• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.84-95
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to assess the forage productivity and nutritive value of kenaf at different fertilizer application amounts and various stages of maturity. The experiment was conducted from May to September 2020, the amount of 80 kg of kenaf seed/ha was supplied with different types and amounts of nitrogen fertilizer and the plants were harvested at 10-day intervals from different harvesting dates (24^th August and 3^rd, 13^th, 23^rd September). According to the different fertilizer types and application amounts, the highest kenaf height was recorded in the inorganic fertilizer amounts of 200 and 250 kg N/ha and the fresh and DM yield were significantly improved in the inorganic nitrogen amount of 250 kg N/ha. The highest CP and TDN content in the leaf was achieved in the inorganic fertilizer amounts of 150 and 200 kg N/ha, respectively; and the highest TDN content in the stem was also found in the inorganic fertilizer amount of 200 kg N/ha. According to the different harvesting dates, the highest DM ratio was found in the harvesting date of 13th September, the leaf ratio increased with advanced maturity, whereas the stem ratio decreased significantly and the highest DM yield of kenaf was recorded in the harvesting dates of 13^th and 23^rd September. Besides, the highest CP, CF, CA, ADF, NDF and TDN content in the leaf as influenced by different harvesting dates was 15.4, 31.8, 10.2, 22.1, 34.7 and 76.5%, respectively, and the CP, CA, ADF and TDN in stem decreased significantly with advanced maturity of kenaf. In conclusion, the optimal fertilizer amounts and the appropriate harvesting dates for a high forage yield and high-quality kenaf as livestock feed were the inorganic fertilizer application amounts of 200-250 kg N/ha and from 13^th and 23^rd September, respectively.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.826-839
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• 2021

A 60-d feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of diets supplemented with two concentrations (0% and 0.3%) of black raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miquel) fruit by-product (RCFB) on the physicochemical characteristics, oxidative stability, antioxidant capacity, antioxidant enzyme activity, and fatty acid profile of M. longissimus dorsi (LL) porcine muscle from Berkshire finishing pigs meat. Results revealed that regardless of the sex, diets supplemented with 0.3% RCFB reduced (p<0.05) the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) expressed as malonaldehyde (MDA) content effectively. A higher antioxidant capacity [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity] was found (p<0.05) in response to feeding supplemented with 0.3% RCBF for male or female pigs. Moreover, 0.3% RCFB dietary feed increased (p<0.05) the glutathione peroxidase enzyme activities (GPX1) in blood plasma for male or female pigs. However, no influences were observed (p>0.05) on meat color, WHC, shear force, and fatty acid contents while fed diet supplemented with 0% or 0.3% RCFB for male or female pigs. Overall, this study suggests that a diet supplemented with 0.3% RCFB may beneficially affect owing to better oxidative stability, higher antioxidant capacity, and antioxidant enzyme activity (blood plasma) in pigs which could be a promising natural antioxidant without affecting meat quality traits.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.346-358
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• 2023

The aim of this study was to evaluate efficacies of selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in inducing immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretion. Twenty-five different LAB isolated from traditional fermented Korean foods were characterized for their probiotic properties and screened to identify those that could stimulate lamina propria cells (LPCs) from Peyer's patch to secret IgA in vitro. Among them, four strains (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CJW55-10, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus CJW18-6, L. pentosus CJW56-11, and Pediococcus acidilactici CJN2696) were found to be strong IgA inducers. The number of IgA positive B cells and soluble IgA level were increased when LPCs were co-cultured with these LAB. Expression levels of toll-like receptor (TLR) such as TLR2 and TLR4 and secretion of interleuckin-6 were augmented in LPCs treated with these LAB. Further, we determined whether oral intake of these LAB enhanced IgA production in vivo. After one-week of daily oral administration, these LAB feed mice increased mucosal IgA and serum IgA. In conclusion, selected strains of LAB could induce systemic IgA secretion by activating lamina propria B cells in Peyer's patch and oral intake of selected strains of LAB can enhance systemic immunity by inducing mucosal IgA secretion.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.520-520
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• 2023

제주도 동부 중산간 지역은 화산암으로 구성된 지하지질로 인해 지하수위의 변동폭이 크고 변동양상이 복잡하여 인공신경망(Artificial Neural Network, ANN) 모델 등을 활용한 지하수위의 예측이 어렵다. ANN에 적용되는 활성화함수에 따라 지하수의 예측성능은 달라질 수 있으므로 활성화함수의 비교분석 후 적절한 활성화함수의 사용이 반드시 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 5개 활성화함수(sigmoid, hyperbolic tangent(tanh), Rectified Linear Unit(ReLU), Leaky Rectified Linear Unit(Leaky ReLU), Exponential Linear Unit(ELU))를 제주도 동부 중산간지역에 위치한 2개 지하수 관정에 대해 비교분석하여 최적 활성화함수 도출을 목표로 한다. 또한 최적 활성화함수를 활용한 ANN의 적용성을 평가하기 위해 최근 널리 사용되고 있는 순환신경망 모델인 Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM) 모델과 비교분석 하였다. 그 결과, 2개 관정 중 지하수위 변동폭이 상대적으로 큰 관정은 ELU 함수, 상대적으로 작은 관정은 Leaky ReLU 함수가 지하수위 예측에 적절하였다. 예측성능이 가장 낮은 활성화함수는 sigmoid 함수로 나타나 첨두 및 최저 지하수위 예측 시 사용을 지양해야 할 것으로 판단된다. 도출된 최적 활성화함수를 사용한 ANN-ELU 모델 및 ANN-Leaky ReLU 모델을 LSTM 모델과 비교분석한 결과 대등한 지하수위 예측성능을 나타내었다. 이것은 feed-forward 방식인 ANN 모델을 사용하더라도 적절한 활성화함수를 사용하면 최신 순환신경망과 대등한 결과를 도출하여 활용 가능성이 충분히 있다는 것을 의미한다. 마지막으로 LSTM 모델은 가장 적절한 예측성능을 나타내어 다양한 인공지능 모델의 예측성능 비교를 위한 기준이 되는 참고모델로 활용 가능하다. 본 연구에서 제시한 방법은 지하수위 예측과 더불어 하천수위 예측 등 다양한 시계열예측 및 분석연구에 유용하게 사용될 수 있다.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.280-294
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• 2022

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of propolis extract as a natural preservative for livestock products in term of chemical and microbiological characteristics by meta-analysis. The stages carried out in this study were identification, selection, checking suitability, and the resulting selected articles were used in the meta-analysis. The selection results obtained a total of 22 selected journal articles consisting of 9 articles for analysis of the antimicrobial activity of propolis extract and 13 articles for analysis of the chemical and mirobiological characteristics of livestock products. The articles were obtained from electronic databases, namely Science Direct and Google Scholar. The model used in this study is the random-effect model involving two groups, control and experimental. Heterogeneity and effect size values were carried out in this study using Hedge's obtained through openMEE software. Forest plot tests and data validation on publication bias was obtained using Kendall's test throught JASP 0.14.1 software. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between propolis extract with the results of the antimicrobial activity (p<0.05). In addition, the results of the application of propolis extract on the livestock products for the test microbes and the value of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) showed significant results (p<0.05). Conclusion based on the random-effect model on the effectiveness of antimicrobial activity of propolis extract and their apllication as a natural preservative of the chemical and microbiological characteristics of livestock products is valid by Kendall's test (p>0.05). Propolis in this case effectively used as natural preservatives in livestock products.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.21-21
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• 2021

효과적인 하천의 유지 및 관리를 위해서는 준설과 각종 수리시설물 영향에 의한 하상변화 양상을 파악하는 것이 필수적이다. 일반적으로 하상변화 분석을 위해서는 하도지형, 하상재료, 유사량 등 현장계측자료가 요구되지만, 대하천 주요 지점이나 정기조사가 이루어지는 일부 지점이 아니라면 하상변화 분석을 위한 현장계측자료가 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 하천을 효율적으로 관리하고 운영하기 위해서는 장래 하상변화 양상을 분석하는데 필요한 충분한 공간적 해상도를 가지는 지형정보와 하상재료 및 유사량 계측자료가 필요하며, 이를 기반으로 중기 및 장기 하상변화를 예측하고 그에 따른 하천관리계획을 수립하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 하도지형 현황자료의 공간해상도가 하상변화의 양적 규모 평가에 미치는 영향을 평가해보고자 한다. 현행 낙동강과 같은 대하천 하도의 하상변동 관련된 조사 및 연구 분석에는 500 m 간격을 기준으로 설정된 기준상의 측선 자료를 이용한다. 본 연구방법으로는 기존 측선을 이용하여 산정된 체적하상변동량과 기준 측선 사이 구간에 대해 측정된 보조측선에 대한 지형정보를 함께 활용하여 산정한 체적하상변동량을 비교함으로써, 하도지형자료의 해상도에 따른 체적변동량 산정결과의 차이와 영향을 평가하였다. 비교를 통해 기존 측선기준 하상변동량 산정치가 실체 하상변동량과 큰 차이를 보일 수 있음을 확인하였다. 따라서 효과적인 하천의 유지 및 관리와 계획 수립을 위해서는 보다 높은 공간해상도의 하도지형자료를 기반으로 한 하상변동 평가 및 분석의 정확도 제고가 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 향후 본 연구 성과를 장래의 하상변화조사의 기초자료로 활용시 상기의 문제점(자료 품질, 추정 자료 사용 등)을 해결하여 모의의 정확성과 정밀성을 제고할 수 있을 것으로 기대되는 바이다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.131-131
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• 2021

Deep learning models, especially those based on long short-term memory (LSTM), have presented their superiority in addressing time series data issues recently. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the performance of deep learning models that belong to the supervised learning category in streamflow prediction. Therefore, six deep learning models-standard LSTM, standard gated recurrent unit (GRU), stacked LSTM, bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM), feed-forward neural network (FFNN), and convolutional neural network (CNN) models-were of interest in this study. The Red River system, one of the largest river basins in Vietnam, was adopted as a case study. In addition, deep learning models were designed to forecast flowrate for one- and two-day ahead at Son Tay hydrological station on the Red River using a series of observed flowrate data at seven hydrological stations on three major river branches of the Red River system-Thao River, Da River, and Lo River-as the input data for training, validation, and testing. The comparison results have indicated that the four LSTM-based models exhibit significantly better performance and maintain stability than the FFNN and CNN models. Moreover, LSTM-based models may reach impressive predictions even in the presence of upstream reservoirs and dams. In the case of the stacked LSTM and BiLSTM models, the complexity of these models is not accompanied by performance improvement because their respective performance is not higher than the two standard models (LSTM and GRU). As a result, we realized that in the context of hydrological forecasting problems, simple architectural models such as LSTM and GRU (with one hidden layer) are sufficient to produce highly reliable forecasts while minimizing computation time because of the sequential data nature.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2023.04a
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• pp.4-4
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• 2023

다국적 제약회사에서 생산되는 제약화합물은 인간의 질병치료 뿐만 아니라 가축의 생산성을 향상시키는 물질으로도 활발하게 생산되는데 육우의 성장을 촉진하는 기능성 화합물들도 많이 있다. 북미에서 생산되는 소고기의 약 80%가 1번 이상의 성장촉진기술들이 활용되고 있다고 보고된다. 고기소로 생산되는 비육우에 적용되는 방법은 크게 피하 이식에 의해 혈류를 타고 성장을 촉진하는 17β-Estradiol과 합성 남성호르몬제인 Trenbolone acetate가 주로 활용되고, 비육후기 사료에 섞어서 급여하는 사료첨가제 형태인 β2-adrenergic agonist 같은 형태로 적용하게 된다. 근육을 성장하는 기술의 작용기전은 많은 선행연구에 의해 밝혀져 있는 반면 천연 알칼로이드 성분들의 기전은 밝혀진 것이 많지 않다. 한방제재들에서 많이 발견되는 알칼로이드 성분들은 생리활성 기능들을 가진 것으로 알려져 있지만, 생산, 수거, 가공, 추출 등의 공정에서 많은 비용이 발생하므로 비육우의 사료화 가능성은 아주 희박하다. 따라서 비용을 최소화 할 수 있는 후보재료를 검색중에 감자부산물을 확보하였고 기능성 물질의 추출과 사료첨가제 화 하여 비육우에 급여시험을 실시하였다. α-solanine과 α-chaconine은 감자의 잎, 과일 및 괴경에서 발견되는 글리코알칼로이드 화합물로, 쥐, 토끼, 닭과 같은 다양한 동물 모델에서 중독성을 가진 물질로 보고 되고 있다. 최근 연구에서는 비육우의 성능을 유도하는 데 사용되는 것으로 나타났다. 한우 송아지 3마리의 사태(Semimembranosus)와 등심(Longissimus Dorci)근육에서 추출된 근육위성 세포(BSC)에 다양한 수준의 α-solanine(control, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10μM)으로 처리해본 결과 근육관련 지표인 MHC2X과 β2-AR의 발현이 높게 나타난 것을 확인했다. 사료급여실험에서는 대조군에 비해 급여군의 등심단면적과 도체중이 향상되는 것을 확인하였다. 결과적으로 감자유래 농산부산물은 한우 비육우의 근육의 성장을 증가시키고, 그 작용기전은 β2-수용체에 작용하여 단백질 합성을 촉진시켜 근육을 축적시키는 것으로 확인하였다. 농산부산물을 이용한 기능성 사료개발은 최근 이슈가 되고 있는 축산분야 탄소저감을 개선할 수 있는 기술로 축산의 업사이클링 기술로 활용 가능하다.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.1111-1127
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• 2023

Health-promoting preparations of inanimate microorganisms or their components are postbiotics. Since probiotics are sensitive to heat and oxygen, postbiotics are stable during industrial processing and storage. Postbiotics boost poultry growth, feed efficiency, intestinal pathogen reduction, and health, making them acceptable drivers of sustainable poultry production. It contains many important biological properties, such as immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory responses. Postbiotics revealed promising antioxidant effects due to higher concentrations of uronic acid and due to some enzyme's production of antioxidants, e.g., superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidases and peroxidases. Postbiotics improve intestinal villi, increase lactic acid production, and reduce Enterobacteriaceae and fecal pH, all of which lead to a better immune reaction and health of the gut, as well as better growth performance. P13K/AKT as a potential target pathway for postbiotics-improved intestinal barrier functions. Similarly, postbiotics reduce yolk and plasma cholesterol levels in layers and improve egg quality. It was revealed that favorable outcomes were obtained with various inclusion levels at 1 kg and 0.5 kg. According to several studies, postbiotic compounds significantly increased poultry performance. This review article presents the most recent research investigating the beneficial results of postbiotics in poultry.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.723-737
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• 2024

Yeast protein can be a nutritionally suitable auxiliary protein source in livestock food. The breakdown of proteins and thereby generating high-quality peptide, typically provides nutritional benefits. Enzyme hydrolysis has been effectively uesed to generate peptides; however, studies on the potential applications of different types of enzymes to produce yeast protein hydrolysates remain limited. This study investigated the effects of endo- (alcalase and neutrase) and exotype (flavourzyme and prozyme 2000P) enzyme treatments on yeast protein. Endotype enzymes facilitate a higher hydrolysis efficiency in yeast proteins than exotype enzymes. The highest degree of hydrolysis was observed for the protein treated with neutrase, which was followed by alcalase, prozyme 2000P, and flavourzyme. Furthermore, endotype enzyme treated proteins exhibited higher solubility than their exotype counterparts. Notably, the more uniform particle size distribution was observed in endotype treated yeast protein. Moreover, compared with the original yeast protein, the enzymatic protein hydrolysates possessed a higher content of β-sheets structures, indicating their higher structural stability. Regardless of enzyme type, enzyme treated protein possessed a higher total free amino acid content including essential amino acids. Therefore, this study provides significant insights into the production of protein hydrolysates as an alternative protein material.