• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.1128-1133
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• 1998

압출성형에 의한 난소화성 전분형성효과를 알아보고자 식품산업에 널리 이용되는 쌍축형(twin-screw) 압출성형기(extruder)를 사용하여 일반적으로 난소화성 전분 형성에 많이 사용되는 고아밀로즈 옥수수 전분의 압출성형 실험을 행하였다. 압출성형시 압출조건에 따른 난소화성 전분수율을 회분식 고압가열과 냉각에 의한 난소화성 제조방법과 비교, 실험하였다. 압출성형 조건은 스크류 회전 속도를 100 rpm으로 고정하여 바렐온도(100, 120, $140^{\circ}C$) 3가지 조건과 투입원료 수분함량(25, 35, 45%) 3가지 조건으로 총 9가지 조건에서 압출성형하였다. 또한 압출성형 전분의 $4^{\circ}C$ 저장시의 난소화성 수율 변화를 측정하였다. 난소화성 전분 측정법으로는 생체내 소화효소 반응과 유사한 pancreatin을 이용한 방법과 내열성 아밀라제 (Termamyl)에 의한 방법 2가지를 비교 실험하였다. Pancreatin을 이용한 난소화성 전분 수율 비교시 바렐온도가 낮을 때$(100^{\circ}C)$와 원료수분함량이 높을 때(45%)의 압출성형 전분이 가장 높은 수율(38.4%)을 나타내어 회분식 가열 냉각 5회 반복 처리한 시료의 난소화성 수율(25%) 보다 높았다. 같은 압출성형조건에서는 일반 전분의 압출성형전분이 고아밀로즈 압출성형 전분보다 낮은 난소화성 전분수율을 나타냈다. 내열성 아밀라제(Termamyl)에 의한 전분 수율 비교시, 회분식 가열냉각 5회 처리 시료는 27.5%의 수율을 보였으며 이는 압출 성형 전분의 난소화성 수율$(11.6{\sim}15.4%)$보다 다소 높은 값을 보였으며 같은 압출성형 조건에서 일반전분의 압출성형전분이 고아밀로즈 압출성형 전분보다 낮은 난소화성 전분수율을 나타냈다. 압출성형 고아밀로즈전분의 $4^{\circ}C$ 저장실험에서 4주 저장후 난소화성 수율은 pancreatin을 이용한 경우에는 바렐온도가 낮은 경우$(100^{\circ}C)$ 3가지 투입원료 조건(25, 35, 45%) 모두에서 60% 수준의 높은 난소화성 수율을 보였으나 내열성 아밀라제를 사용한 난소화성 수율은 상대적으로 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 이는 압출성형 전분의 $4^{\circ}C$ 저장시 호화된 전분의 일부 재결정화로 형성된 난소화성 전분이 $95^{\circ}C$ 30분간의 열처리 및 내열성 아밀라제의 처리에 의해 분해가능한 전분으로, 완전한 결정성구조를 가진 전분이 아닌 것으로 사료된다.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.99-108
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• 1998

Results obtained from this research showed that the anaerobic contact process was applicable to pear waste with COD removal efficiencies of up to $95\%$ depending on conditions, provided ammonium and phosphate salts were added as well as other nutrients, present in the commercial fertilizer, Milorganite or in yeast extract. These latter materials were required in minimum concentrations of 5 and 1.5 g/L, respectively, in the feed independent of HRT and volatile solids loading rate, with part of the effect due to the mineral fraction. Digestion was satisfactory over the whole range of volatile solids loading rates and liquid retention time of 30 to 0.5 days tested, although treatment efficiency dropped off noticeably between 1 and 0.5 day liquid retention time because of poorer flocculation and separation of anaerobic bacteria. Settling of anaerobic bacteria including methane producing bacteria was related to settling of mixed liquor suspended solids only at 1 to 5 days liquid retention times, at other liquid retention times anaerobic microorganism settled markedly less efficiently than mixed liquor suspended solids. Further studies are being made to provide information of practical and basic interest. Data on the composition of the active fraction of yeast extract might solve many practical nutrient problems encountered with the anaerobic contact process and improve its economics. Further improvement in the flocculation and settling of anaerobic bacteria as well as other bacteria would improve overall performance and allow the use of shorter liquid retention times with dilute waste. Knowledge about the numbers of methane formers present would allow a degree of understanding and control of the process not presently attainable.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.1661-1665
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• 2003

A feeding trial was conducted for 60 days to study the utilization of fruits processing wastes as feed ingredient in the diet of Labeo rohita fingerlings. One hundred and sixty fingerlings (av. body weight, $1.65g{\pm}0.03$) were equally distributed in four experimental groups having 4 replicates each. Four different experimental diets were prepared by replacing wheat flour and rice bran with either orange (T2) (Cirtus qurantium), pineapple (T3) (Ananas spp. and Pseudananas spp.) or sweet lime (T4) (Citrus sinensis) wastes to the basal diet along with the control (T1, without any fruit wastes) keeping the CP level at around 40%. The water quality parameters like DO, $CO_2$, pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, ammonia and water temperature were recorded within the optimum range. The diet containing 25% pineapple wastes (T3) showed significantly higher growth in terms of SGR (1.50), FCR (2.09) and PER (1.19) than the other groups. However, growth of T4 and T2 groups were not significantly different than the control group (T1). Protease activity (17.17 unit/mg protein), protein digestibility (91.57%) and carbohydrate digestibility (41.62%) were not significantly different among the different groups. Survival of the fingerlings were not significantly different among the experimental groups. It concludes that waste of orange, pineapple and sweet lime can be used at 25% level as a substitute of wheat flour and rice bran in the diet of Labeo rohita.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.3106-3106
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• 2001

Imaging spectrometry or hyperspectral imaging is a recent development that makes possible quantitative and qualitative measurement for food quality and safety. This paper presents the research results that a hyperspectral imaging system can be used effectively for detecting fecal (from duodenum, cecum, and colon) and ingesta contamination on poultry carcasses from the different feed meals (wheat, mile, and corn with soybean) for poultry safety inspection. A hyperspectral imaging system has been developed and tested for the identification of fecal and ingesta surface contamination on poultry carcasses. Hypercube image data including both spectral and spatial domains between 430 and 900 nm were acquired from poultry carcasses with fecal and ingesta contamination. A transportable hyperspectral imaging system including fiber optically fabricated line lights, motorized lens control for line scans, and hypercube image data from contaminated carcasses with different feeds are presented. Calibration method of a hyperspectral imaging system is demonstrated using different lighting sources and reflectance panels. Principal Component and Minimum Noise Fraction transformations will be discussed to characterize hyperspectral images and further image processing algorithms such as image band ratio of dual-wavelength images and its histogram stretching with thresholding process will be demonstrated to identify fecal and ingesta materials on poultry carcasses. This algorithm could be further applied for real-time classification of fecal and ingesta contamination on poultry carcasses in the poultry processing line.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권10호
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• pp.1479-1485
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• 2008

Two completely randomized block design experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation processing of canola meal on performance parameters of broiler chicks (Ross 308) and protein quality of canola meal. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein ratio (NPR) were measured as indices of canola meal protein quality. Samples of canola meal were tested for nutritional value after being irradiated at dose levels 10, 20 and 30 kGy. Glucosinolate content was reduced 40, 70 and 89 percent at irradiation dose levels of 10, 20 and 30 kGy respectively (p<0.01). Percent of erucic acid in total fatty acid content increased 44, 58 and 48% as a function of radiation dose (p<0.01). Dose levels did not affect feed conversion ratio (FCR) and body weight gain of chicks (p>0.05). Liver weight was decreased by irradiation dose (p<0.05). The same trend was observed for kidney weights, but this trend was not significant (p>0.05). Gamma irradiation processing of canola meal had no significant effect on $T_3$ level in blood of chickens that consumed canola meal, but $T_4$ level of chicken blood at the 30 kGy dose decreased significantly (p<0.05). PER and NPR were not affected by radiation dose level (p>0.05). Gamma irradiation seems to be a good procedure to improve the nutritional quality of canola meal.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권7호
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• pp.980-987
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• 2012

In order to investigate the effect of physical forms of starter diets on performance, weaning age, nutrient digestibility and rumen biochemical factors, 24 female of neonatal Brown Swiss calves (average body weight of $39.5{\pm}1.2kg$) were randomly assigned to three treatments. Dietary treatments were mashed (MS), pelleted (PS), and texturized (TS) starter using 8 calves from birth till 90 days of age in each treatment. Diets were formulated to be iso-nitrogenous with 21% crude protein. Based on the experimental results, calves that received PS and TS diets, had significant higher average daily gain (ADG) than those receiving MS (p<0.01). Dry matter intake in calves fed PS and TS was greater than calves fed MS (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in feed efficiency. Treatments had no effect on initiation of rumination. Weaning age of calves in MS was longer than the other two treatments (p<0.05). Crude protein and organic matter digestibility in MS treated calves were lower than other treatments (p<0.05). No differences were observed in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and ash digestibility among treatments (p>0.05). Ruminal pH was higher (p<0.01) in MS than the other groups, but ruminal ammonia (g/dl) concentration was not different among the treatments. Body measurements such as body length, pin width, hip width, pin to hip length, size of metacarpus and metatarsus bones, hip height, wither height, stomach size and heart girth were not significantly different among the treatments. Overall, it is concluded that starter diets in the form of pellet and texture can improve performance in neonatal Brown Swiss calves compared to the mashed form.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.851-858
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine effects of whole (intact), coarsely-ground (4 mm), finely-ground (1 mm), steam-flaked and steam-flaked-ground (1 mm) corns on in vitro and in situ DM digestibilities and also in vitro fermentation characteristics. After 48 h incubation, in vitro dry matter digestibilities of whole, steam-flaked, coarsely-ground, steam-flaked-ground, and finely-ground corns were 6.79, 61.68, 76.48, 85.72 and 90.31%, respectively. Steam-flaked-ground corn showed the highest digestibility until 24 h incubation (p<0.01). After 48 h incubation, pH of whole corn decreased with a small range. However the values of pH of other media significantly decreased (p<0.01). The gas productions of finely-ground and steam-flaked-ground corns were higher than those of the other corns (p<0.01). After 24 h incubation, $NH_3$-N concentration of finely-ground and steam-flaked-ground corns increased rapidly. Total VFA was the highest in finely-ground corn, followed by steam-flaked-ground, steam-flaked, coarsely-ground and whole corns. Incorporating steam-flaked corn resulted in the highest propionate concentration (p<0.01) and the lowest acetate : propionate value (p<0.05). Finely-ground corn showed the highest in situ DM digestibility throughout the incubation period (p<0.01), followed by coarsely-ground, steam-flaked and whole corns, respectively. Overall, DM of whole corn was merely digested in vitro as well as in situ.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.47-58
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• 2015

Four recycling scenarios involving pyroprocessing of spent fuel (SF) have been investigated for a 600-MWe transmutation sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR), KALIMER. Performance evaluation was done with code system REBUS connected with TRANSX and TWODANT. Scenario Number 1 is the pyroprocessing of Canada deuterium uranium (CANDU) SF. Because the recycling of CANDU SF does not have any safety problems, the CANDU-Pyro-SFR system will be possible if the pyroprocessing capacity is large enough. Scenario Number 2 is a feasibility test of feed SF from a pressurized water reactor PWR. Thefsensitivity of cooling time before prior to pyro-processing was studied. As the cooling time sensitivity of cooling time before prior to pyro-processing was studied. As the cooling time increases, excess reactivity at the beginning of the equilibrium cycle (BOEC) decreases, thereby creating advantageous reactivity control and improving the transmutation performance of minor actinides. Scenario Number 3 is a case study for various levels of recovery factors of transuranic isotopes (TRUs). If long-lived fission products can be separated during pyroprocessing, the waste that is not recovered is classified as low- and intermediate-level waste, and it is sufficient to be disposed of in an underground site due to very low-heat-generation rate when the waste cooling time becomes >300 years at a TRU recovery factor of 99.9%. Scenario Number 4 is a case study for the recovery factor of rare earth (RE) isotopes. The RE isotope recovery factor should be lowered to ${\leq}20%$ in order to make sodium void reactivity less than <7$, which is the design limit of a metal fuel.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.223-231
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• 2005

A quantitative risk assessment tool was used to provide estimates of the probability that foot-and-mouth (FMD) virus-contaminated, smuggled animal products are fed to susceptible swine in Korea. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to attempt to distinguish between parameter uncertainty and variability, using different assumptions on the effect of cooking at home, the effect of the fresh meat, and the effect of heat treatment at garbage processing facility. The median risk estimate was about 20.1% with a mean value of 27.4%. In a scenario regarding all beef and pork were considered as fresh meat the estimated median risk was 3.4%. The risk was greatly dependent on the survival parameters of the FMD virus during the cooking or heat treatment at garbage processing facility. Uncertainty about the proportion of garbage that is likely contaminated with FMD had a major positive influence on the risk, whereas conversion rate representing the size of a load had a major negative effect. This model was very useful in assessing the risk explored. However, the model also requires enhancements, such as the availability of more accurate data to verify the various assumptions considered such as FMD prevalence in a specific country, proportion of garbage which is recycled as feed, proportion of food discarded as garbage. Other factors including the effect of selection of animals for slaughter, ante- and post-mortem inspection, the domestic distribution of the smuggled products, and susceptible animals other than pigs, are need to be taken into account in the future model development.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.645-654
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• 2016

For the purpose of reuse the wasted by-products from the skate process to the health functional food or medicinal material, chondroitin sulfate was extracted from the skate cartilage with the method of hydrolysis with protease enzyme, and the contents of chondroitin sulfate and hydrolyzed protein were measured qualitatively and quantitatively. The effects of chondroitin sulfate on body weight or liver weight changes, hepatotoxicity elimination and anti-inflammatory actions were measured from in vivo test with feed-treated mice. From the hydrolytic extraction of skate cartilage with the mixture of 1% alcalase and 1% protease for 4 hours, the extraction yield of chondroitin sulfate was about 32.55%. The content and molecular weight of chondroitin sulfate was 26.63% and $2.85{\times}10^5Da$., respectively and the content ratio of chondroitin sulfate to protein was measured to 1 to 2.76 with gel permeation chromatography. For the odor component, trimethylamine decreased about 30% but almost not ammonia from chondroitin sulfate with the treatment of activated carbon. From the feeding chondroitin sulfate to mice, the control effect of body and liver weights decrease was measured, anti-inflammatory action and hepatotoxicity elimination action were also measured. From these results, process operation conditions for manufacturing of chondroitin sulfate were suggested.