• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.331-336
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• 1990

In order to evaluate the adaptability of Aardi goats to arid environment, 5 Aardi bucks were deprived of water for four days during spring and summer seasons. The rise in average maximum ambient temperature from $24.8^{\circ}C$ in spring to $35.8^{\circ}C$ in summer caused a significant rise in rectal temperature ($0.3^{\circ}C$), respiratory rate (62%), serum osmolaity (8%) and serum sodium concentration (17%). While, it resulted in a significant decline in dry matter intake (50%), urine volume (74%) and fecal water excretion (60%) compared with their values in spring, but had no significant effect on the volume of drinking water. At the end of the 4-days deprivation period during spring, respiratory rate, dry matter intake and urine volume were reduced by 18, 77 and 91% relative to their average in control goats. The corresponding reduction in summer were 58, 100 and 100%. Serum osmolaity was risen by 15% in spring deprived goats and 29% in summer deprived goats. Rectal temperature rose by a mean value of $1.3^{\circ}C$ only in goats deprived of water in summer. Percent of moisture in the feces declined from 64 in control goats, to 24% in water deprived goats during spring season. The corresponding values in summer were 25 and 6%. These responses of Aardi goats deprived of water in summer indicate that they possess a water economy mechanism enable them to tolerate infrequent drinking in hot-arid environment.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.174-180
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• 2005

Antigen presenting cells (APCs), dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, playa critical role not only in the initiation of immune responses, but also in the induction of immune tolerance. In an effort to regulate immune responses through the modulation of APC function, we searched for and characterized APC function modulators from natural products. Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum SPM1204 (SPM1204) isolated from feces of healthy Korean in the age of 20s was used in this experiment. DCs and macrophages were cultured in the presence of supernatants of SPM 1204 and then examined for their activities for the presentation exogenous antigen in association with major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) and macrophage activation. SPM1204 increased class I MHC-restricted presentation of exogenous antigen (cross-presentation) in a DC cell line, DC2.4 cells. The RAW 264.7 cell line was used to test the nonspecific effect of immune reinforcement of SPM1204 as a source of biological regulating modulator for the macrophage activation, include nitric oxide (NO) production and cytokine production. Results showed that the production of NO, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$, interleukin 1 (IL-1)-$\beta$ and morphological changes in macrophages were largely affected by SPM1204 in a dose-dependent manner. Our results demonstrated that SPM1204 promote cross-presentation of dendritic cells as well as the induction of NO, TNF-$\alpha$ production, and activation of macrophage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.831-836
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• 2006

This study compared the effects of two levels of crude protein (CP) supplementation during a close-up dry period on the productive performance, nitrogen balance, and blood profiles of Holstein cows. Eighteen cows (8 primigravid and 10 multiparous), 21 days prior to calving, were divided into four groups and fed a diet containing a low (11.5 to 12.7% CP) or high (14.1 to 15.3% CP) level of protein. Following parturition, all cows were offered the same diet. Nitrogen balance was measured 12 d to 10 d prior to the expected calving date. Whole feces and urine were collected. The higher close-up CP did not improve milk production during the early lactation period (14 w) in multiparous cows but tended to increase production by 2 kg of milk per day in primigravid cows. There were no differences in the weight of calves, the weight of the placenta, or the incidence of calving difficulty. Nitrogen intake, urine nitrogen and nitrogen retention were increased by the higher CP diet in primigravid and multiparous cows. All groups of cows showed a positive nitrogen balance. In particular, higher nitrogen retention was observed in primigravid cows fed the higher CP diet. With the exception of plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), non of the blood profiles were influenced by the CP level. The higher close-up CP increased the PUN during the period studied in primigravid and multiparous cows. These results indicate that a CP level of 14% during a close-up dry period is optimal for primigravid cows, and 12% CP level is sufficient for multiparous cows.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.780-786
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• 1993

About 7.7% of the total anaerobic bacteria in pig feces grew with clear zone around the colonies on the agar medium containing inulin as a sole carbon source. Among these bacteria, a strain with the strongest inulin-utilizing activity was isolated and identified as Bacteroides sp. based on its morphological and taxonomical characteristics. The isolate grew well with inulin, fructooligosaccharides or glucose as a sole carbon source, while its growth dropped to 50% of that obtained with glucose when soluble starch or sucrose are used. Since the inulase activity was found only when fructooligosaccharides or inulin was added to the growth medium, but not when glucose, sucrose or soluble starch was applied, the inulase production was considered to be induced by fructooligosaccharides or inulin. The highest inulase activity, 0.42 U/ml was detected with the inulin medium and 0.25 U/ml with fructooligosaccharides medium. The cell growth of the isolated strain increased with the amounts of inulin up to 2%(w/v) and maximum production of inulase was found in the cells fed 1% inulin. The inulase of the isolated Bacteroides sp. showed its maximum activity at pH $7.0{\sim}7.5\;and\;50{\sim}50^{\circ}C$ and was found to be an exoinulase judging by its mode of action.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.367-373
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• 2008

A freshwater bivalve (Unio douglasiae) was examined to assess the filtering rate (FR) on the cyanobacterial assemblage in a hypertrophic lake. Animal U. douglasiae used in the present study was collected using a hand-operated dredge from the North Han River (Gapyeong, Korea). The FR was measured at different feeding conditions such as feeding interval (1, 4, 7, and 24 h), mussel size (4.2$\sim$8.1 cm, n=23), prey concentration (506.7, 409.8, 327.5, 199.7 and 88.6 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$), and mussel density (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 indiv. $L^{-1}$). On the applied feeding interval, the maximum FR (0.21 L $g^{-1}h^{-1}$) and minimum feces production (FP, 0.12 mg $g^{-1}h^{-1}$) were observed at 1 and 24 hr, respectively. Both weight-based FR and FP were not correlated with the mussel size, and the values lied in a limited range with some degree of variation. Likewise, no significant relations between FR and FP were observed in the mussel size. The FR values were negatively correlated with food concentration, but positively with FP. For the food concentrations, the maximum FR (0.41 L $g^{-1}h^{-1}$) and FP (0.16 mg $g^{-1}h^{-1}$) were 88.6 ${\mu}gL^{-1}$ and 327.5 ${\mu}gL^{-1}$, respectively. These results indicate that U. douglasiae collected from the North Han River, although the filtering rate were slightly less than Keum River mussel, may be applied as a strategic bio-filter to mitigate cyanobacterial bloom in eutrophic lake.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.338-347
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• 2008

Grazing rate (GR) and feces production (FP) of freshwater snail Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata on two hibernal diatom communities were examined in a laboratory. Snail with the similar size (4.2$\sim$5.8 cm) were collected from the Gunsan and Okgu district (Jeonbuk), transferred to the artificial management system in laboratory, and starved for 3 day before the experiment. The feeding experiments were conducted at various conditions such as passage of time (0, 1, 4 and 7 hr), snail density (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 ind. $L^{-1}$) and kinds of prey (cold lake and stream water). One prey used in this study is the water of Lake Ilgam, the other is that of Han river. Lake Ilgam water was dominated by Synedra ulna (69.1%) and Scenedesmus sp. (6.6%), while Han river was by Asterionella formosa (69.4%) and Diatoma vulgare (27.7%). With the increment of snail density and time, the Chl-a concentration of two experimental waters were clearly decreased. Chl-a of Han river rapidly was decreased after 1 hour of snail treatment, while that of Ilgam lake was decreased after 4 hour. On the passage of time, a highest GR (1.94 L $g^{-1}\;h^{-1}$) showed at 1 hr, and then, decreased gradually to 0.04 L $g^{-1}\;h^{-1}$ by 7 hr. The highest FP (0.11 mg $L^{-1}$) showed at 7 hr. These results indicate that native snail Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata may be applied as a potential bio-filter to control diatom blooms in the cold lake and stream.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.127-133
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• 2010

The purpose of this work was to investigate the antibacterial activity derived from a lactic acid bacterium, Lactococcus lactis HK-9, isolated from the feces of a 2-day newborn infant. We characterized the physiological and biochemical properties of this strain. Both the BIOLOG system and phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA sequencing were utilized for identification, and the strain was assigned to the Lactococcus lactis species, designated as L. lactis HK-9, and registered in GenBank as [GU936712]. We monitored growth rate, production of lactic acid and acetic acid as metabolites, and pH during growth. The maximum concentrations of lactic acid and acetic acid reached 495.6 mM and 104.3 mM, respectively, and the initial pH of the cultures decreased from 7.0 to 4.1 after incubating for 60 h. HPLC was used to confirm the production of lactic acid and acetic acid. Significant antibacterial activity of the concentrated supernatant was demonstrated against Gram-positive (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, MRSA) and Gram-negative (e.g., Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella sonnei) bacteria by the plate diffusion method. The antibacterial activity was sensitive to protease, and the molecular weight of the presumed bacteriocin molecule was estimated to be about 4 kDa by tricine-SDS-PAGE.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.91-96
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• 1994

This study was conducted to determine the effect of inorganic selenium (Se) sources on rumen bacterial yield, ruminal volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and total tract digestion of timothy hay (Phlewm pratense L.) in Japanese Corriedale wethers. A $3{\times}3$ Latin square design was used with three wethers, three periods and three treatments. In each period, there was 7 d dietary adjustment followed by 5 d total collection of urine and feces. Ruminal fluid samples were obtained at 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 h postprandially on the final day of the collection period. The three dietary treatments were: (1) without Se supplementation (control); (2) with Se supplementation as sodium selenate; and (3) sodium selenite at a rate 0.2 mg Se/kg dietary DM. The basal diet was timothy hay fed at 2% of body weight/d. Results indicated that there was slight decrease in rumen bacterial yield of animal supplement with inorganic Se, however, differences over the control were insignificant. It was found that Se content of ruminal fluid was negatively correlated (p < 0.05) to rumen bacterial yield. The various VFA contents and acetate and propionate ratio of the different ruminal fluid samples were insignificant across treatment means and the same manner was observed to the different digestibilities (DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF and NDS). This study concludes that Se supplementation at 0.2 mg Se/kg dietary DM either from sodium selenate or sodium selenite could not significantly influence rumen bacterial functions.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.191-197
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• 2015

Escherichia (E.) coli is commensal bacteria found in the intestine; however, some pathogenic strains cause diseases in animals and humans. Although E. coli does not typically produce hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$), $H_2S$-producing strains of E. coli have been identified worldwide. The relationship between virulence and $H_2S$ production has not yet been determined. Therefore, characteristics of $H_2S$-producing isolates obtained from swine feces were evaluated including antibiotic resistance patterns, virulence gene expression, and genetic relatedness. Rates of antibiotic resistance of the $H_2S$-producing E. coli varied according to antibiotic. Only the EAST1 gene was detected as a virulence gene in five $H_2S$-producing E. coli strains. Genes conferring $H_2S$ production were not transmissible although the sseA gene encoding 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase was detected in all $H_2S$-producing E. coli strains. Sequences of the sseA gene motif CGSVTA around Cys238 were also identical in all $H_2S$- producing E. coli strains. Diverse genetic relatedness among the isolates was observed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis. These results suggested that $H_2S$-producing E. coli strains were not derived from a specific clone and $H_2S$ production in E. coli is not associated with virulence genes.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.162-168
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• 2001

For lactic acid fermentation of chestnut broth,10 strains of bacteria were isolated from human feces and commercial yogurt,6 of which were identified to be Bifidobacterium and the rest isolated from Acidities of the chestnut broths fermented by these strains were lower than yogurt, but more than two times higher than yogurts made from seeds or vegetables including soy milk. To stimulate acidity of the fermented broths, addition of yeast extract and tryptone peptone were the most effective at the concentration of 0.2 and 0.4%, respectively, while glucose addition above 0.5% up to 8% did not increased the acid production except a few strains of Lactoba- Cillus. Among the tested fruits and vegetables, carrot juice supplementation was the most effective in acid produc- tion by most of the tested strains. Saccharification of chestnut broth by hydrolyzing process greatly increased the acid production at 25% of cooked chestnut. However, compared to the results from the 8% of unhydrolyzed chest- nut, the net increase in acid production by hydrolysis was not much stimulative.