• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.189-194
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• 2019

The normal feeding approach of goats might be due to their precise anatomical and physiological characteristics of entity, which permit them to be highly selective, to eat legume silages and wild green grass. This review has been designed to consider the grazing behavior, fodder selection, and feed composition of goats. Various herbs and corns consumed by goats have numerous nutritive resources. Based on the general herbaceous intake activities and behavior of goats, they prefer wild grass such as grass grown in the steep hills than soft grass. Because the digestion capacity of cellulose feed has higher digestion level compared to other non-ruminants within rumen and it is advantageous to use wild forest or mountain grass which comprises high proportion of cellulose feed for goat. In South Korea, there are abundant feed resources for goats because of occupying large areas of mountains. Thus, goat production and feeding costs could be reduced if plants are used from the wild forest as a feed for goats relative to grassland grazing. Also, it is expected to contribute in improvement of goat farming with harmonious relationship between the grassland and wild forest while satisfying animal welfare and physiological desires of livestock.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.8.1-8.9
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• 2019

A 12-week feeding trial was designed to evaluate the effect of total replacement of fish oil (FO) with terrestrial alternative oils on growth, feed utilization, body composition, hematological parameters, and fillet fatty acid profile of mandarin fish juveniles. Four iso-nitrogenous (56% crude protein) and iso-lipidic (13% crude lipid) practical diets were formulated. A control diet contained 6% FO and three other experimental diets were prepared by replacing FO with linseed oil, soybean oil, and lard (designed as FO, LO, SO, and lard, respectively). Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of 25 fish ($1.8{\pm}0.03g/fish$) in a circular tank. Complete replacement of FO by three tested alternative oils had no remarkable impact on growth performance, feed utilization efficiency, and morphological and hematological parameters of juvenile mandarin fish. However, daily feed intake was found to be significantly higher for fish fed the SO diet compared with those fed the FO and LO diets. Fish fed LO and SO diets exhibited significantly higher levels of the whole body lipid compared to fish fed diet containing FO. Fillet fatty acid composition reflected dietary fatty acid profile. The highest level of ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid was observed in fish fillet fed LO, SO, and lard, respectively. Although the eicosapentaenoic acid level of fish fillet fed diet FO was higher than other treatments, no significant difference was found in docosahexaenoic acid content among all dietary groups. The results of the present study clearly demonstrate that the complete replacement of FO in mandarin fish diets is achievable. These findings are useful in dietary formulation to reduce feed costs without compromising mandarin fish growth.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.1553-1561
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• 2004

Two feeding trials were conducted with 128 pullets from 4 to 20 weeks of age and 96 laying hens from 23 to 63 weeks of age to evaluate the effects of scavenging and type of protein supplement on the feed intake and performance of improved pullets and laying hens. The experiments had a completely randomized design with four dietary treatments and four replicates. Treatments were: Control (Cont), scavenging but with access to a balanced concentrate at night; confinement (CF) and given the control feed ad libitum; scavenging and supplemented at night with the control feed, but with soybean meal replaced by cassava leaf meal (CLM); scavenging and supplemented at night with the control feed, but with fishmeal replaced y soybean meal (SBM). The mean daily dry matter (DMI), metabolizable energy (MEI) and crude protein intakes (CPI) of the pullets and laying hens, respectively, were 28%, and 18% higher for the confinement treatment (CF) compared to the scavenging treatments (p<0.001). The DMI, MEI and CPI of the pullets were not significantly different among scavenging treatments (p>0.05), but for the layers DMI, MEI and CPI were significantly higher for the CLM and SBM treatments compared to the Cont treatment (p<0.001). In the growing period, the average daily weight gain (ADG), supplement feed conversion ratio (FCR) and supplement feed cost/kg eggs (FCS) were not significantly different for CF compared to Cont, and among scavenging treatments (p>0.05). In the laying period, the hen-day production was significantly lower, and supplement FCR and FCS significantly higher for the CF compared to the scavenging treatments (p<0.001). Egg weight, and yolk, albumen and shell percentage and shape index were not significantly different among the scavenging treatments (p>0.05). However, shell and yolk percentages were significantly lower for the CF compared to the Cont treatment (p<0.01). Mortality was significantly higher for the CF compared to the scavenging treatments for pullets, and was significantly lower for the CF compared to scavenging treatments for laying hens (p<0.001). It was concluded that scavenging pullets and layers were getting around 28% and 18%, respectively, of their nutrient requirements from scavenging activities, resulting in correspondingly lower supplement feed conversion ratios and feed costs. Daily gains of the pullets were not affected by scavenging or protein supplement, but egg production and mortality were lower for the confined hens.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권9호
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• pp.1205-1212
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• 2010

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of replacing 70% of the protein from fish meal by protein from ensiled or dry cassava leaves and sweet potato vines on the performance and carcass characters of growing F1 (Large White${\times}$Mong Cai) pigs in Central Vietnam. Twenty-five crossbred pigs (Large White${\times}$Mong Cai) with an initial weight of 19.7 kg (SD = 0.84) were allocated randomly to five treatment groups with 5 animals per group (3 males and 2 females). Pigs were kept individually in pens ($2.0{\times}0.8\;m$) and fed one of five diets over 90 days. The control diet was formulated with fish meal (FM) as the protein source while the other four diets were formulated by replacing 70% of fish meal protein by protein from ensiled cassava leaves (ECL), dry cassava leaves (DCL), dry sweet potato vines (DSPV) or ensiled sweet potato vines (ESPV). Animals were fed their diets at 4% of BW. Results showed that final BW, ADG, DMI and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among the experimental treatments were not significantly different (p>0.05). ECL or DCL and ESPV reduced feed cost per unit gain by 8-17.5% compared to the fish meal diet. There were no significant differences in carcass characters among the diets (p>0.05). Lean meat percentages and protein deposition ranged 41.5-45.8% and 40.2-52.9 g/d, respectively. Using ensiled or dry cassava leaves and sweet potato vine can replace at least 70% of the protein from fish meal (or 35% of total diet CP) without significant effects on performance and carcass traits of growing (20-65 kg) pigs. Including cassava leaves and sweet potato vines could improve feed cost and therefore has economic benefits.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.511-516
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of differently maturing corn hybrids on silage production and milk production per unit area in the northern part of Japan, where grain development occurs under decreasing ambient temperature. Both hybrids were harvested at the same time. The stages of maturity for the early-maturing hybrids (EH; 80 d relative maturity) and the mid-maturing hybrids (MH; 93 d relative day) were early dent and late dough stage, respectively. The plant yields for MH were higher than those for EH. The dry matter (DM) content of MH was lower than that for EH, and the effluent loss for MH silage was greater than that for EH silage. Therefore, the DM yields of prepared silage per area were similar for both treatments. Twelve multiparous mid-lactation Holstein cows ($58{\pm}13$ days in milk) were fed diets based on EH or MH silage in a crossover design with two 3-week periods. Cows were fed 3 kg of hay crop silage (DM basis) and either EH or MH silage ad libitum, and concentrates were supplied to meet NRC requirement for dairy cows. Silage DM intake for EH was found to be higher (p<0.05) than that for MH (10.0 vs. 9.1 kg/day). Milk production and milk composition for EH were similar to those for MH. Feed efficiency per total feed intake was similar in both treatments, although the feed efficiency per concentrate intake tended to be higher for the EH than that for the MH diet. These results indicate that differences in maturation in corn hybrids affect the effluent production of silage and the silage intake of dairy cows. It may be advantageous to plant early hybrid corn with a reduction in effluent production of silage as well as a reduction in purchased feed costs for dairy cows under the climatic conditions of the northern part of Japan.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.42-50
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• 2008

Twenty-four, lactating dairy cows were randomly assigned according to a Rrandomized complete block design (RCBD) to investigate the effect of sunflower oil supplementation (SFOS) with cassava hay based-diets on feed intake, digestibility of nutrients, rumen fermentation efficiency and milk production. The treatments were as follows: T1 = Control, using commercial concentrate as a supplement (CON); T2 = Concentrate with cassava hay (CHSO-0); T3 = Concentrate with cassava hay and 2.5% sunflower oil (CHSO-2.5); T4 = Concentrate with cassava hay and 5% sunflower oil (CHSO-5). The cows were offered concentrate feed at a ratio of concentrate to milk production of 1:2 and urea-treated rice straw was fed ad libitum. The results revealed that feed intake, digestibility of nutrients and ruminal pH were similar among all treatments, while ruminal NH3-N was lower (p<0.05) with SFOS. Blood urea-N (BUN) and milk urea-N (MUN) were not significantly affected by SFOS. The ruminal concentrations of volatile fatty acids were significantly different among the treatments. Sunflower oil supplementation significantly increased concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids, and ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids in the milk, particularly the conjugated fatty acids, was significantly enhanced. Furthermore, production costs of treatments with sunflower oil supplementation were lower than for the control. Based on this study, SFOS in cassava hay based-diets improves rumen ecology, milk yield and milk quality, especially in terms of conjugated linoleic acids.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.91-99
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• 2010

A Model of small scale total mixed rations(TMR) plant which can be utilized round bales was developed, tested and analyzed in this study. This study consist of two parts. One is development of a small scale TMR plant model which was already reported at the previous paper. This is the second part of the study. For the study, a series of tests of the model plant were performed and its costs was analyzed. Also, the break-even point of the model plant by comparing with market price of commercial TMR feed was determined. Results of the research are summarized as follows ; As the results of mixing test, the average coefficient of variation(CV) value for mixing of the feed was 13.0 % at the gate of the mixer. The production cost was estimated as 8,298 won/head for dairy cattle farm and 2,495 won/head for beef cattle farm, when producing 8 batch a day. Also, it is recommended to utilize the model plant when farm size is over 79 heads for dairy cattle farm and 113 heads for beef cattle farm. As an overall conclusion, the model plant designed for farm size TMR feed mill will be very useful model for both beef cattle and dairy farms in Korea. Also it is expected that the capital investment for the model plant can be recovered with 8 months compare with purchasing commercial TMR feed if the model plant feeds 1,000 beef cattle approximately.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.20-29
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• 2024

본 연구는 톨페스큐와 볏짚의 급여가 육성기 젖소 성장과 초산연령 및 사료 비용에 미치는 영향을 비교했다. 결과적으로 번식 기간 동안 볏짚 처리구는 톨페스큐 처리구에 비해 성장과 초산연령에서 지연이 있었지만, 단기적으로는 사료 비용이 감소하는 현상을 보였다. 하지만 단기적인 사료값 절감효과로 생각해서는 안되며, 초산 분만 이후 착유우의 생산성 및 경제성 등을 고려하여 판단해야 하며, 이에 대한 추가적인 조사와 연구가 꼭 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 마지막으로 수입산 톨페스큐를 대체할만한 볏짚을 제외한 국내산 조사료의 이용이 필요할 것으로 보여지며, 이를 위한 국내산 조사료의 품질 향상 및 생산 증대에 대한 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권8호
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• pp.1098-1105
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• 2001

There is little information on smallholder dairy farming in Zimbabwe. With such inadequate knowledge, no meaningful decisions on how to improve these systems can be made. A study was, therefore, carried out in Nharira communal area and Lancashire small-scale commercial area to provide information on the viability of dairy farms. This paper is based on data obtained through participatory monitoring of 13 smallholder dairy farms in 1996 and 1997. All the four farms in Lancashire were found to be viable in both years. In Nharira, two out of the nine farms in 1996 and three farms in 1997 failed to break even. There were considerable inter-farm differences in the contribution of milk sales towards total income from dairy farming, ranging from 41% to 99% in Nharira and 71% to 81% in Lancashire in 1996. Corresponding estimates in 1997 were 51-95% and 72-78%, respectively. Expenses on cattle feeds contributed 36-84% in 1996 and 37-80% in 1997 towards total variable costs in Nharira. In Lancashire, the respective estimates were 15-33% and 22-36%. Seven out of the nine studied farms in Nharira and three out of four in Lancashire realized higher gross margin (GM) in 1997 than in 1996. All these farming households had conserved considerable amounts of farm-grown feeds. It was concluded that feed costs, number of cows and sizes of land holdings were the main factors determining viability of smallholder dairy farming. The major challenge to smallholder dairy farming in Nharira, in particular, was to develop low-cost feeding strategies.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.229-246
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• 1988

본 시험은 하절기 산란계의 생산성 저하 방지 및 사료효율개선을 목적으로 하절기 산란계 사료의 적정 에너지수준 및 단백질수준을 구명하기 위해 대사에너지 3수준(2,500, 2,700, 2,900kcal/kg) 과 단백질 2수준(15%, 17%)을 조합한 6개 처리에 49주령 된 산란기 480수를 공시하여 1988년 6월 10일부터 1988년 9월 1일까지 12주간에 걸쳐 시험을 실시하였던 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 생존율은 전처리구에서 98.75~100%로 처리간에 유의성이 없었으며, 대사에너지수준이나 단백질수준간에도 일정한 경향이나 큰 차이가 없었다. 2. 산란율, 난중 및 산란량은 대사에너지 2,500 kcal/kg, 단백질 17%수준에서 각각 84.37%, 62.29g, 그리고 52.55g으로 가장 우수했으며 대사에너지수준이 증가함으로써 점차 낮아졌고, 사료 내 단백질수준이 증가함으로써 유의하게 높아졌으나(p＜0.05), 산란율은 대사에너지 2,500kcal/kg과 2,700kcal/kg, 난중은 2,500kcal/kg과 2,700kcal/kg 및 2,700kcal/kg과 2,900kcal/kg 수준간에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 3. 사료 섭취량은 대사에너지 2,500kcal/kg, 단백질 55%수준에서 118.28g/day으로 가장 높았으며, 대사에너지수준이 증가함에 따라 사료 섭취량은 유의하게 감소했으나(p＜0.05), 사료중 단백질 수준에 따라서는 큰 차이가 없었다. 4. 대사에너지 섭취량은 대사에너지 2,900kcal/kg, 단백질 15%수준에서 326.60kcal/day로 가장 높았으며 대사에너지수준이 증가함에 따라 유의하게 증가되었으나(p＜0.05), 사료중 단백질 수준에 따라서는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 5. 단백질섭취양은 대사에너지 2,500kcal/kg, 단백질 17%수준에서 19.99 g/day로 가장 높았으며 대사에너지수준이 증가함에 따라 유의하게 감소하였으나, 사료 중 단백질수준이 증가함에 따라 유의하게 증가하였다(p＜0.05). 6 사료 요구율은 대사에너지와 2,500kcal/kg과 단백질 17%수준에서 2.24로 가장 낮았으나, 사료중 대사에너지수준에 따라서는 큰 차이가 없었으나, 단백질수준이 증가함에 따라 유의하게 개선되었다 (p＜0.05). 7. 산란kg당 대사에너지와 단백질 요구량은 2,900kcal/kg와 15% 및 2,700kcal/kg와 17%의 대사에너지와 단백질수준에서 각각 6871.64kcal와 385.76g으로 가장 높았으며 사료중의 에너지수준이 증가할수록 산란kg당 대사에너지요구량은 유의하게 증가하였으나(p＜0.05), 단백노요구량을 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았고. 사료중 단백질수준이 증가함에 따라 산란당 대사에너지 요구량은 유의하게 감소한 반면 산란당 단백질요구량은 유의하게 증가하였다(p＜0.05). 산란kg당 사료비는 2,500kcal/kg과 15%의 대사에너지와 단백질수준에서 279.84 won으로 가장 적었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 우리나라 실정에 맞는 하절기 산란계사료의 적정 대사에너지 및 단백질수준은 각각 2,500kcal/kg과 17%가 가장 적합할 것으로 사료된다.