaccharides (IMO)의 연속생산 가능성을 살펴보고 기질용액의 농도와 유속에 따른 반응산물의 생성패턴과 운전안정성을 조사하였다. 고정화 TG에 의한 IMO의 생성패턴은 soluble TG의 경우와 동일하였다. 충진형반응기에 의해 생성된 포도당과 isomaltose의 농도는 기질인 maltose 용액의 농도와 종류에 관계없이 유속의 증가에 따라 지속적으로 감소되는 경향을 보였고 isomaltotriose 역시 10% 기질용액을 사용한 경우를 제외하고 같은 경향을 보였다. 반면, panose의 농도는 유속의 증가에 따라 증가하다가 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 기질농도가 10% 일 때, IMO의 최대수율은 2 mL/min 유속에서 52.1%였고, 20%와 30% (w/v)일 때는, $0.5{\sim}1.0\;mL/min$ 유속에서 각각 $39.0{\sim}38.0%,\;12.1{\sim}14.2%$의 최대수율을 보였다. 20%의 maltose를 함유한 조제당화액을 사용했을 때의 수율은 유속이 0.5 mL/min일 때 36.3%였다 본 충진형반응기는 $55^{\circ}C$에서 안정되게 운전되었다. 144시간 운전후에 초기 활성의 85%, 288시간 경과후에도 약 65%의 활성이 잔존하였다. 본 실험결과로 보아 IMO를 생산하기 위해 고정화 TG를 이용한 충진형반응기를 적용하는 것은 가능성이 클 것으로 예상되었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.217-222
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• 2010

Two 15-week feeding trials were conducted to investigate how the rate and frequency of feeding affected the winter growth of olive flounder ($13^{\circ}C$). In the first experiment, triplicate groups of fish (initial mean weight $117{\pm}6.0$ g) were fed extruded pellets twice a day at feeding rates of 0.1, 0.25, 0.4, 0.55, and 0.57% (satiation) body weight per day (BW/d). The weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed efficiency increased significantly (P<0.05) with the feeding rates from 0.1 to 0.55% BW/d, but no significant differences in these parameters were found for fish fed diets of 0.55% BW/d and satiation. The moisture and ash contents of whole body of fish tended to decrease as the feeding rate increased, but the opposite trend was found for crude lipid content. In the second experiment, triplicate groups of fish (initial mean weight $117{\pm}6.3$ g) were fed extruded pellets to apparent satiation at the three different feeding frequencies: one meal 2 days, one meal a day and two meals a day. The weight gain and specific growth rate of fish fed one meal 2 days were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those of fish fed one or two meals a day, whereas no significant differences in the weight gain and specific growth rate were found between fish fed one and those fed two meals a day. Feed efficiency and condition factor were not significantly affected by feeding frequency. Based on these results, a feeding rate of 0.3% BW/d is recommended as maintenance feeding level, and the optimum feeding frequency is one meal a day with satiation feeding for the growth of olive flounder (117-147 g) during winter ($13^{\circ}C$).