• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.630-637
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• 2014

We previously demonstrated that water-soluble egg yolk extract is not related to elevation of serum immunoglobulin E, which can initiate allergic reactions; however, it increases the level of high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and the activity of B lymphocytes. In this study, egg white (EW) was fed to BALB/c mice to determine its influence on growth efficiency, immune modulation, and changes in serum lipid levels. A total of 50 five-wk-old BALB/c male mice were divided into 5 groups, 4 of which were fed 0, 10, 50, or 100 mg/d EW for 4 wk. Mice with an uptake of 10, 50 and 100 mg/d EW showed no significant changes in daily weight gain, feed efficiency rate, or populations of white blood cells. However, the activities of both B and T lymphocytes were significantly increased in all three EW groups at the final week of treatment. Interestingly, serum levels immunoglobulin E were not altered by EW consumption, but the IgG level was significantly increased in the 100 mg/d EW group. Serum lipid profile analyses showed no significant changes in total cholesterol, HDL, low density lipoprotein, or triglyceride levels by EW consumption. Taken together, these data demonstrate that consumption of EW promotes immune cell activities and the upregulation of serum IgG levels. However, we found no changes in serum lipid profiles and IgE levels. Therefore, our study suggests that consumption of EW might not be related to the risk of food allergy, but could be an excellent candidate for the maintenance of physiological homeostasis.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.66-73
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• 2008

In this study, the characterization of minor livestock's excretions in terms of unit load generation and discharge was conducted by investigation and analysis of urine, manure and wastewater from stall of fowl, duck, horse, deer, goat and sheep. The results are summarized as follows: The unit load generation of fowl estimated by discharged amount and concentration analysis increases in egg layers due to the difference of planting head numbers, feed stuffs and manure disposal. In case of deer unit load generation by herbivora were calculated to be higher than data from existing references because of the gap between weight per livestock and the generation amounts of manure and urine. In case of sheep unit load generation by urine were analyzed two times higher than by manure but unit load generation by manure were reported higher than by urine in references, so large differences between this and previous study resulted.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.118-131
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• 2020

It is necessary to add protective agents for protecting the probiotic viability in the preparation process of probiotics starter. In this study, we used whey protein concentrate (WPC), pullulan, trehalose, and sodium glutamate as the protective agent and optimized the proportion of protective agent and spray-drying parameters to achieve the best protective effect on Lactobacillus plantarum. Moreover, the viable counts of L. plantarum in starter stored at different temperatures (-20℃, 4℃, and 25℃) for 360 days were determined. According to response surface method (RSM), the optimal proportion of protective agent was 24.6 g/L WPC, 18.8 g/L pullulan, 16.7 g/L trehalose and 39.3 g/L sodium glutamate. The optimum spray-drying parameters were the ratio of bacteria to protective agents 3:1 (v: v), the feed flow rate 240 mL/h, and the inlet air temperature 115℃ through orthogonal test. Based on the above results, the viable counts of L. plantarum was 12.22±0.27 Log CFU/g and the survival rate arrived at 85.12%. The viable counts of L. plantarum stored at -20℃ was more than 10¹⁰ CFU/g after 200 days.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.690-697
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• 2017

Despite the benefits associated with the use of food waste (FW), there are mixed consumer perceptions regarding pork quality harvested from pigs fed FW. Twenty crossbred pigs were selected for the present study. Ten pigs were fed a conventional diet (control group), and the other 10 pigs were given a conventional diet and FW (FW group) during different growth stages. Meat quality in the FW group showed deteriorative qualities with higher lightness and yellowness synonymous to pale soft exudative meat. Drip loss in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group (p<0.01). The contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the FW group were higher and those of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were lower than those in the control group. The contents of thiobarbituric acid were significantly different between the control and FW groups (p<0.05). There was also a significant difference between the control and FW groups in terms of off-flavor (p<0.05) after sensory evaluation. To conclude, the off-flavor noted, including other inferior pork quality traits, in the FW group implies that FW should not be used as swine feed.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.38-44
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• 2015

We have investigated the productivity of microalgae, Nannochloropsis sp., using highly efficient vertical photobioreactor which has been developed by the company IMBiz. This experiment was performed in the field for one month with 2 sets of 2 tons of media under autotrophic cultural mode. In the culture with 0.1% of $CO_2$, the average daily productivity was shown to be up to 0.953g per liter, and 0.574g per liter in the culture with only ambient air. The temperature ranged from $20^{\circ}C$ to $31^{\circ}C$, and it didn't make any differences on the productivity. The light intensity ranged from 5,000 Lux to 40,000 Lux. The light has been appeared to have a very close relationship with the productivity of microalgae. Meanwhile, the harvesting method of pressurefloating attempted in this photobioreactor was found to be very effective.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.191-199
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of palm kernel meal (PKM), an alternative to corn, on the quality of pork. A total of 72 crossbred pigs ([Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace] ${\times}$ Duroc) were assigned into four dietary treatments (PKM level of 0, 4, 8, or 12%). After 12 wk, one pig of median weight in each pen was selected and slaughtered to analyze meat quality. The color, free radical scavenging activity, lipid oxidation, texture, composition of fatty acids, and sensory qualities of pork loin were evaluated post slaughter. When the levels of PKM in the diet increased, the $L^*$-value of pork loin decreased, whereas $a^*$-value and total saturated fatty acids increased. 2-Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values of pork loin were lower in groups treated with 8 and 12% PKM than in the control group at day 0; this difference, however, was not observed at day 3 and 7. The results of texture analysis showed that increasing the PKM ratio decreased hardness, chewiness, and springiness at day 7. The sensory test, however, indicated no differences between the control and treated groups. These findings show that finisher pigs could tolerate PKM as a replacement for corn; PKM did not negatively affect the quality of pork, indicating that it can be utilized as feed.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.429-435
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to provide different levels of dietary protein for optimum growth performance in calves and to investigate the impact on the concentration of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in serum. Female Sahiwal calves (n = 12, body weight (BW) = $40{\pm}4.3kg$ and age = $60{\pm}10days$) were selected and divided into three groups with 4 animals in each group. Three diets of T0, T1 and T2 with 18, 20 and 22% of crude protein levels, respectively, were given to the calves to assess the post-weaning growth performance. Calves fed the T2 diet showed a higher (p < 0.05) dry matter (DM) intake than those fed the T0 and T1 diets. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) for the calves fed the T2 diet was lower (p < 0.05) than those of the calves fed the T0 and T1 diets. The T2 group had the highest BW (p < 0.05) compared with the other groups. The concentration of IGF-1 in serum increased (121.9, 143.3, and 152.9 ng/ml for T0, T1, and T2, respectively) as the crude protein (CP) level increased. Overall, the results of this study suggest that post weaning diets T1 and T2 with 20 and 22% crude protein in Sahiwal female calves had significantly increased the BW and serum IGF-1 concentration. The IGF-1 estimation might be a physiological indicator for growth performance.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.419-427
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• 2018

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of Korean corn grain on in vitro ruminal fermentation with total mixed ration (TMR) as a basal feed. Three ruminal cannulated Holstein steers (Body Weight $479{\pm}33.0kg$) were used as rumen fluid donors. Treatments for in vitro fermentation were TMR only (control, 3.0 g), TMR substituted partially with high level (HC, TMR 1.5 and corn 1.5 g), and with low level of Korean corn grain (LC, TMR 2.25 and corn 0.75 g), respectively. To measure in vitro ruminal pH, gas production, ammonia N and volatile fatty acids (VFA), the in vitro fermentation incubation was triplicated at $39^{\circ}C$, 120 rpm for 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h, respectively. Mean ruminal pH was significantly lower (p < 0.05) for HC than control. Changes in rumen pH was rather similar between the groups till 6 h after incubation, but the lowest pH for HC (pH 5.10) appeared at 48 h compared with control and LC. Total gas production was tended (p < 0.09) to be higher and ammonia N was significantly lower (p < 0.05) for HC than control and LC. Total VFA was higher (p < 0.05) for HC and LC than control but no differences appeared between HC and LC. Overall, the present data indicate that feeding different levels of Korean domestic corn grain may lead to high and sustainable starch degradation in the rumen.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.141-151
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• 2000

Over-grown seaweeds in Donghae(east sea of Korea peninsula) may impedes ocean environment, however, they can be a good nutrient resources for poultry feeds if they are utilized properly. In this study, seaweeds powder were tested for laying hens\` ration to investigate the effects on egg production rate, egg quality and calcium phosphorus excretion. One hundred 65wks-old brown layers were fed for 5 weeks alotted with seaweeds powder addition to experimental diet by 0(control), 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%, respectively, and obtained following results; 1. Seaweeds proved a mid-protein low-energy feed resources with planty of K, Na, Ca, Mg, Sr and Fe. 2. Seaweeds addition by 0.5% and 1.0% improved egg production rate and egg-mass output markedly(p<0.05) than control. Seaweeds addition did not alter cholesterol level of yolk and yolk index, however egg shell thickness showed increasing trend by increasing seaweeds addition level. 3. Protein absorption and digestibility in seaweed addition treatments were significantly higher(p<0.05) than control group and protein contents of excreta in 0.5% and 1.0% treatments were reduced(p<0.05), which suggests effective protein metabolism for egg production. Increasing seaweeds addition reduces Ca and P contents in rectum and excreta, suggesting Ca and P utilization improvement in laying hens and lessening soil pollution. 4. In conclusion, seaweeds addition in layers' diet by 1.0% level improves egg-mass production and might be egg quality by increasing metabolism of protein, calcium and phosphorus.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2013

The elements that determine the success of development projects on goats and the prerequisites for ensuring this are discussed in the context of the bewildering diversity of goat genetic resources, production systems, multifunctionality, and opportunities for responding to constraints for productivity enhancement. Key determinants for the success of pro-poor projects are the imperatives of realistic project design, resolution of priorities and positive impacts to increase investments and spur agricultural growth, and appropriate policy. Throughout the developing world, there exist 97% of the total world population of 921 million goats across all agroecological zones (AEZs), including 570 breeds and 64% share of the breeds. They occupy a very important biological and socioeconomic niche in farming systems making significant multifunctional contributions especially to food, nutrition and financial security, stability of farm households, and survival of the poor in the rural areas. Definitions are given of successful and failed projects. The analyses highlighted in successful projects the value of strong participatory efforts with farmers and climate change. Climate change effects on goats are inevitable and are mediated through heat stress, type of AEZ, water availability, quantity and quality of the available feed resources and type of production system. Within the prevailing production systems, improved integrated tree crops - ruminant systems are underestimated and are an important pathway to enhance C sequestration. Key development strategies and opportunities for research and development (R and D) are enormous, and include inter alia defining a policy framework, resolution of priority constraints using systems perspectives and community-based participatory activities, application of yield-enhancing technologies, intensification, scaling up, and impacts. The priority for development concerns the rainfed areas with large concentrations of ruminants in which goats, with a capacity to cope with heat tolerance, can be the entry point for development. Networks and networking are very important for the diffusion of information and can add value to R and D. Well formulated projects with clear priority setting and participatory R and D ensure success and the realisation of food security, improved livelihoods and self-reliance in the future.