• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.147-154
• /
• 1996

In an attempt to recycle as feed or fertilizer, broiler litter containing rice hull was manually composted under the control of peak temperature of piles(uncontrolled or controlled below $70^{\circ}C$ or below $60^{\circ}C$) in each of three $1.0\;{\times}\;1.0\;{\times}\;1.2m$ dimensional facilities. Changes of nutritional and microbiological parameters were evaluated throughout the 8 weeks of processing period. The initial content of crude protein(29.6%) decreased to 17.8% after 8 weeks of composting. The rapid nitrogen(N) loss observed in the early phase was attributed mainly to non-protein-N(NPN) loss. The initial content of ash(19.1%) increased to $26{\sim}29%$ after 8 weeks. For toxic heavy metals, Cr, Pb, and Hg contents of final composts were far less than the maximum tolerance levels allowed in food or compost. Bacterial growth was rather depressed until the second week, increased thereafter, and reached to peak($10^{12}cfu$ level) at the 4th week of composting. With composting, actinomycetes were active at the level of $10^7\;to\;10^9$. Fungi were active during the first to third week of composting. In general, control of pile temperature below $70^{\circ}C$ did not remarkably alter the nutritional and microbiological parameters of broiler litter compost, compared to that of pile temperature below $60^{\circ}C$. Further researches on prevention from the rapid loss of NPN in the early phase of composting are required for more effective recycling of broiler litter.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.119-128
• /
• 1998

On account of the recent improvement in performance of brown layers, the market share taken by brown layers has increased to about 50% in the world and to almost 100% in Korea. There are several other reasons why the industry has moved from white to brown, such as : brown layers are used to be more robust, more docile and easier to manage ; e brown layers are easier to sex at the hatchery ; brown layers lay less second grade eggs, due to a better shell Quality ; brown eggs seem to be more attractive than white ; and a clear consumer preference, thus a better price per egg. More recently, however, the trend towards brown eggs has been slowing down. The main reasons for this lie in that white layers can still produce an egg at a lower cost and that white eggs have better de-shelling properties, easier candling and higher yolk and solid content of the liquid egg which are benefits for egg processing industry. Although the performance of the brown layers is still improving, there are increasing opinions in the poultry industry that the market portion of white layers should be increased based on the following reasons, such as : shell color has no effect on the nutritive value of eggs ; . brown layers consume more feed ; the percentage of meat spots is significantly higher in brown eggs than in white eggs ; . brown layers are less efficient in the second cycle of production than in the first ; white layers are more resistant to the disease of fowl typhoid. In order to increase the market share of white layers in Korea, it may be needed to enlighten the consumers not to prefer the brown and large eggs and to inform the excellencies of white eggs widely.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.61-69
• /
• 2020

As post-harvest processes of onions are carried by a 20 kg-net package which results in high-cost and low-efficiency, especially, the insufficient drying and physical damage of onions after harvesting leads to a huge second loss in storage, we had developed a low-cost, high-efficiency post-harvest bulk handling machinery system by collecting onions on a farm using ton-bags, drying with forced air circulation, and sorting/packaging. The post-harvest bulk handling machinery system consisted of 6 devices, and this study designed an automatic feed hopper with a feeding rate control device, an inclined belt conveyor with a two-step chute, and an automatic pallet unloading device for feeding onions into the sorting/packing line. This study also analyzed the performance and control of the total system. The device had 1-ton handling capacity, but the operational condition was set to increase the capacity. The three-step filling method of pallet by the velocity control of the inclined belt conveyor was applied in the post-harvest bulk handling machinery system for the prevention of physical damage. If one worker was set to operate the total system, the time required to complete one palletized load was approximately 5 minutes and 5 seconds. The calculated daily handling capacity was approximately 94 tons, when the daily actual working time was 8 hours. When the developed system was applied to the managerial size of 2,000 ton, the processing cost per ton of the system was decreased by 19.5%, compared with the existing 20 kg-net package-based handling. The developed post-harvest bulk handling machinery system would be a good substitute for the rapid decline and aging of rural labor.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.23 no.12
• /
• pp.1645-1656
• /
• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of strain on broiler performance, and age at slaughter and postchilling (PC) aging time on meat quality traits. A total of 500 one-day-old chicks (250 Hubbard classic and 250 Lohman) were reared under commercial conditions. Half of the broiler birds from each strain were slaughtered at 32 days and the other half at 42 days old. At each processing day, 168 carcasses were randomly selected (84 Hubbard and 84 Lohman) and divided into groups of 28 carcasses within each strain, and aged for 0, 4 and 24 h after chilling. Average weekly body weight was comparable between strains. Feed conversion ratio was higher (p<0.05) for the Hubbard strain during the second and third week of age. Initial carcass pH was significantly (p<0.05) affected by age where younger birds (32-d-old) had lower pH values than older (41-d-old) birds. Breast temperature was higher (p<0.001) for Lohman than Hubbard at 0, 2 and 4 h of PC. Younger birds had a lower breast temperature (p<0.001) at all measured times of PC. Thaw loss, cook loss and water holding capacity were not significantly affected by strain, age or aging time. Lohman strain had more tender meat (p<0.05) than Hubbard strain, and tenderness was improved with the increase of broiler age and aging time. Meats from Hubbard were lighter and less red than those from Lohman strain where younger birds had darker color. In conclusion, strain, age at slaughter and PC aging duration are critical to breast meat quality characteristics, and 4 h of aging are required before deboning in order to obtain more tender fillets.

• Composites Research
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.35-40
• /
• 2017

In this study, natural fiber composites including flax fiber reinforcement was manufactured. It was tried to find optimum design of drill and machining factor for minimizing the damage during hole machining in natural fiber composites. Taguchi optimization was used for minimizing the number of experiments and evaluation of the effect of machining factor during hole machining in natural fiber composites. The experimental results indicate that the newly designed drill distributes cutting resistance well and minimizes surface roughness and produces fine surfaces. Developed new drill has been dispersed in the cutting resistance during processing, it was possible to obtain the smooth hole surface. Also, it was found that optimal rotational speed and feed rate of drill for hole machining.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
• /
• v.10B no.2
• /
• pp.179-188
• /
• 2003

In content-based image retrieval, the query is an image itself and the retrieval process is the process that seeking the similar images to the given query image. In this way of retrieval, the user has to know the basic physical features of target images that he wants to retrieve. But it has some restriction because to retrieve the target image he has to know the basic physical feature space such as color, texture, shape and spatial relationship. In this paper, we propose an emotion-based retrieval system. It uses the emotion that color images have. It is different from past emotion-based image retrieval in point of view that it uses relevance feedback to estimate the users intend and it is easily combined with past content-based image retrieval system. To test the performance of our proposed system, we use MPEG-7 color descriptor and emotion language such as "warm", "clean", "bright" and "delight" We test about 1500 wallpaper images and get successful result.lpaper images and get successful result.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
• /
• v.16B no.3
• /
• pp.247-256
• /
• 2009

Typical pseudo-relevance feedback methods assume the top-retrieved documents are relevant and use these pseudo-relevant documents to expand terms. The initial retrieval set can, however, contain a great deal of noise. In this paper, we present a cluster-based resampling method to select better pseudo-relevant documents based on the relevance model. The main idea is to use document clusters to find dominant documents for the initial retrieval set, and to repeatedly feed the documents to emphasize the core topics of a query. Experimental results on large-scale web TREC collections show significant improvements over the relevance model. For justification of the resampling approach, we examine relevance density of feedback documents. The resampling approach shows higher relevance density than the baseline relevance model on all collections, resulting in better retrieval accuracy in pseudo-relevance feedback. This result indicates that the proposed method is effective for pseudo-relevance feedback.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.9-25
• /
• 1991

This tutorial paper has been written for biologists, physicians or beginners in fuzzy sets theory and applications. This field is introduced in the framework of medical diagnosis problems. The paper describes and illustrates with practical examples, a general methodology of special interest in the processing of borderline cases, that allows a graded assignment of diagnoses to patients. A pattern of medical knowledge consists of a tableau with linguistic entries or of fuzzy propositions. Relationships between symptoms and diagnoses are interpreted as labels of fuzzy sets. It is shown how possibility measures (soft matching) can be used and combined to derive diagnoses after measurements on collected data. The concepts and methods are illustrated in a biomedical application on inflammatory protein variations. In the case of poor diagnostic classifications, it is introduced appropriate ponderations, acting on the characterizations of proteins, in order to decrease their relative influence. As a consequence, when pattern matching is achieved, the final ranking of inflammatory syndromes assigned to a given patient might change to better fit the actual classification. Defuzzification of results (i.e. diagnostic groups assigned to patients) is performed as a non fuzzy sets partition issued from a "separating power", and not as the center of gravity method commonly employed in fuzzy control. It is then introduced a model of fuzzy connectionist expert system, in which an artificial neural network is designed to build the knowledge base of an expert system, from training examples (this model can also be used for specifications of rules in fuzzy logic control). Two types of weights are associated with the connections: primary linguistic weights, interpreted as labels of fuzzy sets, and secondary numerical weights. Cell activation is computed through MIN-MAX fuzzy equations of the weights. Learning consists in finding the (numerical) weights and the network topology. This feed forward network is described and illustrated in the same biomedical domain as in the first part.

• Journal of Powder Materials
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.302-311
• /
• 2010

In this research, the refinement behavior of the coarse magnesium powders fabricated by gas atomization was investigated as a function of milling time using a short duration high-energy ball milling equipment, which produces fine powders by means of an ultra high-energy within a short duration. The microstructure, hardness, and formability of the powders were investigated as a function of milling time using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Vickers micro-hardness tester and magnetic pulsed compaction. The particle morphology of Mg powders changed from spherical particles of feed metals to irregular oval particles, then platetype particles, with increasing milling time. Due to having HCP structure, deformation occurs due to the existence of the easily breakable C-axis perpendicular to the base, resulting in producing plate-type powders. With increasing milling time, the particle size increased until 5 minutes, then decreased gradually reaching a uniform size of about 50 micrometer after 20 minutes. The relative density of the initial power was 98% before milling, and mechanically milled powder was 92~94% with increase milling time (1~5 min) then it increased to 99% after milling for 20 minutes because of the change in particle shapes.

• Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.27-33
• /
• 2005

Soy protein meat analog was produced using a twin-screw extruder attached with a cooling die. Heat transfer analysis was performed for cooling dies with various die sizes at the four different moisture contents of feed during extrusion process. The experimental design consisted of two cooling die widths (30 and 60 mm), three cooling die lengths (100, 200, and 300 mm), four product moisture contents (71.2, 67.0, 61.6 and 55.8%), and water and water plus ethylene glycol as cooling material. When water was used as cooling medium, the values of equivalent overall heat transfer coefficient $(U_e)$ for each die width of 30 and 60 mm were in the range of 187.0 - 341.4 and $358.5-191.6W/m^2^{\circ}C$ depending on the size of die length. Convective heat transfer coefficients between cooling water and inside die wall of cooling channel $(h_c)$ for both die widths of 30 and 60 mm were 588.5, 416.1, and $339.8W/m^2^{\circ}C$ for each die length of 100, 200, and 300 mm. Convective heat transfer coefficients between product and inside die wall of product channel $(h_p)$ for each die width of 30 and 60 mm were in the range of $434.6-888.1W/m^2^{\circ}C$ and $460.7-1014.5W/m^2^{\circ}C$ depending on the size of die length. When water plus ethylene glycol was used as cooling medium, the values of $U_e$ were in the range of $143.9-319.6W/m^2^{\circ}C$ and $177.8-332.7W/m^2^{\circ}C$ for each die width of 30 and 60 mm depending on the size of die length.