• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 1994

Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of digestion temperature on the settleability and dewaterability of anaerobically digested sludge. The digesters were operated at a hydraulic retention time of 20 days with a loading rate of 0.63~0.66kg volatile solids per cubic meter per day at the temperature of $35^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$. A mixed primary and secondary municipal sludge was used as a feed. The interface height of the sludge during settling test was recorded to identify settleability. As a measure of dewaterability of the sludge, specific resistance and capillary suction time were also measured with and without chemical conditioning. Higher digestion efficiency was obtained at $55^{\circ}C$ than $35^{\circ}C$. However, the settleability and dewaterability of the sludge at $35^{\circ}C$ were quite higher than those of the sludge digested at $55^{\circ}C$. The optimum dosages of ferric chloride for sludge conditioning were 0.4% and 0.6% at $35^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$, respectively. The filtrate COD of the sludge digested at $55^{\circ}C$ was higher than at $35^{\circ}C$, which means that poor dewaterability of the sludge result in high filtrate COD.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제27권6호
• /
• pp.743-750
• /
• 2013

In this study, the carbonized aggregate of light weight and high mechanical strength using sewage sludge was evaluated with changing carbonation variables of temperature, detention time and feed condition. Porosity and mechanical strength was simultaneously increased according to increase of carbonization temperature unexpectedly. Carbonization detention time above 1 hour nearly affect on the porosity, but mainly on mechanical strength of the carbonized aggregate in case of clay addition. On $900^{\circ}C$, porosity and mechanical strength was increased rapidly, but above $1000^{\circ}C$, porosity began to decrease. Clay addition was very effective on increase of mechanical strength following much loss in porosity. The carbonized aggregate manufactured at $900^{\circ}C$ adding 30 % clay in sewage sludge was higher a little in porosity and 3 times in mechanical strength than those at $700^{\circ}C$ not adding clay. Consequently, in manufacturing the carbonized aggregate having simultaneously high porosity and mechanical strength, it is desirable to have operational condition of $900{\sim}1000^{\circ}C$ temperature and 1 hour time, and clay addition within 30 % for further higher mechanical strength.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한전기학회 1999년도 추계학술대회 논문집 학회본부 C
• /
• pp.906-908
• /
• 1999

The application of ozone solid polymer electrolyte or Membrel water electrolysis cells with $PbO_2$ anodes for anodic generation of ozone in electrolyte-free water is reported. Maximum yields were obtained at a temperature of $25^{\circ}C-30^{\circ}C$ and current density of about 1A/$cm^2$. The current efficiency was not found to depend on ozone concentration in the feed water. exclusive transference of electric current by protons absence of convection in the electrolyte and high oxygen oversaturatation in the vicinity of electrode

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제14권6호
• /
• pp.758-765
• /
• 2005

Instant powders that only require mixing with water prior to consumption can be produced by extrusion for use in products such as instant beverages. Both extrusion processing conditions and particle size of powder are important to end-product characteristics. In this study, a twin-screw extruder was used under various processing conditions (feed moisture, barrel temperature, and screw speed) to produce extrudates from soft wheat flour, which were ground to powders with particle size ranges of less than 93, 93-145, and $145-249\;{\mu}m$. Effects of adding soy lecithin to wheat flour before extrusion were also investigated. Water absorption, solubility, suspension viscosity, and dispersibility of wheat powders were related to specific. mechanical energy measured during extrusion. Powder particle size was important to instant properties, especially ease of dispersal in water and stability to sedimentation. Addition of lecithin significantly improved dispersibility of powders.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제55권5호
• /
• pp.567-574
• /
• 2022

Immunostimulating effects of fucoidan administration to rockfish Sebastes schlegelii at a concentration of 20 g/kg of diet were evaluated under high water temperature condition. The oral administration of fucoidan mixed with feed at a concentration of 20 g/kg of diet for 2 weeks increased the interleukin 1β gene in the intestine and kidney of fish by 5.7 and 6.3 times, respectively. In addition, when the water temperature was gradually increased from 24 to 31.4℃ for 2 weeks, LT₅₀ delayed by 24 h in the fucoidan treated group compared to that in the control group, and mortality also reduced. Streptococcus iniae infection at a concentration of 1.50×10⁰ CFU/fish at 28℃ delayed LT₅₀ by 12 h in the fucoidan-treated group. Furthermore, the overall survival rate was 0% in the control group and 20% in the fucoidan-treated group. This study confirmed the applicability of dietary additives such as fucoidan as an immune activator of rockfish under high temperature condition.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제41권2호
• /
• pp.113-118
• /
• 2008

Diel rhythm of oxygen consumption (OC) of the starry flounder Platichthys stellatus was measured at different water temperatures in a closed recirculating seawater system with a respiratory chamber. The fish consumed 70.5, 79.7, and 90.6 mg $O_2/kg/hr$ at 15, 20, and $25^{\circ}C$, respectively, showing a linear increase in OC with water temperature. The OC of fish showed a clear diel rhythm, with lower values during the day and higher values at night, in accordance with the light (09:00-21:00) and dark (21:00-09:00) phases of the diel cycle (12L:12D) in water at 15 and $20^{\circ}C$. However, the OC of the fish showed an unclear diel rhythm with the light and dark phases of the diel cycle at $25^{\circ}C$. The respective OC at 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$ was 63.8, 72.4, and 88.4 mg $O_2/kg/hr$ during the light phases and 77.2, 87.1, and 92.8 mg $O_2/kg/hr$ during the dark phase. The starry flounder is thought to be a nocturnal fish with a higher OC at night, while it rests during the day. Its OC was the most stable in the light, when it did not feed. Consequently, the night-time OC is the active OC and the day-time OC is the resting OC in the starry flounder.

• Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering
• /
• 제35권12호
• /
• pp.2336-2347
• /
• 2018

The azeotrope of methyl acetate methanol and water was isolated using extractive distillation with water as entrainer. The pressure-swing extractive distillation (PSED) process and vapor side-stream distillation column (VSDC) with the rectifier process were designed to separate the methyl acetate, methanol and water mixture. It was revealed that the VSDC with the rectifier process had a reduction in energy consumption than the PSED process. Four control schemes of the two process were investigated: Double temperature control scheme (CS1), $Q_R/F$ feedforward control of reboiler duty scheme for PESD (CS2), $Q_R/F$ feedback control scheme for VSDC (CS3), the feedback control scheme of sensitive plate temperature of side-drawing distillation column to dominate the compressor shaft speed (CS4). Feed flow and composition disturbance were used to evaluate the dynamic performance. As a result, CS4 is a preferable choice for separation of methyl acetate-methanol-water mixture. A control scheme combining the operating parameters of dynamic equipment with the control indicators of static equipment was proposed in this paper. It means using the sensitive plate temperature of side-drawing column to control the compressor shaft speed. This is a new control scheme for extractive distillation.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.222-224
• /
• 1975

3종의 잉어 품종계통, 즉 이스라엘잉어, 홍백계 및 황금계의 치어성장에 관하여 비교한 바는 다음과 같은 결과였다. 1975년 $8\~11$월에 걸쳐 수면적 $316m^2$, 평균수심 55 cm, 바닥에는 부식질 진흙이 $20\~30cm 정도 깔린 못에서 상기 3품종의 치어를 혼합해서 약 $0.5g(2\~3cm)$의 치어로부터 길렀다. 공급란 사료는 어분과 정맥을 반반씩하고, 생초를 상기량의 $10\%$, 식염을 $1\%$첨가하였다. 조단백질함량은 건조상태로써 $34.9\%$였다. 총생산량은 20.588 kg(방양치어중량은 무시), 사료 공급량은 건조상태로 30.08kg였으므로 사료계수는 1.51이였다. 품종별개체중량은 이스라엘잉어는 $98\~311g$, 평균 172.6g, 홍백계는 $15\~268g$, 평균 104.1g였으며, 황금계는 $30～268g$, 평균 128.7g으로 성장했다. 이것을 백분율로 비교해 보면 이스라엘잉어를 $100\%$로 할때, 홍백계는 $60.3\%$, 황금계는 $74.6\%$의 성장을 한 것으로 된다, 그간의 수온은 평균 $20.7^{\circ}C$였으며, 평균수온이 $15^{\circ}C$ 이상인 10월 하순까지의 80일간을 주성장기간으로 보고 검토하였다. 주성장기간중의 평균 1일성장도(1일후의 체중)는 이스라엘잉어 1.075786배, 홍백계 1.06901배, 황금계는 1.07185배이다.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제48권4호
• /
• pp.454-458
• /
• 2015

This study compared the effects of dietary supplementation of citrus by-product (CBP) and CBP fermented with Bacillus subtilis (F-CBP) on growth performance, feed utilization, intestinal histology and innate immunity of red seabream Pagrus major with three commercial immune-boosting products. The six experimental diets were supplemented with L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate (LAPP; the control diet), CBP or F-CBP at a concentration of 100 mg vitamin C equivalent/kg diet or one of three commercial immune boosters. The Experimental diets were fed to triplicate groups of 17 fish (initial body weight, 116 g) for 8 weeks. The water temperature during the feeding trial was maintained at $13-15^{\circ}C$. Growth and feed utilization did not differ significantly among the six dietary treatments, nor did the phagocytic activity, superoxide dismutase or total immunoglobulin concentrations. However, myeloperoxidase activity was significantly higher in the CBP groups. For the intestinal histology, the intestine diameter, villi and enterocyte heights and number of goblet cells did not differ significantly among groups. Therefore, CBP or F-CBP can be used as a valuable eco-friendly byproduct in diets for fishes including red seabream to maintain their normal growth and health.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제21권5호
• /
• pp.490-495
• /
• 2005

Since there are very limited numbers of thermophilic anaerobic digesters being operated, it is often difficult to start up a new one using sludge from an existing reactor as a seed. However, for obvious reasons it seems few attempts have been made to compare the start-up performance of thermophilic anaerobic digestion using different sources of seed sludges. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the start-up performance of anaerobic digestion using aerobic Waste Activated Sludge (WAS) from a plant and mesophilic Anaerobic Digested Sludge (ADS) as the seed source at both mesophilic ($35^{\circ}C$) and thermophilic ($55^{\circ}C$) temperatures. In this study, two experiments were conducted. First, thermophilic anaerobic reactors were seeded with WAS (VSS = 4,400 mg/L) and ADS (VSS = 14,500 mg/L) to investigate start-up performance with a feed of acetate as well as propionate. The results show that WAS started to produce $CH_4$ soon after acetate feeding without a lag time, while ADS had a lag time of 10 days. When the feed was changed to propionate, WAS removed propionate down to below the detection limit of 10 mg/L, while ADS removed little propionate and produced little $CH_4$. Second, in order to further compare the methanogenic activity of WAS and ADS, both mesophilic and thermophilic reactors were operated. WAS acclimated to anaerobic conditions shortly and after acclimating it produced more $CH_4$ than ADS. WAS at mesophilic temperature biodegraded acetate at the same rate as for thermophilic. However WAS at mesophilic temperature biodegraded propionate at a much faster rate than at thermophilic. WAS as the seed source of anaerobic digestion resulted in much better performance than ADS at both mesophilic and thermophilic temperatures for both acetate and propionate metabolism.