• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.1483-1489
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• 2016

Most of amino acid (AA) digestibility values for feed ingredients are obtained using pigs cannulated in the distal ileum. The ileal-cannulated pig model uses pigs older than six weeks due to difficulties related to implanting the T-cannula in distal ileum of younger pigs and complications during the post-surgical recovery. However, to properly formulate the diet of weaned pigs, the nutritive value of feed ingredients should be determined with younger pigs. Thus, 25 weaned pigs were used to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, energy, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) ileal AA digestibility of broken rice (BR), with or without multicarbohydrase (MC) and phytase (Phy) supplementation. Piglets were weaned at 23 d of age and individually housed in digestibility cages until 45 d of age. The trial consisted of 7 d of adaptation to the experimental diets and 3 d of excreta (feces and urine) collection. Ileal digesta was collected at slaughter (about 6 weeks of age). A completely randomized experimental design was used to determine the effects of MC and Phy. Reference diets (RD, 5% casein) was replaced by 30% of BR with or without MC, Phy, or MC+Phy. The RD was used to quantify endogenous AA losses. BR with Phy supplied had increased the ATTD of dry matter (p<0.05) and SID of histidine (p = 0.05), arginine, leucine, lysine, valine, alanine, and proline (p<0.05). BR with MC had been increased digestible energy and protein and SID for histidine (p<0.05). There was no interaction between Phy and MC on the BR nutrient digestibilities. Standardized amino acid digestibilities of BR, without enzymes, were lower than those values reported in the literature. The MC and Phy improved the digestibility of some nutrients and energy of BR in post-weaned piglet diets.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.137-146
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• 2007

2005년 말을 기준으로 우리나라의 농림업 생산액은 총 36.3조원으로 이중 축산업 생산액은 11.8조원으로 전체 생산액의 32.5%를 차지하여 가장 많은 비율을 점유하고 있으며(농림부, 2006), 유제품의 소비량도 꾸준히 증가하여 1인당 63.6kg의 우유․유제품을 섭취하는 것으로 나타났다(농촌경제연구원, 2005). 이 같은 성장은 축산농가들이 국제 경쟁력 확보를 위해 그동안 보여준 각고의 노력과 꾸준한 투자의 결과로 평가되고 있으며, 이제는 축산물이 국민의 식생활에서 없어서는 안될 중요한 위치를 차지하게 되었다. 우리나라의 가축사육두수는 1970년대부터 해마다 계속 증가하여 2005년 말 현재 한우 1,819천두, 젖소 479천두, 돼지 8,962천두, 닭 109,628천수가 사육되고 있으며 사육농가의 전업화로 인하여 농가수는 점차 줄어들고 있는 반면에 농가당 사육두수는 증가하고 있는 실정이다(농림부, 2005). 농가당 평균 가축사육두수는 한우 8.8두, 젖소 51.7두, 돼지 671.4두, 닭 813.0수이며, 이중 부업이 아닌 전업농으로 볼 수 있는 한우 50두 이상의 사육농가가 전체 한우농가의 2.9%, 젖소 50두 이상 사육농가가 46.8%, 돼지 1,000두 이상의 농가가 21.6%, 닭 30,000수 이상의 농가가 1.0%를 차지하고 있어, 젖소가 다른 축종에 비해 전업농의 규모가 가장 많이 이루어졌다고 볼 수 있다(농림부, 2005). 따라서 매년 축산농가로부터 발생되는 분뇨의 양도 증가되고 있으며, 1990년초부터는 가축분뇨가 작물의 비료원으로 쓰이는 순기능보다는 환경오염의 한 요인으로 지목되면서 토양, 수질 및 대기오염이라는 역기능이 더 부각됨에 따라 도시근교의 낙농가, 초지나 사료작물포를 확보하지 못한 목장, 상수원 보호구역내에 위치한 목장에서는 분뇨처리에 고심을 하지 않을 수 없게 되었다. 특히 체격이 크고 방목지 및 운동장 등의 야외에서 사육되는 경우가 많은 젖소는 다른 가축에 비해 분뇨배설량이 많을 뿐 아니라, 운동장 등 축사 외부에서 활동하는 시간이 많기 때문에 주변으로부터 환경을 오염시키는 주범으로 지목을 받아 왔다. 또한 조사료 생산기반인 동시에 생산된 분뇨를 환원해야 할 경지면적이 협소한 상황에서 이루어진 젖소의 규모확대는 가축분뇨의 토양에 대한 부하를 높이게 되었고, 하천의 수질을 오염시키는 환경오염의 주범으로 인식되어 왔다. 이와같은 대내외적인 요인으로 인해 낙농가들은 목장의 규모에 관계없이, 분뇨를 적절하게 처리하는 것이 목장관리에 필수적인 사항으로 인식하게 되었다. 가축분뇨는 2, 3차 산업에서 발생하는 폐기물과는 그 성격 자체가 판이하게 달라 제도적 접근 방식도 나라와 환경에 따라 현격하게 다르다. 미국과 EC의 경우는 가축분뇨 자체를 환경보전재(Natural Resource)로 규정하고 적정한 사용방법을 정립하여 계도(Guide) 하므로서 환경을 보전하는 적극적인 환경보전 제도를 채택하고 있으며, 일본의 경우는 방류수의 수질을 규제하는 소극적 환경보전 제도로 출발했으나 1993년부터는 환경보전형 농업(축산)으로 정책방향을 전환하여 실행해 오고 있다. 우리나라도 이미 1981년부터 가축분뇨에 의한 환경오염 방지제도(법)가 시행되어 왔으나 법의 시행으로부터 25년이 경과한 현재까지도 가축분뇨에 의한 환경오염은 사회로부터 계속 지탄을 받고 있는 상태이다. 가축분뇨의 처리방식은 축종이나 농가 경영여건별로 크게 다르나, 궁극적으로는 경작지에 퇴비․액비 형태로 살포하여 이용하거나 또는 정화하여 방류하는 방법으로 이루어지고 있다. 따라서 젖소분뇨 또는 슬러리 처리에 필요한 시설 또는 활용계획을 세우기 위해서는 젖소로부터 배출되는 분뇨의 특성뿐만 아니라 오염물질 및 비료성분 배출량 추정이 무엇보다 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 젖소분뇨를 효율적이고 적절하게 처리하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하고 국가단위 관리방안을 제시하기 위하여 수행하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.716-721
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• 2016

This study investigated the effect of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) natto on meat quality and skatole in TOPIGS pigs. Sixty TOPIGS pigs were randomly assigned to 3 groups (including 5 pens per group, with 4 pigs in each pen) and fed with basic diet (control group), basic diet plus 0.1% B. subtilis natto (B group), and basic diet plus 0.1% B. subtilis natto plus 0.1% B. coagulans (BB group), respectively. All pigs were sacrificed at 100 kg. Growth performance, meat quality, serum parameters and oxidation status in the three groups were assessed and compared. Most parameters regarding growth performance and meat quality were not significantly different among the three groups. However, compared with the control group, meat $pH_{24}$, fat and feces skatole and the content of Escherichia coli (E. Coli), Clostridium, $NH_3$-N were significantly reduced in the B and BB groups, while serum total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, the levels of liver P450, CYP2A6, and CYP2E1, total antioxidant capability (T-AOC) and glutathione peroxidase and Lactobacilli in feces were significantly increased in the B and BB groups. Further, the combined supplementation of B. subtilis natto and B. coagulans showed more significant effects on the parameters above compared with B. subtilis, and Clostridium, and $NH_3$-N. Our results indicate that the supplementation of pig feed with B. subtilis natto significantly improves meat quality and flavor, while its combination with B. coagulans enhanced these effects.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.755-762
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• 2018

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the influence of varying fibrous diets on fecal characteristics of growing pigs. Methods: A total of 104 pigs (initial weight $18{\pm}2.0kg$) were used in the study. They were housed in individual pens and fed on diets containing maize cob, grass hay, lucerne hay, maize stover, and sunflower husk. These fibers were included at 0, 80, 160, 240, 320 and 400 g/kg. Fecal and urine samples were collected. Results: Fecal output was largest amongst pigs fed on diets containing grass hay and maize stover (p<0.05). Nitrogen content was highest in feces from pigs fed on sunflower husk (p<0.05). Pigs fed on diets containing maize stover and maize cobs produced the largest concentrations of short chain fatty acids. Acetate concentration was high in feces of pigs fed maize stover than those fed grass hay and lucerne hay (p<0.05). As the level of fiber inclusion increased, fecal consistency and nitrogen content increased linearly (p<0.05). Urea nitrogen decreased as the inclusion level increased across all the fibers (p<0.05), with maize cobs containing the largest content of urea nitrogen. As dietary fiber content increased, fecal nitrogen content also increased (p<0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that different fiber sources influence fecal characteristics, thereby having different implications on pig waste management. It is vital to monitor fiber inclusion thresholds so as to easily manage environmental pollutants such as butyrate that contribute to odors.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권9호
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• pp.1568-1577
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate lactic acid bacteria with antioxidative and probiotic activities isolated from Korean healthy infant feces and kimchi. Isolates A1, A2, S1, S2, and S3 were assigned to Lactobacillus sp. and isolates A3, A4, E1, E2, E3, and E4 were assigned to Leuconostoc sp. on the basis of their physiological properties and 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis. Most strains were confirmed as safe bioresources through nonhemolytic activities and non-production of harmful enzymes such as β-glucosidase, β-glucuronidase and tryptophanase. The 11 isolates showed different resistance to acid and bile acids. In addition, they exhibited antibacterial activity against foodborne bacteria, especially Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, all strains showed significantly high levels of hydrophobicity. The antioxidant effects of culture filtrates of the 11 strains included 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, 2.2'-azino-bis (2-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation scavenging activity, and superoxide dismutase activity. The results revealed that most of the culture filtrates have effective scavenging activity for DPPH and ABTS radicals. All strains appeared to have effective superoxide dismutase activity. In conclusion, the isolated strains A1, A3, S1, and S3 have significant probiotic activities applicable to the development of functional foods and health-related products. These strains might also contribute to preventing and controlling several diseases associated with oxidative stress, when used as probiotics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.417-421
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• 1999

This experiment examined the effects of feeding Aspergillus oryzae (AO) culture to laying hens, on fecal microbial populations, fecal pH and moisture content, egg quality, and metabolizabilities of several nutrients. Sixteen commercial 38-wk-old laying hens were randomly allotted to four diets: control; with 0.15% locally produced AO culture; with 0.3% locally produced AO culture, and; or with 0.3% imported AO. Each treatment consisted of four replicates (cages) containing one bird per cage according to a completely randomized design. After 4 wk, AO were recovered in the feces of birds fed the AO diets, indicating that AO might pass through the fore-gut alive and become active in the hind gut. The number of Lactobacillus spp. in feces was higher in all treated groups than that of the control, indicating that AO would provide a beneficial environment for the Lactobacillus spp. to proliferate in the intestine. The number of fecal E. coli was significantly reduced by the addition of AO. A similar trend was also found for aerobic bacteria. Although not significant, fecal moisture contents tended to be reduced by the addition of AO. Fecal pH was not significantly different among the treatments. The addition of AO did not affect the various economic traits of eggs. Metabolizabilities of gross energy and dry matter measured during the 5th wk were increased by the AO supplementation. It appears that AO culture alone could be used as a probiotic supplement for layers.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2016

Background : Irregular meals and insufficient exercise are major modern lifestyle-related risk factors for constipation. This study aimed to examine the effects of the aqueous extract of Dendrobium speciosum var. (DM) on the improvement of intestinal function and prevention of constipation in rats. Methods and Results : Constipation in rat was induced by loperamide (4 mg/kg) injection for 5 days and rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: normal control rats (NOR), constipated rats (LOP induced) and constipated rats supplemented with dulcolax-S (POS), DMSG, 100 mg/kg (DMSG-100), 300 mg/kg (DMSG-300) and 500 mg/kg (DMSG-500). The DMSG groups showed increments in the frequency and amount of stools compared to the LOP group. Loperamide treatment markedly reduced the water content of feces, whereas DMSG administration significantly increased fecal water contents. Moreover, DMSG improved intestinal transit speed in constipated-rats. Alcian blue staining revealed increased mucus production by crypt cells and mucus contents in feces and the mucosal surface. Conclusions : In summary, DM extraction significantly improves intestinal function in rats, which indicates the effectiveness of this extract in the prevention and treatment of constipation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권11호
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• pp.1858-1865
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• 2020

Objective: The microbiota of dairy cow milk varies with the season, and this accounts in part for the seasonal variation in mastitis-causing bacteria and milk spoilage. The microbiota of the cowshed may be the most important factor because the teats of a dairy cow contact bedding material when the cow is resting. The objectives of the present study were to determine whether the microbiota of the milk and the cowshed vary between seasons, and to elucidate the relationship between the microbiota. Methods: We used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to investigate the microbiota of milk, feces, bedding, and airborne dust collected at a dairy farm during summer and winter. Results: The seasonal differences in the milk yield and milk composition were marginal. The fecal microbiota was stable across the two seasons. Many bacterial taxa of the bedding and airborne dust microbiota exhibited distinctive seasonal variation. In the milk microbiota, the abundances of Staphylococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Streptococcaceae, Microbacteriaceae, and Micrococcaceae were affected by the seasons; however, only Micrococcaceae had the same seasonal variation pattern as the bedding and airborne dust microbiota. Nevertheless, canonical analysis of principle coordinates revealed a distinctive group comprising the milk, bedding, and airborne dust microbiota. Conclusion: Although the milk microbiota is related to the bedding and airborne dust microbiota, the relationship may not account for the seasonal variation in the milk microbiota. Some major bacterial families stably found in the bedding and airborne dust microbiota, e.g., Staphylococcaceae, Moraxellaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Bacteroidaceae, may have greater influences than those that varied between seasons.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권11호
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• pp.1866-1872
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• 2020

Objective: The objective of the present experiment was to construct self-draining beds to keep surface bedding materials clean and dry for beef cattle comfort in a temperate climate. Methods: In Experiment 1, a self-draining bed was covered with sand at depths of 10 cm (S-10a), 15 cm (S-15), and 20 cm (S-20) respectively. In Experiment 2, self-draining beds of different sizes were covered with 10 cm of sand (S-10b) and wood shavings (WS) at depths of 15 cm and 20 cm (WS-15 and WS-20). Fifteen cattle were engaged to evaluate the comfort of self-draining beds covered with different bedding materials. Results: No cattle lay in the feed alley and cattle spent more time lying on S-10a than S-15 or S-20 in Experiment 1 (p<0.01). No difference in lying time was detected between S-15 and S-20 (p>0.05). In Experiment 2, no cattle selected the feed alley as the lying area. Cattle preferred WS-15 as the lying area and time spent lying on WS-20 was slightly higher than on S-10b (p<0.05). Feces weight was higher in the feed alley than in the different bedding areas in both Experiments 1 and 2 (p<0.01). Conclusion: Sand-bedding depth at 10 cm and WSs at 15 cm above the self-draining bed can provide for the lying comfort of beef cattle. Design of a special feed alley to hold most of the feces to keep bedding materials clean and dry is desirable for organic beef cattle in a loose barn.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.51-68
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• 2001

The result of studying the epidemiological characteristics of Salmonella strains which have been isolated from the domestic animals in Gyeongbuk province from February 1998 to August 2000 were summarized as follows. The isolation rates of Salmonella strains were 2.0% from cattle feces, 6.3% from cattle lymph node, 9.5% from pig feces, and 25.1% from pig lymph node. In poultry, the isolation rates were 30.3%. The isolates of Salmonella showed positive reaction for MUCAP test, methyl red test, but showed negative reaction for urea test, indole test, Voges Proskauer test. On TSI agar, the isolates showed acid butt, alkaline slant. Also, the isolates were identified as Salmonella strain by API 20E kit. Non H$_2$S Production Salmonella strains isolated from poultry were identified as S gallinarum. As a result of serotyping, B group were the most common in cattle and pig, Dl in chickens. 21 serovars were found. the common serovar from the domestic animals was S typhimurium, S derby, S agona, S schwarzenground, S enteritidis and S gallinarum. The most commonly encountered serovars in cattle were S agona and S typhirimurium in pig, S gallinarum in chicken. As a result of antimicrobial susceptibility test, all Salmonella isolates were susceptible to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin; cefotaxime and polumcin B. The resistance rates to tetracycline and streptomycin was 58% and 56%, respectively. 69.3% of all isolates were resistant to more than one antimicrobial agent. Out of the resistant isolates, the isolates resistant to streptomycin and tetracycline was 36%. There were 24 strains of multiresistant isolates resistant to more than 5 antimicrobial agents. S typhimurium were resistant to all antimicrobial agents, also had a lot of multiresistant strains. Therefore, S typhimurium was considered as a major agent of antimicrobial resistance.