• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권5호
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• pp.885-896
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• 2022

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of three different copper (Cu) sources (one inorganic and two organics) and levels (0, 50, and 100 mg/kg) on the growth performance, Cu digestibility, fecal mineral excretion, serum mineral concentration, jejunal morphology, and serum biochemical profile of growing pigs. A total of 42 male, growing pigs (31.08 ± 1.82 kg) were randomly assigned to seven treatments consisting of one negative control (0 mg/kg of added Cu level) and treatments with copper sulfate (CuSO4), Cu-amino acid complex (CuAA), and Cu-hydroxy-4-methylthio butanoate chelate complex (CuHMB) at 50 and 100 mg/kg each for 28 d. Pigs fed 50 or 100 mg/kg of Cu showed improved (p < 0.05) average daily gain and feed intake. Although Cu excretion decreased (p < 0.01) in pigs fed 100 mg/kg of organic Cu sources compared to those fed CuSO4, there was no difference between the Cu sources in pigs fed 50 mg/kg. However, the apparent total tract digestibility of Cu increased (p < 0.01) in pigs fed organic Cu sources compared with that in pigs fed CuSO4. The addition of CuHMB increased (p < 0.01) serum phosphorus and sulfur concentrations; however, there were no effects of source and level on jejunal morphology and serum biochemical profile. These results suggest that the inclusion (50 mg/kg) of organic Cu sources (CuAA and CuHMB) in the growing pig diet could be beneficial for growth performance and Cu availability and may reduce environmental pollution.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.386-391
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• 2017

Objective: Protein supplementation is costly and can result in excess nitrogen (N) excretion. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding different levels of dietary protein on average daily gain, body size, rumen fermentation, and nitrogen excretion of 8 to 10 month-old Holstein heifers. Methods: Thirty-six Holstein heifers were divided into 12 blocks according to age ($273{\pm}6.2d$) and were randomly assigned to diets containing a low (10.2% dry matter [DM]), medium (11.9% DM), or high (13.5% DM) level of dietary crude protein (CP). All diets contained approximately 70% roughage and 30% concentrate with similar dietary metabolizable energy (ME) content (2.47 Mcal/kg). Results: Dry matter intake did not differ among the treatments, and average daily gain increased with the increasing dietary protein, 0.79, 0.95, 0.97 kg/d for low, medium, and high group, respectively. Body height increased linearly with increasing dietary CP but no other significant differences in body dimensions were found among the treatments. The increased ratios of dietary CP improved the rate of rear teat length growth remarkably (p<0.05). There was no difference in rumen pH or ruminal major volatile fatty acid (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) concentration among the 3 diets, but rumen ammonia-N concentration increased with the higher dietary CP (p<0.05). Increasing N intake led to increased total N excretion; urinary N excretion was significantly increased (p<0.05) but fecal N excretion was similar among the treatments. Conclusion: These data suggest that the diet containing 11.9% CP (ME 2.47 Mcal/kg) could meet the maintenance and growth requirements of 9 to 11 month-old Holstein heifers gaining approximately 0.9 kg/d.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.11-17
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• 2006

The effect of the level of casein phosphopeptide (CPP) on mineral (Ca and P) bioavailabilties and bone biomarker of aged ovariectomized (OVX) Sprague-Dawley rats were studied as a model for postmenopausal bone loss. Forty five Spargue dawley rats, 220-230 g of body weight were fed a control diet (AIN 93M) or containing different level of CPP diet for 7 weeks: $0\%$ (sham control; SC, OVX control; OC), $1\%$ (OVX low CPP diet: OL), $2\%$ (OVX medium CPP diet; OM), $3\%$ (OVX high CPP diet; OH) Ca absorption was unaffected by increasing CPP content from 0 to $3\%$. Urinary Ca excretion was increased by OVX, and decreased by CPP significantly (p < 0.05) with no evident doserelationship. The urinary P excretion was increased by CPP intake in OVX rats. The fecal excretion of P given CPP decreased in OVX with dose dependent manner. Ca and P contents of femur significantly increased by adding 2 or $3\%$ of CPP when compared with OC group and OL group (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in serum alkaline phosphatase activity and c-terminal telopeptide excretion in experimental groups. Although ovariectomy induced the increase in urinary c-terminal telopeptide excretion, 2 or $3\%$ of CPP in the diet decreased urinary c-terminal telopetide excretion significantly. These finding suggest the usefulness of CPP in the prevention of postmenopausal bone loss by decreasing urinary Ca excretion and bone resorption. Over 2 percent of CPP in the diet was effective to prevent postmenopausal bone loss.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.97-104
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• 1997

This research was carried out to determine the effect of dietary calcium(Ca) levels(low : 0.29, medium : 0.65 and high : 1.07%) on the digestibility, excretion and retention of nitrogen(N) phosphorus (P) in pigs fed diets supplemented with phytase(750U/kg). Twelve growing-finishing pigs(average body weight: 35kg) were divided into 3 groups and these pigs were reared in metabolism cage. After 10 days adaptation period, N and P balance experiments were carried out for 4 days. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. The High-Ca group was lower than the others in digestibility of P(Low-Ca and Medium-Ca group). 2. The amount of daily excretion of urinary N were 19.6g in Low-Ca group and 16.7g in high-Ca group. The High-Ca group was the lowest(22.71%/d) in the total N excretion. 3. The High-Ca group was the highest and the Low-Ca group the lowest in fecal P excretion. The urinary P excretions per day were 1.90g in Low-Ca group and 0.04g in High-Ca group. The medium-Ca group showed the lowest total P excretion(4.57g/d). 4. The N retention of the High-Ca group(20.50g) was greater than that of the Low-Ca group and Medium-Ca(5.02)g was the highest and the Low-Ca groups(3.92g) was the lowest in the P retention. These results indicate that dietary Ca level was an important factor influencing N and P utilization in pigs.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.129-134
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• 1989

Fecal samples were taken from 402 cows in Posung, Chonnam where was designated as a place for Korean native cattle breeding. Prevalence of internal parasitisms were determined by the fecal examinations using the floatation and sedimentation procedures. 62.9% of the cows were found as positive cases with excretion of the eggs of Fasciola hepatica in the fecal specimens. Of those infected with F hepatica 97 cows free of other pathogenic intestinal parasites were chosen for albendazole treatment. Albendazole tablets(10mg/kg) were administered to the cows twice at the interval of 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected via jugular vein prior to the first treatment, four weeks after the first treatment and four weeks after the second treatment, respectively. At the same time fecal samples were collected for parasitological examinations by sedimentation methods. The mean pretreatment count was 44 fluke eggs per gram of feces, which compared with 27 epg and 17 epg four weeks after the first and second treatment, respectively. Most of the hematological and biochemical values fluctuated within the normal ranges during the experiment. Eosinophil counts were high initially, decreased after the first treatment and thereafter remained steady. The opposite was the case with aspartate and alanine aminotransferases.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 1991

Fecal samples were taken from 402 cows in Posung, Chonnam where was designated as a place for Korean native cattle breeding. Prevalence of intestinal parasitism were determined by the fecal examinations using the floatation and sedimintation procedures. 62.9% of the cows were found as positive cases with excretion of the eggs of Fasciola hepatica in the fecal specimens. Of those infected with F.hepatica 97 cows free of the pathogenic intestinal parasites were chosen for albendazole treatment. Albendazole tablets(10mg / kg) were administered to the cows twice at the interval of 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected via jugular vein prior to the first treatment. four weeks after the first treatment and four weeks after the second treatment respectively. At the same time fecal samples were collected for parasitological examination by sedimintation methods. The mean treatment count was 44 fluke egg per gram of feces, which compared with 27 EPG and 17 EPG four weeks after the first and second treatment, respectively. Most of the hematological values fluctuated within the normal range during the experiment. Eosinophil counts were high initially, decreased after the first treatment and there after remained steady.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.394-400
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• 1999

Since it has generally been considered that high-hat diets promote carcinogenesis, fat intake of less than 30% of total calories has been recommended to reduce the risk of cancer. Specific dietary guidelines for fat intake to reduce the risk of colon cancer have not yet been established. In order to determine the level of dietary fat needed the risk of colon cancer, rats were fed one of four experimental fat diets, very low(7% of total calories from corn oil, VLC), low(15% LC), medium (30%, MC), and high fat(45%, HC). Cell proliferation as an intermediate biomarker of color carcinogenesis was measured by the in vivo incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into DNA. Fecal lipid excretion was measured by gravimetric method. As fat levels in the diet increased, fecal lipid concentrations also increased (VLC

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.248-255
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• 2012

Three levels of boron (0, 30, 60 ppm) were supplemented in practical corn-soybean based starter and grower diets, containing either adequate or inadequate Ca or P. A total of 1,800, 1-day-old sexed broiler chicks were assigned to six dietary treatments and fed with the experimental diets for 42 days. Boron improved the overall feed conversion ratio, but increased body weight only at 21 days of age (p<0.01). Boron decreased feed intake in the case of feeding on a diet deficient in Ca and P, and tended to increase feed intake when birds received a diet adequate in Ca and P, signifying significant boron by Ca-P interaction (p<0.01). Mortality was not influenced by boron (p>0.05). Dietary Ca and P deprivation reduced body weight and feed consumption significantly, but did not influence the feed conversion ratio and mortality (p>0.05). Serum Ca level, ALP and ALT activities were not influenced either by dietary Ca and P deficiency or boron supplementation. Serum P content increased with respect to boron at 30 ppm. Bone breakage strength was not affected by dietary variables. Tibia ash, Ca and P were increased in response to the supplementation diet with 30 ppm boron, whereas 60 ppm showed no effect in most cases. Accordingly, the dietary boron supplementation of 30 ppm significantly decreased fecal Ca and P excretion, while there was a numerical decline in the 60 ppm boron as compared to the 0 ppm boron group. Data presented herein indicated that boron, either at the 30 ppm or 60 ppm supplementation level, was effective in conversion of feed to body weight, whereas only boron at 30 ppm contributed to the mineralization of bone thereby augmenting more Ca and P while excreting less through faeces.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.317-323
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• 1988

Mean daily excretion of Ca, P, and Fe were measured in 49 healthy young Koreans(23 males and 26 females) form urine and feces samples cellected for three days. Dietary intakes of the subjects during the study periods were calculated from intake records. Main results of the study are as following: 1) Mean daily urinary, fecal, and total Ca excretions were 162$\pm$20mg, 346$\pm$39mg, and 508$\pm$50mg, respectively in males and 154$\pm$16mg, 262$\pm$26mg, and 416$\pm$24mg, respectively in females. The mean values of the two groups were not significantly different. 2) Mean daily urinary, fecal, and total P excretions were 751$\pm$45mg, 384$\pm$26mg and 1135$\pm$56mg, respectively in males and 552$\pm$29mg, 335$\pm$34mg and 894$\pm$50mg, respectively in females. Urinary and total P excretion in males were significantly higher than females(p<0.01), but such differences disappeared when the excretions were calculated per kg body weight. 3) mean daily fecal Fe excretions were 12.8$\pm$0.9mg in males and 10.1$\pm$0.8mg in females. The mean value in males was significantly higher than that in females(p<0.05) but when calculated per kg body weight, both groups excreted 0.2mg/kg body weight. 4) Mean daily intake levels of the minerals estimated from three day food intake records were Ca 543mg, P 1136mg, and Fe 14.3mg in males and Ca 533mg, P 869mg, Fe 10.8mg in females. These intake levels seem to be sufficient to supply the daily losses of the study subjects except P in females. However, the problem of estimating dietary intake levels by food intake record should be recognized. Especially females in the study are in menstration age and their Fe losses in the menstration (estimated to be 0.5mg of available Fe per day) should be also supplied in the diet.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.12-20
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• 1998

In this study, the food intake, feces and urine of 14 primary school age boys and girls were collected and intake and excretion of iron and zinc were measured. The boys and girls were 8-12 years old and measurement continued for four weeks during which they maintained their normal living pattern. Each boy's and girl's daily intake and excretion of iron and zinc were measured and apparent digestibility and balance were also calculated. The results are as follows. Mean daily intake of iron was $14.9\pm{0.6mg}$ for the boys and $12.4\pm{0.5mg}$ for the girls. Mean daily intake of zinc was $11.8\pm{1.2mg}$ for the boys and $11.5\pm{0.4mg}$ for the girls. Mean daily fecal loss and apparent digestibility of iron was $6.1\pm{0.3mg}$ and $58.8\pm{2.0%}$ for the boys and $6.8\pm{0.1mg}$ and $44.1\pm{2.0%}$ for the girls. Mean daily fecal loss and apparent digestibility of zinc was $9.3\pm{0.2mg}$ and $14.4\pm{5.1%}$ for the boys and $9.7\pm{0.4mg}$ and $14.3\pm{4.3%}$ for the girls. Mean daily urinary loss of iron was $1.1\pm{0.1mg}$ and showed the positive balance of $7.86\pm{0.6mg}$ for the boys and $0.5\pm{0.1mg}$ and showed the positive balance of $5.14\pm{0.4mg}$ for the girls. Mean daily urinary loss of zinc was $0.5\pm{0.1mg}$ and showed the positive balance of $1.03\pm{0.6mg}$ for the girls.