• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.75-86
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• 2002

Adequate forage amounts in ruminant animal are necessary for proper ruminal function in dairy cow. This study was carried out to determine the effect of total mixed fermentation feeds made by different green forage crops and grain processings on chemical compositions, RFV (relative feed value) and ruminal characteristics in sheep. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with 4 replications. The main plot consisted of 6 kinds of green forages (corn, grass, rye, rape, alfalfa and oat) and the sub plots three different grain processings such as non-milling, half milling (7mm mesh over), and regular milling (7mm mesh below). And the different TMFFs (total mixed fermentation feeds) were analyzed for chemical composition and fed to 8 ruminally fistulated sheep for ruminal charactics and palatability. RFV, daily feed intake, acetate/propionate ratio of the rape-TMFFs were higher compared with the other treatment. Ruminal content of VFA (volatile fatty acid) of corn-TMFF was highest as 90.19 mmol% and pH of the feed was lowest as 3.82. But, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid were no difference among treatments. In conclusion, the effect of grain proceeding was not appeared but if consider of only RFV, palatability and dry matter disappearance, grade of TMFF was improved in order of rape-, corn-, alfalfa-, grass-, oat- and rye-TMFF.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.429-436
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• 2017

A design thinking-based collaborative workshop in which various stakeholders in the milk processing industry circulation ecosystem participated shows a new problem innovation paradigm that encourages the spread of practical prototyping culture. in the expression of empathy and collective intelligence among members on facing issues, the conversion of collaboration and communication methods, the business handling of the organization based on the design work method as 'creativity mechanism'. In this workshop, which was promoted in three stages of 'approach to problems', 're-definition of problems', and 'experience-based future vision design', participants themselves redefine real problems in terms of the accuracy of feed orders between feed suppliers and livestock farmers, ordering of feeds on time, cost reduction of feed supply and present new alternatives and expanded business areas. The results suggested in this workshop suggest the usefulness of design thinking in business innovation in that they presented how to approach the problem and a creative thinking system to find its solution to direct and indirect stakeholders of the industry as well as the improvement of supply and demand rate of livestock feed and quality.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.645-652
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• 2000

A total of 80 piglets ($5.18{\pm}0.61kg$ of BW; 16 d of age) were fed experimental diets to evaluate the effect of extruded full-fat soybean (EFS) on the growth of eatly weaned pigs. Pigs were allotted into five treatments based on body weight, in a completely randomized block design. Each treatment has 4 replicates of 4 animals each. Treatments consisted of diets representing substitutional ratios of EFS for soybean meal. 1) 100:0 (SBM), 2) 75:25 (EFS 25), 3) 50:50 (EFS 50), 4) 25:75 (EFS 75) and 5) 0:100 (EFS 100). During phase I (d 0 to 7), piglets were fed diets containing 3,340 kcal ME, 26% crude protein, 1.85% lysine, 1.0% Ca and 0.9% P. For phase II (d 8 to 21), piglets were fed diets supplying 3,340 kcal ME, 23% crude protein, 1.65% lysine, 0.9% Ca and 0.8% P. Urease activity (pH rise) of EFS (0.18) was three times higher than that of SBM (0.06) indicating that processing conditions were not efficient enough to inactivate urease activity. During the first week postweaning, pigs fed SBM had significantly greater average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and better feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to pigs fed FFS diets. Linear negative effect on growth rate was found as the inclusion rate of FFS increased. During d 8 - 21 postweaning, piglets fed EFS 50 diet showed the best ADG and FCR despite no significant difference between treatment SBM and EFS 25 have been observed. Overall, piglets fed diets up to 50% FFS inclusion rate exhibited similar weight gain. Only piglets fed EFS 100 diet showed a significantly decreased growth rate. No other significant effect was found in feed intake and feed conversion ratio. At d 7, dry matter digestibility was higher in pigs fed SBM diet than piglets fed EFS 75 diet (p<0.05) and crude protein digestibility was higher in piglets fed SBM diet than piglets fed EFS 50, EFS 75 and EFS 100 (p<0.05). At d 21, no difference other than in phosphorus digestibility was detected. This indicates that piglets at 21 d postweaning are capable of utilizing nutrients from FFS. No treatment effects were detected in blood metabolites. The data suggests that piglets at 16 d of age are not sufficiently mature to use extruded FFS in their diets. Nevertheless, FFS seemed to be able to replace upto 50% of SBM in weaned piglet diet.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.271-278
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• 2011

Considering the importance of cassava as food crops in humid tropics, the effect of feed moisture (20, 25%) and barrel temperature (110, $130^{\circ}C$) on physical properties (piece density, expansion, mechanical properties, color, water solubility index, water absorption index) and pasting properties of extruded cassava starch was investigated. The feed moisture used during extrusion processing had a significant effect on extrudates SME input, specific length and piece density at (p<0.05) while effect on cross-sectional expansion index, apparent elastic modulus and breaking strength in bending shown significantly at p<0.1. Furthermore, the interaction effect of feed moisture and barrel temperature gave a significantly affected the SME input and piece density (p<0.1), specific length (p<0.05) and on redness (p<0.01). The increase in water injection rate led to increase in piece density, apparent elastic modulus, breaking strength in bending, cold peak viscosity, breakdown and final viscosity and decrease in cross-sectional expansion index and specific length. It was found that the extrusion cooking process did not affect the value of color L, color b, water solubility index and water absorption index. Thus, the results of this study can be useful to some extent in developing extruded cassava starch as human and animal feeds.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.1666-1684
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• 2023

Objective: Our objective was to examine the relationships of supplemental rumen-protected lysine (RPL) or lysine + methionine (RPLM) on lactational performance, plasma amino acids (AA) concentration, and nitrogen use efficiency of lactating dairy cows by using a meta-analysis approach. Methods: A total of 56 articles comprising 77 experiments with either RPL or RPLM supplementation were selected and analyzed using a mixed model methodology by considering the treatments and other potential covariates as fixed effects and different experiments as random effects. Results: In early lactating cows, milk yield was linearly increased by RPL (β₁ = 0.013; p<0.001) and RPLM (β₁ = 0.014; p<0.028) but 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM) and energy-corrected milk (ECM) (kg/d) was increased by only RPL. RPL and RPLM did not affect dry matter intake (DMI) but positively increased (p<0.05) dairy efficiency (Milk yield/DMI and ECM/DMI). As a percentage, milk fat, protein, and lactose were unchanged by RPL or RPLM but the yield of all components was increased (p<0.05) by feeding RPL while only milk protein was increased by feeding RPLM. Plasma Lys concentration was linearly increased (p<0.05) with increasing supplemental RPL while plasma Met increased (p<0.05) by RPLM supplementation. The increase in plasma Lys had a strong linear relationship (R² = 0.693 in the RPL dataset and R² = 0.769 in the RPLM dataset) on milk protein synthesis (g/d) during early lactation. Nitrogen metabolism parameters were not affected by feeding RPL or RPLM, either top-dress or when supplemented to deficient diets. Lactation performance did not differ between AA-deficient or AA-adequate diets in response to RPL or RPLM supplementation. Conclusion: RPL or RPLM showed a positive linear relationship on the lactational performance of dairy cows whereas greater improvement effects were observed during early lactation. Supplementing RPL or RPLM is recommended on deficient-AA diet but not on adequate-AA diet.

• Composites Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.23-28
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• 2011

Recently CFRP laminate joints process by bolts and nets are developed rapidly in aircraft industries. However, there are serious drawback during jointing process. Many hole processes are needed for the manufacturing and structural applications using composite materials. Generally, very durable polycrystalline crystalline diamond (PCD) drill has been used for the CFRP hole process. However, due to the expensive price and slow process speed, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond drill has been used increasingly which are relatively-low durability but easily-adjustable process speed via drill shape change and price is much lower. In this study, the comparison of hole process between PCD and CVD diamond coated drills was done. First of all, CFRP hole processbility was evaluated using the equations of hole processing conditions (feed amount per blade, feed speed). The comparison on thermal damage occurring from the CFRP specimen was also studied during drilling process. Empirical equation was made from the temperature photo profile being taken during hole process by infrared thermal camera. In addition, hole processability was compared by checking hole inside condition upon chip exhausting state for two drills. Generally, although the PCD can exhibit better hole processability, hole processing speed of CVD diamond drill exhibited faster than PCD case.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.91-102
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• 1979

The basic problem of the broiler industry is that of fluctuating prices, mainly thanks to unstable supply of and inelastic demand for products as usually indicated as a peculiarity of agricultural commodities. This particularly brings the producer to a great economic risk, because he has to sell products under the condition of pure competition, whereas others from whom he has to buy deal under the condition of oligopoly or even monopoly. Therefore, producers economic position is generally placed in the worst comparing others dealing with, which results in unbalanced economic status of elements involved in broiler operation and further obstruction of industry development as a whole. A certain type of business coordination to overcome such a problem should be measured in order to improve the efficiency of entire operation and thus assure the balanced industry development. The concept of the economic integration developed in modern business system had been adapted to U.S. poultry industry which became common later around the world as a means of stabilizing producers price and whole industry as well. There are two main typos of integration; horizontal and vertical The former refers to the general grouping of similar business units, eg. a hatchery tying with other hatchery, while the latter refers to the knitting together of two or more stages of economic activities, eg. tying together among units of hatching, fled milling, production, processing and marketing. By having the industry integrated, risk and uncertainty involved in various stages of operation could be diversified. The typo of integrating contract between producers and integrators include the share of profits, flat fee payment, feed conversion payment and salary basis. In the U.S., extensive changes in production, processing, and marketing during the last few decades have changed the thicken broiler industry from one of small, widely scattered farms to one that is largo, concentrated and efficient. More than 99 percent of all broilers produced are grown under contract and by integrated firms which vary in size of operation and complexity. About 84 percent of all production is concentrated in 10 States. Some of the other factors ;hat contributed to these choses arc costs, energy use, prices, processing, marketing and demand. No integrated broiler production system has yet been applied in Korea's poultry industry, thus all stages all broiler operation run independently seeking for its own profit. Consequently, producers price fluctuate very widely around the year even more than 50 percent in a few months. This also leads to disadvantages of material supplies, processors and distributors and enforce the industry unstable. The current economic environment in Korea seems that the time for broiler integration comes and as an ideal integrator, feed millers, food processors and producers group may be considered.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.488-494
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• 2012

This study was conducted to determine the optimal ratio of sludges from milk processing industry (MPS), paper-mill industry (PMS) and night-soil treatment plant (NSS) for vermicomposting. Five different ratios, 0 : 80 : 20 (MPS-0), 25 : 60 : 15 (MPS-25), 50 : 40 : 10 (MPS-50), 75 : 20 : 5 (MPS-75), and 100 : 0 : 0 (MPS-100 : control) MPS : PMS : NSS by wet weight were tested in a small plot experiment. The experiment for each mixing ratio was performed for 2 weeks with the three replications. MPS-100 (100 : 0 : 0) only had the highest decomposition rate with 19.9%, followed by MPS-25, MPS-50, MPS-75 and MPS-0 with 19.5, 19.1, 17.6 and 16.7%, respectively. Except for MPS-100, Vermicomposting resulted in increase in ash, T-P, $NO_2{^-}-N$, $NO_3{^-}-N$, Mg, K, As, Cd and Cu, whereas moisture, VS (Volatile Substance), TKN (Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen), $NH_4{^+}-N$, Ca, Hg and Pb were lower in the final cast than the initial feed mixture. Meanwhile Zn showed very slight difference and Cr and Ni did not show any tendency between the feed mixture and the final cast. In the case of MPS-100, where the decomposition rate was the highest, all the heavy metals in the final cast except for Hg were increased. All the vermicomposts produced from five different mixing ratios of the vermicomposting sludges met the Korea Standard as by-product compost.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.164-170
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• 2017

The CNC machine tool field is showing a growing trend with the recent rapid development of manufacturing industries such as semiconductors, automobiles, medical devices, various inspection and test equipment, mechanical metal processing equipment, aircraft, shipbuilding and electronic equipment. However, small and medium-sized machining companies that use CNC machine tools are experiencing difficulties in increasingly intense competition. Especially, small companies which are receiving orders from 3rd or 4th venders are very difficult in business management. In recent years, company S experienced difficulty to make product quality and delivery time due to the ignorance of the processing method when manufacturing cooling plate jig made of SUS304 material used for cell phone liquid crystal glass processing. In order to solve these problems, we redesigned the process according to the size of our company and tried to manage all processes with quantified data. In the meantime, we have found that there is a need to improve the cutter process, which accounts for most of the machining process. Therefore, we have investigated the correlation between RPM and FEED of three cutters that have been used in the past. As a result, we found that it is the most urgent problem to solve the roughing process during the cutter operation which occupies more than 70% of the total machining. In order to shorten the machining time and improve the quality in machining of SUS304 cooling plate jig, we select the main factors such as price, tool life, maintenance cost, productivity, quality, RPM, and FEED and use AHP to find the most suitable milling cutter. We also tried to solve the problem of delivery, quality and production capacity which was a big problem of S company through experiment operation with selected cutter tool. As a result, the following conclusions were drawn. First, the most efficient of the three cutters currently available in the machining center has proven to be an M-cutter. Second, although one additional facility was required, it was possible to produce the existing facilities without additional investment by supplementing the lack of production capacity due to productivity improvement. Third, the Company's difficulties in delivery and capacity shortfalls have been resolved. Fourth, annual sales increased by KRW 109 million and profits increased by KRW 32 million annually. Fifth, it can confirm the usefulness of AHP method in corporate decision making and it can be utilized in various facility investment and process improvement in the future.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.81-92
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• 2009

This study investigated the occurrence of residues derived animals produced during the process of slaughter and the subsequent channels of processing those residues derived animals; the status of recycling of these residues derived animals by recycling business is investigated to utilize the results as the basic data for management purposes. At present, animal slaughter is highly specialized and the residues derived animals obtained from the slaughter of animals are separated and dissected into different parts to serve as fodder and residual compost. Some of the residues derived animals obtained from slaughter, which are edible are utilized for edible purposes and those parts which are not edible such as horns, claws, fats etc. are confirmed to be recycled. Poultry residues derived animals are mostly recycled as single-component feed, used as original forms, residual compost whereas fish remains are recycled mostly as singlecomponent feed etc. Most of the companies that recycle residues derived animals are situated in provinces such as Jeollanamdo, Jeollabukdo, Gyeongsangnamdo, Gyeongsangbukdo, where many of the slaughterhouses are located. And many of these recylcing business find themselves in the vicinity of these slaughterhouse. Majority of these slaughterhouse are capable of processing residues derived animals in the range of 10~60 ton/day, which is quite small in terms of processing capacity. The problem encountered in the recycling of the residues derived animals is the occurrence of foul smell caused by the decomposition, for which appropriate measures have to be taken. The residues derived animals are on many occasions directly collected and transported to save costs and secure required amount of residues derived animals.