• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression patterns of key genes involved in lipid metabolism in response to dietary Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in hens. A total of 36 forty week-old Lohmann Brown were randomly allocated into 3 groups consisting of 4 replicates of 3 birds. Laying hens were subjected to one of following treatments: Control (BD, basal diet), T1 (BD+ CoQ10 100 mg/kg diet) and T2 (BD+ micellar of CoQ10 100 mg/kg diet). Birds were fed ad libitum a basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with CoQ10 for 5 weeks. Total RNA was extracted from the liver for quantitative RT-PCR. The mRNA levels of HMG-CoA reductase(HMGCR) and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins(SREBP)2 were decreased more than 30~50% in the liver of birds fed a basal diet supplemented with CoQ10 (p<0.05). These findings suggest that dietary CoQ10 can reduce cholesterol levels by the suppression of the hepatic HMGCR and SREBP2 genes. The gene expressions of liver X receptor (LXR) and SREBP1 were down regulated due to the addition of CoQ10 to the feed (p<0.05). The homeostasis of cholesterol can be regulated by LXR and SREBP1 in cholesterol-low-conditions. The supplement of CoQ10 caused a decreased expression of lipid metabolism-related genes including $PPAR{\gamma}$, XBP1, FASN, and GLUTs in the liver of birds (p<0.05). These data suggest that CoQ10 might be used as a dietary supplement to reduce cholesterol levels and to regulate lipid homeostasis in laying hens.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.759-768
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• 2005

The study was designed to estimate the in vitro rumen by-pass rate of both chromium methionine chelate as an organic supplement and $ClCl_3$ as an inorganic supplement. Rumen by-pass rates of the supplements were evaluted by comparing ruminal metabolites in rumen fluid and Cr and methionine contents in the body of ruminal microorganism. For in vitro digestion examination, basic nutrients for ruminal microbes were supplied with 7g(DM) of feed, 2g of rice straw, and 2g of corn silage per each incubation jar. Three treatments including Control(no supplementation of Cr), T1(1000ppb supplementation of $ClCl_3$) and T2(chromium methionine chelate supplementation equivalent to 1000ppb of Cr content) were prepared with five replications per each treatment. pH of T2 was lower than that of Control and T1 regardless of incubation time. Ammonia content was higher in T2 than in Control and T1 during first 6 hours of incubation. However, the ammonia content in Control was remained low after 6 hours. Total volatile fatty acids(VFA) content in control was increased constantly as incubation time was extended. Therefore, VFA content in T1 and T2 were significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of Control. Dry matter recovery rate by ruminal microorganism was the lowest in T1, however ruminal microbial population was increased most efficiently in T2 during 12 hours of in vitro incubation. Cr concentrations in the body of ruminal microbes were not different(P>0.05) between Control and T2, but it was significantly high in T1(P<0.05). Contents of methionine and cystine in ruminal microbes also were not different between Control and T2(P>0.05), but it was relatively low in T1. Based on the above results, the chromium methionine chelate was believed to by-pass rumen and could remain intact until it reaches small intestine compared to inorganic chromium. This results implies that chromium methionine chelate could be more effective to function in the small intestine of ruminant animals.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.113-123
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• 2009

This study was carried out to determine effects of long-term supply of Cordyceps militaris mycelia on cordycepin content in milk in dairy cows. Ten Holstein cows in the early stages of lactation were divided into two groups. Control group received no supplement whereas treatment group received 6% of C. militaris mycelia of their dry matter intake for 6 months. Feed intake, milk urea nitrogen and somatic cell counts were not affected by long-term supply of C. militaris mycelia for the whole period. In addition, milk yield and milk composition were not affected by long-term supply of C. militaris mycelia at any time of the periods with the exception of milk protein content and yield. The average of milk protein content and yield from the whole period was higher for C. militaris mycelia supplement group than for the control group. As expected, cordycepin in whole blood and milk was not detected in the control group. The range of cordycepin content in the treatment was 0.31~0.38µ/ml and 0.18~0.26(µ/ml for whole blood and milk, respectively. Individual variation was found to be very high and, furthermore cordycepin was undetected in some milk samples. Thus, no clear pattern could be seen in cordycepin content in milk throughout the whole period. Overall, the results of the present study suggest that the transfer efficiency of cordycepin to milk by supplementing C. militaris mycelia in dairy cows was unpredictable and low.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.385-395
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to determine optimal lysine requirement of lactating Mong Cai sows and their piglets. An experiment was conducted using 30 Mong Cai sows in a factorial randomized design with 5 dietary total lysine levels (0.60, 0.70, 0.85, 1.0 and 1.15%) for one-week pre-partum and 5 dietary total lysine levels (0.60, 0.75, 0.90, 1.05 and 1.2%) for lactation diets. Mong Cai sows were about 1 to 2 years old and had an initial body weight of 120 kg (sd = 2.5) after farrowing. Sows were restrictively fed 1.7 kg feed during gestation and were fed ad libitum during lactation. Diets of sows contained about 12% CP during pregnancy and about 14% CP for the lactation period. DE concentration of the diets ranged between 12.5-13.0 MJ of DE. Water was supplied at up to 8 liters per sow per day in a basin. Studied traits were related to both sows and their progeny. Sows were weighed at 107 days of gestation, after farrowing and at weaning. Sow back-fat depth was measured at 110 days of gestation, after farrowing, at 21 days of lactation and at weaning. Number of piglets born, at 24 h after birth, at 21 days of age and at weaning were recorded. Piglets were weighte at birth, at 21 days and at weaning. Supplying lysine one week pre-partum had no effect on the number of piglets born nor litter weight at birth (p = 0.776 and p = 0.224). A positive effect of increasing dietary lysine level during lactation from 0.60 to 1.20% was observed with regard to less sow weight loss, and increased piglet weight at 21 days and at weaning. The level of lysine that resulted in the lowest sow backfat loss and the highest weaned piglet weight was 1.05%; this may be the optimum level of lysine for the diet of lactating Mong Cai sows. At this lysine level, the number of weaned piglets was also highest.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.403-409
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• 2018

Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of a lipid-coated zinc oxide (ZnO) supplement Shield Zn (SZ) at the sub-pharmacological concentration on intestinal morphology and gene expression in weanling pigs, with an aim to gain insights into the mechanism of actions for SZ. Methods: Forty 22-day-old weanling pigs were fed a nursery diet supplemented with 100 or 2,500 mg Zn/kg with uncoated ZnO (negative control [NC] or positive control [PC], respectively), 100, 200, or 400 mg Zn/kg with SZ for 14 days and their intestinal tissues were taken for histological and molecular biological examinations. The villus height (VH) and crypt depth (CD) of the intestinal mucosa were measured microscopically following preparation of the tissue specimen; expression of the genes associated with growth and immune function was determined using the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: There was no difference in daily gain, gain:feed, and diarrhea score between the SZ group and either of NC and PC. The VH and VH:CD ratio were less for the SZ group vs NC in the jejunum and duodenum, respectively (p<0.05). The jejunal mucosal mRNA levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and interleukin (IL)-10 regressed and tended to regress (p = 0.053) on the SZ concentration with a positive coefficient, respectively, whereas the IL-6 mRNA level regressed on the SZ concentration with a negative coefficient. The mRNA levels of IGF-I, zonula occludens protein-1, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, IL-6, and IL-10 did not differ between the SZ group and either of NC and PC; the occludin and transforming growth $factor-{\beta}1$ mRNA levels were lower for the SZ group than for PC. Conclusion: The present results are interpreted to suggest that dietary ZnO provided by SZ may play a role in intestinal mucosal growth and immune function by modulating the expression of IGF-I, IL-6, and IL-10 genes.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 1997

The results on the chemical characteristics of the pork fed with fermented feeds are summarized as follows; 1) The pork treated with fermented feeds had lower fat and higher protein content than control pork in proximate compositions. It is considered to be the improvement of the quality. 2) It was not recognized to the difference of oxidation level among the sample porks. 3) Oleic acid was the highest concentration in the components of fatty acid of pork. The rate of the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids is 38.8 % : 59.9 % in the ordinary meat, 40.8 % : 57.8 % in the a high-grade meat, and 36.3 % : 62.0 % in the pork treated with fermented feeds. In addition, the essential fatty acid content of them is 14 %, 11.2 %, and 16.7%, respectively. 4) Glutamic acid was the highest composition in total amino acids and the essential amino acid content was 39% in both an ordinary meat and the pork treated with fermented feeds, and 14 % in high-grade meat. 5) It was no difference in the inorganic content among the samples. The water holding capacity by extraction meat juice was higher to 92 % in the pork treated with fermented feeds and 15.6 % in a loss in quantity by heating than others. Thus, the pork bred with fermented feeds was evaluated to be good in terms of processing and cooking.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.275-281
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• 2001

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of chitosan and green tea supplementation on laying performance and cholesterol concentrations of serum and egg yolk in laying hens. Total 360 laying hens were divided into four groups for feeding trials with three replication : control, T1 (0.15% chitosan), T2(0.15% green tea) and T3 (0.15% chitosan + 0.15% green tea) group. Feed intake was lower in control group (830g/week) than other treatment groups, but T2 of treatment group shows a tendency to decrease. The egg production and egg weight was significantly higher in T2 and T3 group than control. The cholesterol concentrations of serum with chitosan or green tea supplementation were significantly decreased after 8 week than starting trial, and especially those of T2 was lower than other treatment groups. The cholesterol concentrations of egg yolk were no effect of supplement with chitosan and green tea.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.1236-1243
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to screen lactic acid bacteria for the fermentation of garlic and to assess the increase in inhibitory activity of garlic fermented against antibiotic-resistant pathogens for use as an animal feed supplement. We screened 45 strains of lactobacillus for the fermentation of garlic. Of these strains, 23 showed similar growth rates with or without allicin. Cultures of the 23 strains were mixed with an equivalent amount of garlic juice and incubated overnight at $37^{\circ}C$. The three strains with the lowest pH values were Lactobacillus paracasei KCTC 3169, L5 strain, and L. reuteri SW. Garlic juice fermented by the L5 strain more strongly inhibited antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria than L. paracasei KCTC 3169, L. reuteri SW, or garlic juice itself. By examining carbohydrate utilization, morphologic properties and 16S rRNA gene sequences, we identified the L5 strain as Pediococcus pentosaceus and deposited it in the name of P. pentosaceus KACC 91419 into the Korea Agricultural Culture Collection. To identify the antimicrobial compound from the garlic filtrate fermented by P. pentosaceus KACC 91419, we fractionated P. pentosaceus KACC 91419 culture on a C18 column and checked the antimicrobial activity of fractions A6 to A10. Only fraction A9 showed inhibitory activity on Staphylococcus aureus. Comparing the mass spectra of the fractions with and without antimicrobial activity, we observed a single dominant product ion (m/z 157.99) from the fraction showing antimicrobial activity. Its molecular mass (157.99) was 2 atomic mass units less than that of allicin (162.02). This suggests that allicin might be converted to its derivative, which has antimicrobial activity, during fermentation by P. pentosaceus KACC 91419.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.353-361
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• 1996

The objective of this study was to investigate the essential fatty acids requirement and its optimal level in dietary for young of tiger puffer. The young puffer fish used in feeding trial were average body weight 3.45g. Fish were randomly divided into 11 groups containing 30 fish each in 200 ${\ell}$ tank and reared for 8 weeks at ambient temperature. In basal diets, defatted squid meal, casein-Na and activated gluten were used as the dietary protein source, dextrin and ${\alpha}$-starch (gelatinized starch) as the digestible carbohydrate source and beef tallow as the lipid source. Five fatty acids added to diet were linoleic acid (LNA), linolenic acid (LNA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ,docos-ahexaenoic acid (DHA) and n-3 HUFA. Among that, the supplement of LA and LNA were $1\%$ of total composition of diet, respectively, and EPA, DHA and n-3 HUFA ranged from $0.3\~1\%$ level. Growth and feed efficiency were measured to the interval of 2 weeks, and analyzed fatty acids composition of diet and liver by GCL. As a result of 8 weeks experiment, predominant growth were shown in $0.5\~1\%$ n-3 HUFA and $0.5\%$ DHA than others (P<0.05). In comparison of efficiency among EPA, DHA and n-3 HUFA groups, the most results were revealed in n-3 HUFA and the least in EPA. The adding effect was shown in EPA by increasing the fatty acids content from 0.5 to $1\%$ in diet. However, sudden decline and steady state in growth were observed in $1\%$ DHA and $1\%$ n-3 HUFA, respectively. The feeding efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were high in n-3 HUFA groups and $0.5\%$ DHA. Consequently, it is assumed that young puffer requires n-3 HUEA both EPA and DHA as essential fatty acids. The optimal content in diets are about $0.5\%$ of HUFA or DHA.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.1174-1178
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary zinc levels on carbohydrate metabolism and serum zinc, magnesium and chromium contents in obese rats. Animals were divided into three groups by zinc levels, such as low (15 ppm), adequate (30 ppm) and high (60 ppm) levels of dietary zinc. The food intake, weight gain and feed efficiency ratio were not changed by zinc levels. There were no significant differences in liver, kidney and spleen weights. However, serum glucose concentration significantly decreased as the levels of dietary zinc increased, in particular, that of obese rats fed the high level of zinc was remarkably decreased. Insulin concentration of rats fed high level of zinc diet was significantly higher than that in the other groups. However, there were no significant differences in serum zinc and chromium contents, although serum magnesium fed zinc deficient diet was significantly higher than that of the other two groups. Glucose concentrations had negative correlation with insulin concentrations, and positive correlations with serum magnesium content. In conclusion, serum glucose concentrations were decreased and insulin concentrations were increased as the levels of dietary zinc increased in obese rats. These results suggested that zinc supplement at higher level than adequate one would increase insulin concentration and may improve hyperglycemia problem in obese groups.