• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.723-728
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• 2009

본 연구는 감귤 부산물 TMR 사료 급여가 젖소 원유의 품질에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위하여 실시하였다. 감귤 부산물을 혼합하지 않은 TMR 사료를 급여한 원유를 T0, 그리고 감귤 부산물을 혼합한 TMR 사료를 급여한 원유를 T1이라 하였다. 젖소는 홀스타인종으로 제주도 소재 낙농 목장에서 사양 시험을 하였으며, 1회에 7 마리씩 3반복 실행하였다. T0 및 T1의 산유량은 각각 24.16 및 25.97 kg이고, 체세포수는 66만 및 44만5천 개로 감귤 부산물 급여에 의해 산유량이 증가하고 체세포수가 감소하였다. T0 및 T1 원유의 총균수는 각각 $2.05{\times}10^6$ 및 $1.97{\times}10^6$ CFU/mL로 유의적 차이가 없었다. T0 및 T1 원유의 비중은 각각 1.0335 및 1.0342로 비슷하고, 적정 산도는 각각 0.14% 및 0.14%로 같은 수준을 나타내었다. 원유의 유지방 함량은 T1이 4.03%로 낮고, 유단백, 유당, 무지유고형분 및 총 고형분 함량은 현저한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 원유의 휘발성 향기 성분은 감귤 부산물 급여에 의한 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았다. 원유의 항산화력은 감귤 부산물 TMR 사료 급여에 의해 향상되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.128-132
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• 1998

The relative disappearance and rate of degradation of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of nine different feedstuffs were determined by simultaneously suspending groups of substrates, using the nylon bags, in the rumen of males of Sahiwal cattle and Nili-Ravi buffalo. The digestion kinetics of leguminous forages (Lucerne, berseem and cowpeas) and feed byproducts (cotton seed cake, wheat bran and wheat straw) did not differ between the two species. However, the DM and NDF digestibilities and rates of digestion of grasses and wheat straw were greater in buffalo than in cow bulls, indicating that buffaloes are better converters of poor quality roughages than are Sahiwal. The lag time for DM of grasses did not differ between these two species but the NDF lag time was lower in buffalo than in cows, indicating that both the rate and lag time of digestion may be reliable indicators for assessing the NDF quality.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.429-438
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• 2018

Objective: Although the efficacy of Rubus coreanus (RC) byproducts as a feed additive has been recognized, its effects on intestinal microorganisms and the immune system are still unknown. Methods: Six-week-old male rats were treated with 0.5% RC (T1), 1.0% RC (T2), and 1.5% RC (T3) for 4 weeks. Results: We found that treatment with RC byproducts significantly increased the daily gain of body weight and feed intake. Treg-cell differentiation was enhanced in the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen from the rats fed with RC byproducts. Illumina sequencing showed that bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes decreased and while those in the phylum Bacteroidetes increased in RC-treated groups. Particularly, the pathogenic microorganisms in the family Peptococcaceae decreased, and the non-pathogenic families Lachnospiraceae and S24-7 increased. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the RC byproducts increased the lactic acid bacteria Bifidobacterium spp., Oscillospira spp., Leuconostoc citreum, and Weissella cibaria in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion: RC byproducts may be effective in immunomodulation by affecting intestinal microorganisms.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.1258-1264
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 건조하지 않은 감귤부산물을 첨가한 TMR사료를 홀스타인 젖소에게 급여하고 생산한 원유의 성분 특성에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 초산우와 경산우를 대상으로, 감귤부산물 TMR사료를 급여하지 않은 젖소의 원유를 T0구, 그리고 감귤부산물 TMR사료를 급여한 젖소의 원유를 T1구이라 하였으며, 각각 7 마리의 젖소에서 착유한 원유의 분석치를 1반복으로 하고, 3반복 실행하였다. 초산우 및 경산우 모두 원유의 수분, 조단백질, 조지방, 조회분 함량 및 열량은 T0구 및 T1구 사이에 유의적 차이가 없었다. 원유의 콜레스테롤 함량은 초산우 및 경산우 모두 T0구보다 T1구가 낮게 나타났으며 경산우의 경우 T1구가 유의하게 낮은 값을 보였다(p<0.05). 원유의 무기질 함량은 초산우의 경우 Na와 S, 경산우의 경우 Na, Cu, Fe 및 S가 T1구에서 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 초산우와 경산우 모두 T0구 및 T1구의 구성아미노산 총량, 포화지방산과 불포화지방산의 조성비, 그리고 모든 유리 지방산의 조성비는 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았다. 초산우와 경산우 원유의 비타민 A, E, $B_1$, $B_2$ 및 $\beta$-carotene 함량 중 초산우의 비타민 $B_1$은 T0구보다 T1구가 유의적으로 많고(p<0.05), 나머지는 유의적 차이가 나타나지 않았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.1593-1598
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• 2003

Nutritional evaluation of some agro-industrial byproducts available in Samoa [dry brewers' grains (DBG), cocoa shell (CS), cocoa dust (CD) and desiccated coconut waste meal (DCWM)] available in Samoa was carried out using both the in vivo and in vitro techniques. In the in vivo study 24 Anglo-nubian goats were offered by-products with other feed ingredients to compound four different diets. The goats were randomly allocated to 4 diets on the basis of liveweight (18.7-0.3kg). The ADF content of the byproducts followed a similar trend to NDF. The byproducts have a high content of organic matter (91.0-95.4%). Gross energy (GE) content was higher in DCWM (25.1 MJ/kg DM), closely followed by CD (23.2 MJ/kg DM). Concentrate intake was significantly different (p<0.05) among the goats. Average daily live weight gains were 105, 92, 88 and 97 g/goat/day for DBG, CS, CD and DCWM, respectively. Daily live weight gains were higher (p<0.05) in the goats that received DBG, while the least gain was obtained in the goats that received CS byproduct diet. DM digestibility was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the goats on DBG diet than in the other goats. The least DM digestibility was obtained in the goats that received CD diet (p>0.05). CP digestibility followed a similar pattern to DM digestibility. The digestibility of NDF and ADF was influenced by the nature of the diets. The digestibility of OM and GE were best (p<0.05) in the goats that received DBG, DCWM and CS byproduct diets than in CD. Significant differences (p<0.05) among the byproducts were recorded for net gas production. Potential gas production (a+b) ranged from 7.064 to 42.17 ml. Organic matter digested (OMD) from gas production value at 24 h was higher in DBG (47.6 g/kg DM) and this was followed by DCWM (42.5 g/kg DM). The least OMD was obtained in CD (17.9 g/kg DM). A significant difference (p<0.05) in DM disappearance after 4, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h was recorded. The potential and effective degradability varied significantly (p<0.05) from 85.95-99.6 g/kg DM and from 39.9-65.8%, respectively. The digestibility of the byproducts in both the in vivo and in in vitro techniques demonstrated that they are potential source of feed ingredients for ruminant livestock in Samoa and possibly in the other small Pacific Island countries. On the basis of their potential degradability the byproducts could be ranked in the following order:DCWM>DBG>CD>CS. In conclusion, the results obtained suggest that all the byproducts can contribute to ruminant livestock diets without adverse effects on feed intake, growth rate and apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.103-109
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• 2019

Objective: Ensiling of tannin-rich fruit byproducts (FB) involves quantitative and qualitative changes in the tannins, which would consequently change the rumen fermentation characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate whether ensiled FBs are effective in mitigating methane emission from ruminants by conducting in vitro assessments. Methods: Fruit byproducts (grape pomace, wild grape pomace, and persimmon skin) were collected and subjected to four-week ensiling by Lactobacillus buchneri inoculant. A defined feed component with or without FB samples (both fresh and ensiled material) were subjected to in vitro anaerobic culturing using rumen fluid sampled from beef cattle, and the fermentation parameters and microbial populations were monitored. Results: Reduced methane production and a proportional change in total volatile fatty acids (especially enhanced propionate proportion) was noted in bottles containing the FBs compared with that in the control (without FB). In addition, we found lower gene copy number of archaeal 16S rRNA and considerably higher levels of one of the major fibrolytic bacteria (Fibrobacter succinogenes) in the bottles containing FBs than in the control, particularly, when it was included in a forage-based feed. However, in the following cultivation experiment, we observed that FBs failed to exhibit a significant difference in methane production with or without polyethylene glycol, implying that tannins in the FBs may not be responsible for the mitigation of methane generation. Conclusion: The results of the in vitro cultivation experiments indicated that not only the composition but also ensiling of FBs affected rumen fermentation patterns and the degree of methane generation. This is primarily because of the compositional changes in the fibrous fraction during ensiling as well as the presence of readily fermented substrates, whereas tannins in these FBs seemed to have little effect on the ruminal fermentation kinetics.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.524-530
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• 2008

본 연구는 감귤 부산물 첨가 사료를 급여한 토종닭 고기의 이화학적 특성 및 기호도를 파악하기 위하여 실시하였다. 토종닭은 감귤 부산물을 급여하지 않고 산란계 배합 사료로 39주령까지 사육한 것(T0구), 그리고 17주령부터 감귤 부산물을 급여한 것(T1구)으로 나누어 각각 54마리씩 3반복 사육하였다. T1구의 사료는 16주령까지 T0구와 동일하고, $17{\sim}39$주령에는 T0구에 감귤 부산물을 4% 첨가하여 제조하였다. 토종닭($1.30{\pm}0.5kg$) 고기는 도계 후 냉장 2일째 실험에 이용하였다. 가슴살 빛 다리살의 명도($L^*$), 적색도($a^*$), 황색도($b^*$), 보수력, 동결 감량, 해동 감량 및 가열 감량은 모두 감귤 부산물 급여에 의한 유의적 차이가 없었다. 물성에 있어서 탄성, 응집성, 뭉침성 및 씹힘성은 가슴살과 다리살 모두 감귤 부산물 급여에 의한 유의적 차이가 없었으나, 경도와 전단력은 감귤 부산물을 급여한 T1구가 유의하게 낮았다(p<0.05). 산가 및 과산화물가는 T0구보다 T1구가 다소 낮게 나타났으나 유의적 차이가 아니었다. 항산화력은 T0구보다 T1구가 좋은 현상을 보였다. 생육의 관능적 색깔 및 냄새는 T0구와 T1구의 차이가 없었으나 가열육의 기호성은 T1구가 유의하게 (p<0.05) 우수하여 감귤 부산물의 급여 효과가 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.973-980
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate nutritional value and in situ degradability of fruit-vegetable byproducts and their feeding effects on performance of growing Hanwoo steers. Methods: Nutritional value and in situ degradability of cabbage, Chinese cabbage and fruit-vegetable byproducts were assessed. In vivo feeding trial was also performed for 12 weeks. Thirty-six growing steers were randomly allocated into three groups according to body weight (BW) and age in 12 pens (4 replications/treatment) and assigned to one of the three dietary treatments: control (byproduct 0%), FV-B (fruit-vegetable byproduct 20%), and CA-B (cabbage peel 15% plus Chinese cabbage peel 15%, total byproduct 30%). Results: The crude protein contents of cabbage, Chinese cabbage and fruit-vegetable byproducts were 18.69%, 20.20%, and 10.07%, respectively. Concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were higher in cabbage (22.31%) and Chinese cabbage (28.83%) than fruit-vegetable (13.94%). Higher concentrations of non-fiber carbohydrate were observed for fruit-vegetable (66.72%) than cabbage (44.93%) and Chinese cabbage byproducts (24.69%). The effective degradability (ED) of both dry matter (DM) and NDF for fruit-vegetable byproduct (DM, 84.69%; NDF, 85.62%) was higher (p<0.05) than cabbage (DM, 68.47%; NDF, 55.97%) and Chinese cabbage byproducts (DM, 68.09%; NDF, 54.22%). The DM intake was not different among treatments because the amount of feed was kept constant according to the BW of growing steers to prevent overweight during the growing period. The average daily gain during the whole experimental period was not different among treatments (1.26, 1.25, and 1.34 kg/d for control, FV-B, and CA-B). The ED of both DM and NDF degradability of the total mixed ration (TMR) diets were very similar among treatments. Feed conversion ratio during the whole period showed no significant difference among treatments. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that fruit-vegetable and cabbage byproducts up to 20% and 30% (as fed basis), respectively can be included in TMR diets for growing beef cattle.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권6호
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• pp.1184-1198
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• 2022

In this study, Rubus coreanus (R. coreanus) byproducts with high polyphenol content were fermented with R. coreanus-derived lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum GBL 16 and 17). Then the effect of R. coreanus-derived lactic acid bacteria fermented feed (RC-LAB fermented feed) with probiotics (Bacillus subtills, Aspergillus oryzae, Yeast) as a feed additive for pigs on the composition of intestinal microbes and the regulation of intestinal immune homeostasis was investigated. Seventy-two finishing Berkshire pigs were randomly allotted to four different treatment groups and 18 replicates. RC-LAB fermented feed with probiotics increased the genera Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Mitsuokella, Prevotella, Bacteroides spp., Roseburia spp., and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, which are beneficial bacteria of the digestive tract of pigs. Also, RC-LAB fermented feed with probiotics decreased the genera Clostridium, Terrisporobacter, Romboutsia, Kandleria, Megasphaera and Escherichia, which are harmful bacteria. In particular, the relative abundance of the genera Lactobacillus and Streptococcus increased by an average of 8.51% and 4.68% in the treatment groups and the classes Clostridia and genera Escherichia decreased by an average of 27.05% and 2.85% in the treatment groups. In mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and spleens, the mRNA expression of transcription factors and cytokines in Th1 and Treg cells increased and the mRNA expression of Th2 and Th17 transcription factors and cytokines decreased, indicating a regulatory effect on intestinal immune homeostasis. RC-LAB fermented feed regulates gut immune homeostasis by influencing the composition of beneficial and detrimental microorganisms in the gut and regulating the balance of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg cells.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.1369-1376
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• 2008

본 연구는 감귤부산물 첨가 사료를 급여한 토종닭 고기의 영양성분을 파악하기 위하여 실시하였다. 토종닭은 감귤부산물을 급여하지 않고 산란계 배합사료로 39주령까지 사육한 것(T0구), 그리고 감귤부산물을 급여한 것(T1구)으로 나누어 각각 54수 씩 5반복 사육하였다. T1구의 사료는 16주령까지 T0구와 동일하게, $17{\sim}39$주령에는 T0구에 감귤부산물을 4% 첨가하여 제조하였다. 토종닭 고기($1.30{\pm}0.5\;kg$)는 도계 후 냉장 2일째 실험에 이용하였다. 토종닭의 가슴살 및 다리살의 열량, 수분, 조단백질, 조지방, 조회분, 구성아미노산 총량, 유리아미노산 총량 및 포화지방산/불포화지방산 조성비는 모두 감귤부산물 급여에 의한 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았다. T0구와 T1구의 콜레스테롤 함량은 가슴살이 각각 48.4 mg/100 g 및 47.6 mg/100 g, 다리살이 각각 75.7 mg/100 g 및 72.8 mg/100 g으로 나타나서 감귤부산물을 급여한 T1구가 다소 낮은 값을 보였다. 가슴살의 경우 대부분의 무기질, 비타민, 아미노산 및 지방산 함량이 감귤부산물 급여에 의하여 유의한 차이가 없었다. 그러나 다리살은 무기질의 인, 칼륨, 마그네슘, 그리고 비타민 B2, 유리아미노산의 L-glutamic acid, 지방산의 oleic acid 및 linoleic acid 함량이 T1구가 유의하게(p<0.05) 높게 나타나서 감귤부산물 급여 효과가 있었다.