• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.867-872
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• 2003

This experiment was conducted to determine the optimum level of green tea by-product (GTB) in diets without antibiotics and to evaluate its effect on broiler performances. A total of 140 Ross broilers were kept in battery cages for a period of 6 weeks. Dietary treatments used in this experiment were antibiotic free group (basal diet as a control), antibiotic added group (basal+0.05% chlortetracycline), GTB 0.5% (basal+GTB 0.5%), GTB 1% (basal+GTB 1%) and GTB 2% (basal+GTB 2%). Antibiotic added group showed significantly higher body weight gain than other treatments (p<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in feed intake and feed efficiency among treatments (p>0.05). The addition of green tea by-product to diets tended to decrease blood LDL cholesterol content compared to control group although there were no significant differences among treatments (p>0.05). Addition of green tea by-product increased docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in blood plasma and tended to decrease cholesterol content in chicken meat, but a significant difference was not observed (p>0.05). The values of TBA in chicken meat decreased in groups fed diets with green tea-by product and antibiotics compared to control group (p<0.05). The crude protein content in chicken meat was decreased slightly in treatments with green tea by-product and antibiotics supplementation. The abdominal fat was increased in chickens fed with diets with green tea by-product compared to the control (p<0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.217-224
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• 2014

A total of 150 growing ducks were assigned to five dietary treatments to study the effect of sea tangle and charcoal (STC) supplementation on growth performance and meat characteristics in a completely randomized design. There were six replicates and five ducklings in each replication. The five dietary treatments were control, antibiotic, and 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% STC supplemented diets. No significant differences were found on ADG, ADFI, and gain:feed among treatments in different weeks. The overall (0 to 3 weeks) ADFI decreased in antibiotic treatment (p<0.05) whereas the gain:feed increased significantly upon 1.0% STC supplementation compared to control (p<0.05). No significant variation was found in meat chemical composition except crude fat content which was high in 1.0% STC dietary group (p<0.05). Meat cholesterol was reduced in 0.1% STC group (p<0.05) compared to other dose levels while serum cholesterol was unaffected. High density lipoprotein (HDL) content was high in 1.0% STC (p<0.05) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) was low in 0.1% and 1.0% STC dietary groups (p = 0.06). No significant effect was found on the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of fresh meat, whereas the TBARS value of meat preserved for 1 week was reduced significantly in STC dietary groups (p<0.05). The 0.1% STC dietary group showed an increased myristic acid (p = 0.07) content whereas, the content of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids increased in STC supplementation than antibiotic group (p<0.05). An increased concentration of omega-3 fatty acids and a reduced ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was found upon 1.0% STC supplementation compared to antibiotic dietary group (p<0.05). Therefore, 1.0% STC dietary supplementation can be used as alternatives to antibiotics in duck production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.1026-1031
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• 2009

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of graded levels of butyric acid (butyrate) on performance, gastrointestinal tract health and carcass characteristics in young broiler chickens. Control starter (0-3 wk) and finisher (4-5 wk) diets were formulated to contain 2,900 kcal ME/kg and 22% CP, and 3,000 kcal ME/kg and 20% CP, respectively. Subsequently, four other experimental diets were formulated to contain 0.05% antibiotic (furazolidone) or 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% butyric acid. Each diet was fed at random to 8 replicates of 6 chicks each throughout the experimental period (0-5 wk). The results showed that 0.4% butyrate in the diet was similar to antibiotic in maintaining body weight gain and reducing E. coli numbers but superior for feed conversion ratio. No added advantage on these parameters was obtained by enhancing the concentration of butyrate from 0.4 to 0.6% in the diet. Feed intake and mortality were not influenced by the dietary treatments. A reduction in pH of the upper GI tract (crop, proventiculus and gizzard) was observed by inclusion of butyrate in the diets of broilers compared to either control or antibiotic-fed group. Butyrate at 0.4% was more effective in reducing the pH than 0.2% butyrate. Within the lower GI tract, 0.4 and 0.6% butyrate was effective in lowering pH in the duodenum, but no effect was found in either the jejunum or ileum. The villus length and crypt depth in the duodenum increased significantly in all the butyrate treated diets irrespective of the level tested. Carcass yield was higher and abdominal fat content was lower significantly in all the butyrate treatment groups compared to the control or antibiotic group. From these findings, it is concluded that 0.4% butyric acid supplementation maintained performance, intestinal tract health, and villi development and carcass quality in broiler chickens.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.705-711
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• 2018

Objective: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of golden needle mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) stem waste (FVW), on organic eggs production, calcium utilization, antibody response, serum immunoglobulin, and serum cytokine concentration at early phase of production in laying hens. Methods: A total 210, 19 weeks old aged ISA Brown layers were randomly assigned into 5 equal treatment groups, with 7 replications of 6 hens each. Dietary treatment included a standard basal diet as control; antibiotic (0.05% flavomycin); 2% FVW; 4% FVW; and 6% FVW. The experimental duration was 10 weeks. Results: There was no significant differences (p>0.05) on hen day egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among experimental groups. Unmarketable eggs were significantly lower (p<0.05) both in 4% FVW and 6% FVW fed groups than control group. The calcium retention and calcium in egg shell deposition were significantly higher (p<0.05) in FVW inclusion groups than control and antibiotic groups. Antibody titers against Newcastle diseases were significantly higher (p<0.05) in 6% FVW fed group (except combined with 4% FVW at day 147) and infectious bronchitis were significantly higher (p<0.05) in FVW fed groups (except 2% FVW and 4% FVW at day 161) than control and antibiotic groups. Serum immunoglobulin sIgA was significantly higher (p<0.05) in all levels of FVW and IgG was significantly higher (p<0.05) in 4% FVW than control and antibiotic groups. Serum cytokine concentration interleukin-2 (IL-2) was significantly higher (p<0.05) in 6% FVW; IL-6 and tumor necrotic $factor-{\alpha}$ were significantly higher (p<0.05) both in 4% FVW and 6% FVW than control and antibiotic groups; IL-4 was significantly higher (p<0.05) in antibiotic, 2% FVW and 4% FVW fed groups than control. Conclusion: F. velutipes mushroom waste can be used as a novel substitute for antibiotic for organic egg production and sound health status in laying hens.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.113-121
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• 2003

본 실험은 육계에서 남은 음식물 사료자원 개발의 일환으로 실시하였으며, 생산성을 좀더 큰 효과를 기대하기위해 남은 음식물에 생균제를 수준별로 첨가하여 급여할 경우 육계의 성장 및 체조성에 미치는 영향을 평가하기위하여 실시하였으며, 육계사료에 남은음식물 사료 15%에 첨가한 생균제 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% 첨가구 및 항생제 0.1%첨가구로 총 6처리 4반복 반복당 7수씩 총 196수로 6주간 사양시험을 하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 체조성은 대조구가 17.52% 비해 생균제 1.0%첨가구가 15.57%로 단백질 함량 수치가 낮게 나타났다 (P>0.05). 조지방은 대조구가 3.30%인 반면 남은음식물 사료는 6.44%로 음식물에 지방 함량이 높게 나타났다 (P<0.05). 조회분은 대조구가 1.41%로서 항생제 1.53% 비해 첨가구들이 1.75%. 1.72% 및 2.13%로 높았다 (P<0.05). Stearic acid, linoleic acid 지방산이 대조구에 비해 첨가구들이 낮은 수치를 나타냈으며 mystic asid, palmitoleic acid 지방산은 대조구 비해 첨가구들이 높은 수치를 나타냈다 (P<0.05). 복강내 지방 함량은 장기무게 비율은 대조구 1.05 g로 남은음식물 생균제 1.5%첨가구가 2.30 g로 두배의 차이로 높은 비율을 나타났다 (P<0.05).

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2012

In the past, poultry nutrition has focussed on increasing the production efficiency to meet the progress achieved in the genetic potential of broilers and layers. Future directions in poultry nutrition will be driven by not only by the need to maximise biological and economic performance of birds, but also by societal issues (environment, antibiotic growth promoters, welfare, traceability and use of genetically modified ingredients). Key advances in poultry nutrition are discussed and future directions, which can be expected, are highlighted. Given the tightening supply and ever-increasing cost of raw materials, there will be more pressure to extract every unit of energy and nutrients from feed ingredients. In this context, a number of feed additives are expected to play an increasingly significant role. Feed enzymes and crystalline amino acids, in particular, will have a profound effect on future sustainability of the poultry industry. Future nutritional research need to focus on identifying the barriers to effective digestion and utilisation of nutrients and, to achieve this objective, nutritionists must combine their expertise with those of specialising in other biological sciences, including immunology, microbiology, histology and molecular biology.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제65권3호
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• pp.479-489
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• 2023

Livestock production depends on the utilization of nutrients, and when this is accomplished, there is accelerated momentum toward growth with a low cost-to-feed ratio. Public concern over the consumption of pork with antibiotic residues in animals fed antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) has paved the way for using other natural additives to antibiotics, such as herbs and their products, probiotics, prebiotics, etc. Numerous feed additives are trending to achieve this goal, and a classic example is vitamins and minerals. Vitamins and minerals represent a relatively small percentage of the diet, but they are critical to animal health, well-being, and performance; both play a well-defined role in metabolism, and their requirements can vary depending on the physiological stage of the animals. At the same time, the absence of these vitamins and minerals in animal feed can impair the growth and development of muscles and bones. Most commercial feeds contain vitamins and trace minerals that meet nutrient requirements recommended by National Research Council and animal feeding standards. However, the potential variability and bioavailability of vitamins and trace elements in animal feeds remain controversial because daily feed intake varies, and vitamins are degraded by transportation, storage, and processing. Accordingly, the requirement for vitamins and minerals may need to be adjusted to reflect increased production levels, yet the information presented on this topic is still limited. Therefore, this review focuses on the role and function of different sources of minerals, the mode of action, the general need for micro and macro minerals in non-ruminant diets, and how they improve animal performance.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.49-55
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• 1986

닭에 대한 생균제 및 항생제의 성장촉진 효과 및 장내세균총에 미치는 영향을 측정하기 위하여 산란계 숫병아리 180수를 무첨가 대조구, 항생제구(virginiamycin 5ppn), 생균제구로 나누어 처리당 60수를 10수씩 battery에 완전 임의배치하여 사양실험을 하고 이어서 대사시험과 장기관 무게 및 소장내용물의 세균총 분석을 실시하였다. 실험에서 얻어진 결과에 의하면 증체량과 사료섭취량에는 처리간에 유의차가 없었으나 사료효율에 있어서는 항생제구가 생균제와 대조구에 비하여 유의하게 좋았다 (P〈0.01). 건물, 조단백질, 조지방, NEE, Ca, P의 이용율에 있어서는 처리간에 통계적 유의성이 없었으나 조섬유의 이용율은 항생제구가 유의하게 낮았다 (P〈0.05). 대사체중당 소장의 무게는 항생제구가 타 처리구에 비하여 유의하게 가벼웠다 (P〈.0.05). 맹장의 무게에 있어서 통계적 유의성은 없었으나 생균제구가 타 처리구에 비해 가벼운 경향이 있었다. 소장내용물의 세균총 변화는 생균제를 급여 한 구에서 Bacillus subtilis와 Lactobacilli 의 수가 타처리구에 비하여 유의하게 (P〈0.01) 많았으며 Coliforms 의 수는 생균제와 항생제구가 대조구에 비하여 유의하게 적었다 (P〈0.01).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.267-274
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• 2009

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the feeding value of wood vinegar in weanling pigs. In Experiment 1, weanling pigs (n = 224; Landrace ${\times}$Yorkshire ${\times}$Duroc, 21${\pm}$3 d-old, initial BW 6.12${\pm}$0.10 kg) were assigned to four dietary treatments. Different levels of wood vinegar were added to the diets as dietary treatments (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%). Each treatment comprised 4 replicates with 14 piglets in each. Experimental feeding was conducted for 28 d in two phases (phase I, d 0 to 14 and phase II, d 15 to 28). Feeding of wood vinegar linearly (p<0.05) improved the phase I, phase II and overall ADG and increased (linear, p<0.05) the overall and phase II ADFI. Linear improvements in the apparent fecal digestibility of dry matter (p = 0.013), gross energy (p = 0.019) and crude protein (p = 0.033) were observed as the level of wood vinegar was increased in the diet of pigs. Experiment 2 was conducted to compare dietary wood vinegar with commonly used growth promoters, organic acid (mixture of 21% phosphoric acid, 3.25% propionic acid, 2.8% formic acid, 10% calcium formate and 5% calcium propionate) and antibiotic (aparamycin). A total of 288 weanling piglets (Landrace ${\times}$Yorkshire ${\times}$Duroc, 22${\pm}$2 d-old, initial BW 6.62${\pm}$0.31 kg) were assigned to four treatments with four replicates (18 piglets/pen) for 28 days and fed in 2 phases: phase I, d 0 to 14 and phase II, d 15 to 28. The dietary treatments were control (corn-soybean meal basal diet without antibiotics) and diets containing 0.2% antibiotic, 0.2% organic acid and 0.2% wood vinegar. Pigs fed antibiotic showed higher (p<0.001) ADG and better feed efficiency followed by pigs fed wood vinegar and organic acid diets while those fed the control diet had lowest ADG and poorest feed efficiency. The overall and phase I ADFI was highest (p<0.001) in pigs fed wood vinegar and lowest in pigs fed the control diet. Apparent fecal digestibility of dry matter, gross energy and crude protein was significantly higher (p<0.05) in pigs fed the antibiotic diet when compared with pigs fed the control but comparable among pigs fed antibiotic, organic acid and wood vinegar diets. Higher populations of Lactobacillus (p = 0.004) were noted in the ileum of pigs fed the wood vinegar diet, while the population of coliforms in the ileum and cecum was higher (p<0.001) in pigs fed the control diet when compared with pigs fed antibiotic, organic acid or wood vinegar diets. These results indicated that wood vinegar could improve the performance of weanling pigs by improving the nutrient digestibility and reducing harmful intestinal coliforms; moreover performance of pigs fed wood vinegar was superior to those fed organic acid.

• 현장농수산연구지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.60-66
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• 2024

본 실험은 자돈 사료 내 섬유소 공급원 및 첨가 수준의 차이가 이유자돈의 성장 능력에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 수행되었다. 섬유소 공급원으로 sugar beet pulp와 oat hull을 각 2%, 8% 첨가 수준을 달리하여 자돈에 급이하였으며, 처리구는 사료 내 항생제를 0.1% 첨가한 PC 처리구의 성장 성적에 비해 낮았으나, 항생제를 첨가하지 않은 NC 처리구에 비해 높게 나타났다. 또한 sugar beet pulp 8%를 급이 한 처리구는 PC 처리구와 유사한 성장 성적을 보였으며, 이는 섬유소 공급이 이유 후 자돈의 장내 환경에 긍정적 영향을 미친 것으로 사료된다.