• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.963-968
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• 1997

Cereals and legumes were ground, blended and extruded with a twin-screw extruder to form a reconstituted grain. The basic formula was as follows: brown rice 30%, barley 30%, wheat 20%, millet 5%, sorghum 5%, soybean 7%, and red bean 3%. Extrusion conditions were properly set for feed moisture content of $24{\sim}30%$, barrel temperature of $50{\sim}60^{\circ}C$, and screw speed at 250 rpm. The extruded grain was air-dried and evaluated for quality characteristics, compared with milled rice. Size and shape of the reconstituted grain were similar to short-grain milled rice. Stacking volume of the reconstituted grain was a little higher than that of milled rice, and its water absorption was more rapid. From the texture measurements, hardness of cooked reconstituted grain was slightly lower and adhesiveness was appeared to be higher.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-4
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• 2009

A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding rate on growth and body composition of adult flounder during the summer season. Three replicated groups of the fish (initial mean weight of $535{\pm}4.1\;g$) were hand-fed a extruded diet twice a day at the different feeding rates of satiation (100%), 90%, 80% and 70% of satiation for 10 weeks. Mean Water temperature was $19.2{\pm}2.8^{\circ}C$ during the feeding trial. Weight gain and condition factor increased significantly with increase in daily feeding rate (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in weight gain of fish fed the diet between 100% and 90% of satiation. Survival and feed efficiency were not significantly different among all groups. Proximate composition of dorsal muscle was not significantly affected by feeding rate. Based on the results of this study, optimum feeding rate for growth and condition factor of adult flounder (535-928 g) seemed to be 90% of satiation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.1854-1863
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• 2019

Objective: To effectively use corn stover resources as animal feed, we explored the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of corn stover during field exposure and the fermentation characteristics of silage prepared with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and cellulase. Methods: Corn ears including the cobs and shucks were harvested at the ripe stage. The corn stover was exposed in the field under natural weather conditions. Silages were prepared after 0, 2, 4, 7, 15, 30, and 60 d of exposure. Corn stover was chopped into approximately 1 to 2 cm lengths and then packed into 5 liter plastic silos. The ensiling density was $550.1{\pm}20.0g/L$ of fresh matter, and the silos were kept at room temperature ($10^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$). Silage treatments were designed as follows: without additives (control), with LAB, with cellulase, and with LAB+ cellulase. After 45 d of fermentation, the silos were opened for chemical composition, fermentation quality and in vitro digestion analyses. Results: After harvest, corn stover contained 78.19% moisture, 9.01% crude protein (CP) and 64.54% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) on a dry matter (DM) basis. During field exposure, the DM, NDF, and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of corn stover increased, whereas the CP and water-soluble carbohydrate contents and in vitro digestibility of the DM and CP decreased (p<0.05). Compared to the control silage, cellulase-treated silage had lower (p<0.05) NDF and ADF contents. The pH values were lower in silage treated with LAB, cellulase, or LAB+cellulase, and lactic acid contents were higher (p<0.05) than those of the control. Silage treated with cellulase or LAB+cellulase improved (p<0.05) the in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) compared to that of the control or LAB-treated silage. Conclusion: Corn stover silage should be prepared using fresh materials since stover nutrients are lost during field exposure, and LAB and cellulase can improve silage fermentation and IVDMD.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.960-968
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• 2021

Since microalgae research started on late 18 century, they have been recognized as one of the most important bioresources used in bioindustry. Owing to the large efforts paid to industrial application of this microorganisms, their importance on food/feed and bioactive compounds has been further extending into the environmental research areas including alternative energy resources, mitigation of the carbon emission, and waste-water treatment. However, despite the importance on their industrial application, the fundamental research field related to the long-term preservation of microalgae culture has not received much attention. However, a less labor intensive and cost-efficient preservation technology enabling biologically active and stable microalgae-culture provides a key success factor in the biotechnological application. Therefore, this study investigated various cutting-edge microalgae cryopreservation technologies currently developed so far, mainly targeting Chlorophyta, which occupies the largest taxon in the classification system of microalgae. In addition, for the development of successful cryopreservation technique, the key factors such as temperature control effect and preservative effect during cryopreservation of microalgae culture were investigated. In addition, the problems with current preservation technology that is being used in Korean domestic biological resource banks and the international microalgal resource banks are described. According to our investigation, currently no standard method for long-term preservation of microalgae is available due to their various morphological and physiological characteristics. To overcome such issues, much more efforts on fundamental research area on the identification of specific biomarker used for microalgae taxonomical classification and further systemic approaches based on strain-specific cryopreservation methods needed.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.43-52
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• 2018

Livestock production is the second largest economic activity of Pakistan's rural population, more specifically; sixty-seven percent of Pakistan's total population that live in rural areas sources their income from livestock activities. As this subsector of agriculture within rural Pakistan is so critical to Pakistan's economy it is especially important to further develop the sector through the introduction of cost effective, efficient, and practical technologies. In an effort to improve such an important sector within the agriculture sector in Pakistan research has been carried out to better understand the capabilities and feasibility of leveraging Internet of Things based technologies, such as, microprocessors and microcontrollers within Pakistan's livestock production and management. The internet of Things can potentially allow for the scaling of small-scale rural livestock production to larger operations through cost effective and efficient livestock management through the application of IoT technologies. This paper discusses the architecture models of IoT based smart animal farms and delves into the pitfalls and advantages of applying IoT technologies in this sector. In this work we will explore the cheap sensors to monitor the internal activities of cattle farm with the aim of using these sensors as part of system to detect the important operations that need on the time response. This system should provide the feed and water as required, and control the temperature in sheds to protect the cattle being ill and on heat, and humidity level .internet connection used to connect these devices with smartphones or computers. In this paper we proposed the architecture model of IoT based smart animal farm.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.155-159
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• 2019

As a part of improving the quality for the fraction of the waste plastics pyrolysis oil (WPPO), the recovery of paraffin components contained in the fraction was investigated by dimethylformamide (DMF) equilibrium extraction. The fraction of a distilling temperature of $120{\sim}350^{\circ}C$ recovered from WPPO by the simple distillation and the aqueous solution of DMF were used as a raw material and solvent, respectively. The concentrations of paraffin components ($C_{12}$, $C_{14}$, $C_{16}$ and $C_{18}$) contained in the raffinate decreased by increasing the mass fraction of water in the solvent at an initial state ($y_{w,0}$), whereas, the concentrations of paraffin components contained in the raffinate increased by increasing the mass ratio of the solvent to the feed at an initial state $(S/F)_0$. The concentrations of $C_{12}$, $C_{14}$, $C_{16}$ and $C_{18}$ paraffin components present in the raffinate recovered at $(S/F)_0=10$ were about 1.37, 2.0, 2.46 and 3.16 times higher than those of the raw materials, respectively. Recovery rates (residue rates present in raffinate) of paraffin components rapidly increased with increasing $y_{w,0}$, and decreasing $(S/F)_0$. The raffinate recovered through this study was expected to be used as a renewable energy.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.477-481
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• 2022

As a part of improving the quality of crude methylnaphthalene (CMNO), this study was experimentally examined the reduction of nitrogen-containing compounds (NC) present in the CMNO by solvent extraction. The CMNO was composed of three kinds of NC [quinolone (QU), iso-quinoline (IQU), indole (IN)], three kinds of bicyclic aromatic compound [BAC; naphthalene (NA), 1-methylnaphthalene (1MNA), 2-methylnaphthalene (2MNA)] and biphenyl (BP) etc., in addition to an aqueous formamide solution, which were used as raw materials and a solvent, respectively. The increase in the volume fraction of water to the solvent in the initial state (y_w,0) caused a sharp decrease in the distribution coefficient and the yield of NC, but conversely raised the increased selectivity of NC based on 2MNA. The compositions of QU, IQU and IN in the raffinate oil recovered through the equilibrium extraction of batch co-current 5-stage under constant conditions [y_w,0 = 0.1, volume fraction of solvent to feed (CMNO) at the initial state = 1, operating temperature = 303 K, liquid-liquid contacting time = 72 h] were reduced by about 51.5%, 55.2%, and 71.8%, respectively, when compared to those of CMNO. From the excellent reduction rate of NC, the formamide extraction method suggested in this study can be expected to be a useful reduction method for NC contained in the CMNO.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.431-435
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• 2022

The reduction of nitrogen-containing compounds (NC) containing the model crude methylnaphthalene oil (CMNO) of 5 compounds system was experimentally studied by solvent extraction. The model CMNO consisting of 3 kinds of NC including quinolone (QU), iso-quinoline (IQU), indole(IN) and 2 kinds of bicyclic aromatic compounds such as 1-methylnaphthalene (1MNA), 2-methylnaphthalene (2MNA) as raw materials, as well as the aqueous solution of formamide as a solvent, were used. The increase in the volume fraction of water to the solvent at the initial state (y_w,0) sharply decreased, but the distribution coefficient and the yield of NC conversely increased the selectivity of NC based on 2MNA, and an increase in the volume fraction of solvent to feed (S/F) simultaneously increased the distribution coefficient, yield and selectivity of NC. The yields of QU, IQU and IN under constant conditions (y_w,0 = 0.1, S/F = 1, equilibrium temperature 303 K) were 30%, 31% and 10%, respectively, and selectivity was 15, 15 and 20, respectively. From the excellent yield and selectivity of NC, the formamide extraction method of this study was expected as a method for reducing the NC contained in the model CMNO.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.665-669
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• 2023

The crude methylnaphthalene oil (CMNO) contains nitrogen compounds (NCs) such as quinoline (QU), isoquinoline (IQU), and indole (IN). These NCs in the CMNO are treated as impurities contained in the CMNO due to contamination of the atmospheric environment and unpleasant odors. In order to improve the quality of CMNO, this study examined the effect of extraction experimental factors on the reduction of NCs contained in CMNO using CMNO as a raw material and an aqueous formamide solution as a solvent, respectively. The increase in the volume ratio of solvent to feed in initial (S/F)₀ in initial increased the distribution coefficient of NCs and the selectivity of NCs in reference to 2-methylnaphthalene (2MNA). Additionally, an increase in operating temperature (T) increased the distribution coefficient of NCs but conversely decreased selectivity. The compositions of QU, IQU, and IN in the raffinate oil recovered through equilibrium extraction under a constant condition (volume fraction of water to solvent in initial (y_w,0) = 0.1, (S/F)₀ = 9, T = 303 K, liquid-liquid contacting time = 72 h) were reduced by about 58.5 wt%, 61.9 wt%, and 73.4 wt%, respectively, compared to those of CMNO. The formamide extraction method in this study was expected to be an effective reduction method for NCs contained in CMNO.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2007

Sawdust biofiltration is an emerging bio-technology for control of ammonia emissions including compost odors from composting of biological wastes. Although sawdust is widely used as a medium for bulking agent in composting system and for microbial attachment in biofiltration systems, the performance of agitated bed composting and sawdust biofiltration are not well established. A pilot-scale composting of hog manure amended with sawdust and sawdust biofiltration systems for practical operation were investigated using aerated and agitated rectangular reactor with compost turner and sawdust biofilter operated under controlled conditions, each with a working capacity of approximately $40m^3\;and\;4.5m^3$ respectively. These were used to investigate the effect of compost temperature, seed germination rate and the C/N ratio of the compost on ammonia emissions, compost maturity and sawdust biofiltration performance. Temperature profiles showed that the material in three runs had been reached to temperature of 55 to $65^{\circ}C$ and above. The ammonia concentration in the exhaust gas of the sawdust biofilter media was below the maximum average value as 45 ppm. Seed germination rate levels of final compost was maintained from 70 to 93% and EC values of the finished compost varied between 2.8 and 4.8 ds/m, providing adequate conditions for plant growth.