• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.68-76
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• 2018

Actinobacterial strains isolated from Cow feces were studied for their antifungal attributes against phytopathogens and industrially important enzymes. A total of 30 Actinobacterial strains were obtained from 10 samples of cow feces. All the strains were belonging to the genera Streptomyces on the basis of morphological and chemotaxonomic analysis. During preliminary screening, out of 30 strains, 15 strains (50%) showed antifungal activity against five fungal phytopathogens including Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani. While, isolate GBTCF-26 was found to be most active against R. solani with 62.2% inhibition of fungal mycelium, GBTCF-09 was prominent against F. solani and F. oxysporum with percent inhibition of 61.1% and 58.8%, respectively. Out of 30 strains, 19 (63.3%), 16 (53.3%), 11 (36.7%), 10 (33.3%), 4 (13.3%) and 8 (26.7%) strains were producing amylase, caseinase, gelatinase, lipase, chitinase and cellulose, respectively. The selected strains, GBTCF-09, GBTCF-21 and GBTCF-26, were identified as Streptomyces sp. on the basis of their 16S rDNA sequence. The study supports the idea that the Actinobacteria from unique niches (Cow feces) possess the production potential of industrially important enzymes including bioactive molecules.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2023

Objective: In this study, metabolites that changed in the rumen fluid, urine and feces of dairy cows fed different feed ratios were investigated. Methods: Eight Holstein cows were used in this study. Rumen fluid, urine, and feces were collected from the normal concentrate diet (NCD) (Italian ryegrass 80%: concentrate 20% in the total feed) and high concentrate diet (HCD) groups (20%: 80%) of dairy cows. Metabolite analysis was performed using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) identification, and statistical analysis was performed using Chenomx NMR software 8.4 and Metaboanalyst 4.0. Results: The two groups of rumen fluid and urine samples were separated, and samples from the same group were aggregated together. On the other hand, the feces samples were not separated and showed similar tendencies between the two groups. In total, 160, 177, and 188 metabolites were identified in the rumen fluid, urine, and feces, respectively. The differential metabolites with low and high concentrations were 15 and 49, 14 and 16, and 2 and 2 in the rumen fluid, urine, and feces samples, in the NCD group. Conclusion: As HCD is related to rumen microbial changes, research on different metabolites such as glucuronate, acetylsalicylate, histidine, and O-Acetylcarnitine, which are related to bacterial degradation and metabolism, will need to be carried out in future studies along with microbial analysis. In urine, the identified metabolites, such as gallate, syringate, and vanillate can provide insight into microbial, metabolic, and feed parameters that cause changes depending on the feed rate. Additionally, it is thought that they can be used as potential biomarkers for further research on subacute ruminal acidosis.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.42-47
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• 2013

This study was performed to find cellulolytic strain of enzymatic saccharification for bioethanol production. Cellulolytic strains were isolated from 59 different feces of herbivores from Seoul Grand Park located in Gwacheon Gyeonggi-Do. The celluloytic strain was selected by congo red staining and DNS method. Among the isolated strains, H9-1 strain isolated from the feces of rabbit has the highest CMCase activity. H9-1 strain was identified as Bacillus sp. based on 16S rDNA gene sequencing. The optimal conditions for CMCase activity by Bacillus sp. H9-1 were at $40^{\circ}C$ and at initial pH 8.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.100-105
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• 1988

계분(鷄糞)과 볏짚 혼합물을 Thermoactinomycetes vulgaris로 처리하므로써 악취가 나지 않고 작물(作物) 생육(生育)을 촉진시키는 생물비료(生物肥料)를 제조하였다. 비료(肥料) 제조(製調)의 처리조건은 온도 $50^{\circ}C\;pH\;8.0{\sim}8.5$, 수분함량(水分含量) 60% 였으며 발효(醱酵) 2일(日) 후에는 악취 성분으로 알려진 휘발성 지방산이 사라졌으며 결과적으로 계분(鷄糞)의 악취가 제거되었다. 제조(製調)된 비료(肥料)의 비료실험(肥效實驗)은 pot에서 Brassica rapa var. previdis의 생육(生育)을 조사(調査)함으로서 행하였다. 생물비료(生物肥料)는 황산암모니아, 건조계분(鷄糞), 평지깻묵 보다 작물생육(作物生育)을 촉진 시켰으며 다량(多量)의 시용(試用)으로도 생물(生物)의 생육(生育)저해가 작았다. 질소함량으로 pot당(當) 0.8g에 해당하는 생물비료(生物肥料)를 함유(含有)하는 시용구(試用區)에서 작물(作物)의 최대생산량(最大生産量)을 보였다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.123-132
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• 2006

우리나라에서 사육되고 있는 젖소 육성우의 분뇨배설량을 구명하기 위하여 육성우 6두를 공시하여 축산연구소 낙농우사에서 봄, 여름, 가을, 겨울 등 4계절에 걸쳐 각각 10일간 시험을 수행하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 건물섭취량은 평균 6.7kg으로 봄, 여름, 가을 및 겨울이 각각 4.6, 8.3, 7.1, 6.8kg으로 봄이 가장 낮은 섭취량을 보였으며, 음수량은 평균 $19.3{\ell}$로, 여름이 $21.8{\ell}$로 가장 많았고 봄과 겨울이 $18.3{\ell}$로 낮았으나 계절별 유의차는 보이지 않았다. 2. 분뇨배설량을 계절별로 조사한 결과, 봄 13.7kg, 여름 23.8kg, 가을 25.0kg, 겨울 20.2kg으로 봄이 가장 낮았으며(p<0.05), 전체 평균 분뇨배설량은 20.3kg이였고, 체중대비 분뇨의 비율은 5.6%였다. 3. 체중과 분뇨배설량간($R^2=0.7816$), 체중과 사료섭취량간($R^2=0.7296$)의 상관관계가 비교적 높았으나, 음수량과 분뇨배설량, 사료섭취량과 분뇨배설량간의 상관관계는 비교적 낮았다. 4. 분뇨의 수분 및 pH를 분석해 본 결과, 분의 뇨의 평균 수분 함량은 각각 83.5, 94.6%였으며, pH는 각각 7.4, 7.6 수준이었다. 5. 분뇨중 오염물질 농도는 분의 $BOD_5,\;COD_{Mn}$, SS, T-N 및 T-P는 각각 18,048, 50,114, 119,833, 2,519, $427mg/{\ell}$였고, 뇨는 각각 5,434, 6,550, 825, 3,616, $28mg/{\ell}$였다. 6. 분뇨중 비료성분은 분의 N, $P_2O_5,\;K_2O$가 각각 0.25, 0.10, 0.14%였고, 뇨는 각각 0.36, 0.006, 0.31%였다.도는 3m 지점에서 $446.6\;{\mu}g/m^3$ 이었으나 20 m 지점에서는 $156.3\;{\mu}g/m^3$로 34.9% 수준이었고 PM10 34.9%, PM2.5 48.7%, PM1.0 86.8% 수준이었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.139-145
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• 1993

Biogas created from animal waste is a precious energy source. A practical and successful utilization of the biogas is not easy, because there lie some difficulties in biogas production and facilities investment. In this study, the requisites for a successful biogas utilization were discussed. The production results obtained in the previous operation of anaerobic digestion plant were used for the simulation. When the slurry heating was designed for constant biogas generation, depreciation costs of the facilities amounted 1,175,000 yen per year, and biogas productions at $24.5^{\circ}C$, $30.0^{\circ}C$ and $35.5^{\circ}C$ were $16.8m^3$, $17.6m^3$ and $25.1m^3$, respectively. Removal ratios of organic matters were not so high. At $35.5^{\circ}C$, energy value of the biogas produced was estimated 125.5 Mcal per day, and the following heat loss (y Mcal/day) was brought about by the temperature difference ($X^{\circ}C$) between the digester and atmosphere; y = 0.769X - 5.375. The costs of biogas production per cow were assumed to decrease according to enlargement of feeding scale, especially on scales of more than 30 cows. On recent levels of costs and prices of energy in Japan, they were nearly equal to 2 to 3 fold of the price of municipal mixed gas when a anaerobic digester was compulsorily heated and kept at $30.0^{\circ}C$ or $35.5^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.347-355
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• 1994

Indolo[3,2-b]carbazole(ICZ) is a potent Ah receptor agonist with biological activities similar in several respects to those of the potent environmental toxin, TCDD. ICZ is produced during the oilgomerization of indole-3-carbinol(I3C), a breakdown product of the glucobrassicin present in food plants of the Brassica genus. In the present study we examined ICZ levels in tissues and excreta of rats treated with I3C or dietary cabbage of established glucobrasicin content, and in feces of conventional and germfree rats fed on a basal diet, and of humans. We also examined the levels of cytochrome P4501A1 induction, as determined by the ethoxyresorufin ο-deethylase assay, in tissues of animals that received cabbage-supplemented diets, or which were treated with purified I3C or ICZ. Our findings indicated that incorporation of either homogenized or whole freeze-dried cabbage in the feed led to large increases(16-60 fold) in the levels of ICZ in the feces and lower gastrointestinal tract of rats. We observed that whereas ICZ is readily detectable at about the same levels(2.00$\pm$0.50 ppb) in the feces of conventional rats fed on a purified diet and in human feces, levels of ICZ in the feces of germfree animals fed on the basal diet were at the limits of detection(0.40$\pm$0.20 ppb), indication that gut bacteria are important for the production of ICZ from essential dietary constituents in the basal diet. We showed that in contrast to the near 7000-fold difference in CYP1A1 inducing potencies of ICZ and TCDD in cells in culture, their inducing potencies differ by only about an order of magnitude in rats. Nonetheless, the levels of ICZ remaining in livers twenty hours after I3C treatment appear too low to account for the induced activity. This result indicates that ICZ may be rapidly cleared from the liver or that substances other than, or in addition to, ICZ be responsible for the enzyme-inducing activity of orally administered I3C or its precursors.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.316-322
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• 2014

Xylanase have been used to convert the polymetric xylan into fermentable sugars from the production of ethanol and xylitol from plant biomass. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify xylanolytic bacterium from herbivore feces and was to used the xylanase for enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass. Xylanolytic strains were isolated from 59 different feces of herbivores from Seoul Grand Park located in Gwacheon Gyeonggi-do. The xylanolytic strains were selected by congo red staining and DNS method. Total 67 strains isolated from the herbivores feces were tested for xylanase activity. Among the strains, H10-1, which has the highest xylanase activity, was isolated from feces of Ceratotherium simum. The H10-1 strain was identified as Bacillus pumilus based on its morphological/biochemical characteristics and partial 16S rDNA gene sequences. Culture conditions of B. pumilus H10-1 such as initial medium pH, incubation temperature and incubation time were optimized for maximum xylanase production. And also xylanase produced by B. pumilus H10-1 was applied for the saccharification of Miscanthus sacchariflorus cv. 'Geodae 1', which was pretreated with 1.5M NaOH. The optimized culture conditions of B. pumilus H10-1 were pH 9, $30^{\circ}C$ incubation temperature, and 7 day incubation time, respectively. This xylanase activity under the optimized conditions was $20.4{\pm}3.3IU$. The crude xylanase produced by B. pumilus H10-1 was used for the saccharification of xylan derived from pretreated 'Geodae 1'. The saccharification conditions were $50^{\circ}C$, 200 rpm, and 5 days. Saccharification efficiency of pretreated 'Geodae 1' by B. pumilus H10-1 was 8.2%.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.273-280
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• 2016

Most biocontrol agents for plant diseases have been isolated from sources such as soils and plants. As an alternative source, we examined the feces of tertiary larvae of the herbivorous rhino beetle, Allomyrina dichotoma for presence of biocontrol-active microbes. The initial screen was performed to detect antifungal activity against two common fungal plant pathogens. The strain with strongest antifungal activity was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KB3. The inhibitory activity of this strain correlated with lipopeptide productions, including iturin A and surfactin. Production of these surfactants in the KB3 isolate varied with the culture phase and growth medium used. In planta biocontrol activities of cell-free culture filtrates of KB3 were similar to those of the commercial biocontrol agent, B. subtilis QST-713. These results support the presence of microbes with the potential to inhibit fungal growth, such as plant pathogens, in diverse ecological niches.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.369-373
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• 2015

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of cellulose concentration in diets containing no phosphorus (P) on the basal endogenous loss (BEL) of P in growing pigs. Twelve barrows (an initial mean body weight = $49.6{\pm}3.2kg$) were individually housed in metabolism crates. Pigs were allotted to 4 experimental diets according to a cross-over design with 12 animals and 2 periods. Four P-free diets were mainly based on corn starch, sucrose, and gelatin, and were formulated to contain 0%, 4%, 8%, or 12% cellulose. Each period consisted of a 5-d adaptation and a 5-d collection period. The marker-to-marker method was used for fecal collection. The feed intake (p<0.05, linear and quadratic) and dry feces output (p<0.01, linear and quadratic) were increased with increasing dietary cellulose concentration. However, P concentration in the feces was decreased (p<0.01, linear and quadratic) with increasing dietary cellulose concentration. There was no significant difference in total P output and the BEL of P as mg per kg DMI (ranging from 157 to 214 mg/kg of dry matter intake) among experimental diets. However, values for the apparent total tract digestibility of energy, dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and calcium were linearly decreased (p<0.01) with increasing cellulose concentration in the diet. In conclusion, dietary cellulose affected the amount of feces and digestibility of energy and nutrients, but did not affect the endogenous loss of P.