• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.12-19
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• 2016

The <100> oriented $Fe_{83}Ga_{17}$ alloys with various contents of NbC or B were prepared by directionally solidification method at the growth rate of $720mm{\cdot}h^{-1}$. With a small amount of precipitates, the columnar grains grew with cellular mode during directional solidification process, while like-dendrite mode of grains growth was observed in the alloys with higher contents of 0.5 at% due to the dragging effect of precipitates on the boundaries. The NbC precipitates disperse both inside grains and along the boundaries of $Fe_{83}Ga_{17}$ alloys with NbC addition, and the Fe2B secondary phase particles preferentially distribute along the grain boundaries in B-doped alloys. Precipitates could affect grain growth and improved the <100> orientation during directional solidification process. Small amount of precipitate element addition slightly increased the magnetostrictive strain, and a high value of 335 ppm under pre-stress of 15 MPa was achieved in the alloys with 0.1 at% NbC. Despite the fact that the effect on magnetic induction density of small amount of precipitates could be negligible, the coercivity markedly increased with addition of precipitate element for $Fe_{83}Ga_{17}$ alloy due to the retarded domain motion resulted by precipitates.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.46-51
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• 1999

A solid-HDDR characteristics of the Nd-Fe-B-type alloys magnetic properties of the solid-HDDR treated materials have been investigated using three types of alloys; $Nd_{15}Fe_{77}B_8 (alloy A), Nd_{16}Fe_{75.9}B_8Zr_{0.1}(alloy B), and Nd_{12.6}Fe_{68.7}Co_{11.6}B_8Ga_{1.0}Zr_{0.1} $(alloy C). It has been found that the four-components alloy B and six-components alloy C have showed higher hydrogenation temperatures than the ternary alloy A. The alloys A and B appeared to absorb more hydrogen gas more rapidly as well compared to the alloy C. The disproportionation temperature of hydrogenated materials was exhibited no significant difference among the alloys. The thermal stability of the hydrided materials of the three types of alloys was found to become more stable in order of number of components. The disproportionation and the recombination kinetics were significantly sluggish in the solid-HDDR manner with respect to the conventional manner. Some degree of anisotropic nature was found to exist in the ingot and this anisotropic nature was retained even after the solid-HDDR treatment. It was suggested the solid-HDDR treatment may possibly be used for a preparation of an isotropic or anisotropic Nd-Fe-B-type cast magnets.

• 한국자기학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.57-63
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• 2002

Nd-Fe-B계 소결자석의 특성을 향상시키기 위해서는 Nd-Fe-B계 합금의 조성 및 제조공정을 조절하여 자성분말의 입도 및 입도분포, 강자성상인 N $d_2$F $e_{14}$B상의 분율, 자성분말의 배향도, 산소 함량, grain size 등과 같은 factor들을 최적화 하여야 한다. 본 연구에서는 실험실 규모로 Nd-Fe-B계 합금 조성 및 공정 조절을 통하여 Nd-Fe-B계 소결자석을 제조하는 연구를 수행하였으며, 분쇄매체 분쇄시간 및 ball size에 따른 Nd-Fe-B계 소결자석의 자기적특성을 분석하여 최적의 분쇄조건을 조사하였다. 또한 분쇄공정 중 FeGa합금을 첨가하여 잔류자속밀도의 감소없이 Nd-Fe-B계 소결자석의 보자력을 향상시킬 수 있었다. 이와 같은 분쇄 조건의 연구, FeGa 합금에 의한 보자력 향상, 건식분쇄 방법 및 powder blending 공정을 적용하여 잔류자속밀도( $B_{r}$,) : 14.4kG, 보자력($_{i}$ $H_{c}$) : 9.4kOe, 최대자기에너지적((BH)$_{\max}$) : 47 MGOe의 자기적 특성을 갖는 Nd-Fe-B계 소결자석을 제조하였다.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 2010

HDDR treated anisotropic Nd-Fe-B powders have been widely used for the sheet motors and the sunroof motors of hybrid or electric vehicles, due to their excellent magnetic properties. Microstructural alignment of HDDR treated powders are mostly depending on the hydrogen reaction in disproportionation step, so the specific method to control hydrogenation reaction is required for improving magnetic properties. In disproportionation step, hydrogenation pressure and reaction time were controlled in the range of 0.15~1.0 atm for 15~180 min in order to control the micorstructural alignment of $Nd_2Fe_{14}B$ phase and, at the same time, to improve remanence of HDDR treated magnet powders. In this study, we could obtain a well aligned anisotropic Nd-Fe-B-Ga-Nb alloy powder having high remanence of 12 kG by reducing hydrogen pressure down to 0.3 atm in disproportionation step.

• 한국자기학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.117-121
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 대표적인 강자성 금속인 Fe에 비자성 원소가 치환된 비교적 단순한 B2 구조의 FeX(X = Al, Si, Ni, Ga, Ge, Sn) 합금의 자기변형계수를 제일원리계산으로 수행하여 Fe 기반 합금이 희토류 원소 기반 자기변형 물질인 Terfenol을 대체할 수 있는 가능성을 탐색하였다. 계산방법으로 자성 연구에 가장 적합한 것으로 알려져 있는 총퍼텐셜 선형보강 평면파(Full-potential Linearized Augmented Plane Wave; FLAPW) 방법을 사용하였으며 일반화 물매근사(generalized gradient approximation: GGA)을 도입하여 전자 상호간의 교환-상관 퍼텐셜을 기술하였다. B2 구조의 FeX(X = Al, Si, Ni, Ga, Ge, Sn)의 합금들 중에 FeSi와 FeGe은 비자성 상태가, 그 외 나머지 합금은 강자성 상태가 안정된 것으로 계산되었다. FeAl, FeNi, FeGa, FeSn의 자기변형계수 는 각각 -5, +6, -84, -522ppm으로 계산되어 FeSn은 큰 자기변형을 가질 수도 있음을 예측하였다.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제47권12호
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• pp.787-796
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• 2009

The fracture toughness improvement of Ni-Mn-Ga-Fe ferromagnetic shape memory alloys containing ductile particles was explained by direct observation of microfracture processes using an in situ loading stage installed inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM) chamber. The Ni-Mn-Ga-Fe alloys contained a considerable amount of ductile particles in the grains after the homogenization treatment at $800{\sim}1100^{\circ}C$. ${\gamma}$ particles were coarsened and distributed homogeneously along {$\beta}$ grain boundaries as well as inside {$\beta}$ grains as the homogenization temperature increased. The in situ microfracture observation results indicated that ${\gamma}$ particles effectively acted as blocking sites of crack propagation, and provided stable crack growth that could be confirmed by the R-curve analysis. This increase in fracture resistance with increasing crack length improved overall fracture properties of the alloys containing ${\gamma}$ particles.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.155-158
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• 2010

The HDDR (hydrogenation, disproportionation, desorption, and recombination) process can be used as an effective way of converting a no coercivity Nd-Fe-B ingot material, with a coarse $Nd_2Fe_{14}B$ grain structure, to a highly coercive one with a fine grain structure. Careful control of the HDDR process can lead to an anisotropic powder with good $Nd_2Fe_{14}B$ grain texture; the most critical step for inducing texture is disproportionation. The critical conditions (hydrogen pressure and temperature) for the disproportionation reaction of fully hydrogenated $Nd_{12.5}Fe_{81.1-(x+y)}B_{6.4}Ga_xNb_y$ (x = 0 or 0.3, y = 0 or 0.2) alloys, in different atmospheres of pure hydrogen and a mixed gas of hydrogen and argon, was investigated with TPA (thermopiezic analyser). From this, the hydrogen pressure-temperature diagram showing the critical conditions was established. The critical disproportionation temperature of the fully hydrogenated $Nd_{12.5}Fe_{81.1-(x+y)}B_{6.4}Ga_xNb_y$ alloys was slightly increased as the hydrogen pressure decreased in both pure hydrogen and mixed gas. The critical disproportionation temperature of the hydrogenated alloys was higher in the mixed gas than in pure hydrogen. Addition of Ga and Nb increased the critical disproportionation temperature of the fully hydrogenated Nd-Fe-B alloys.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.109-112
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• 2004

The HDDR (Hydrogenation-Disproportionation-Desorption-Recombination) process is a special method to produce anisotropic NdFeB powders for bonded magnet. The effect of the modified HDDR process on magnetic properties of $Nd_2Fe_{14}B$-based magnet with several composition $Nd_{11.2}Fe_{66.5-x}Co_{15.4}B_{6,8}Zr{0.1}Ga_x(x=0{\sim}1.0)$ and that of microelement Ga, disproportional temperature and annealing temperature on $_jH_c$, grain size were investigated in order to produce anisotropic powder with high magnetic properties. It was found that modified HDDR process is very effective to enhance magnetic properties and to fine grain size. The addition of Ga could change disproportionation character remarkably of the alloy and could improve magnetic properties of magnet powder. Increasing annealing temperature induces significant grain growth. And grain size produced by modified HDDR process is significantly smaller than those produced by conventional HDDR process.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제49권11호
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• pp.839-844
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• 2011

We examined the effects of alloying elements such as Fe, Ga, In, Sn, Mg, and Mn on the electrochemical characteristics of Al-based alloys for Al-air batteries by potentiodynamic polarization tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The corrosion potential of an Al anode was lowered by the addition of Ga and Sn, resulting in an increase in the cell voltage compared with a pure Al electrode. Fe was not beneficial to improve the electrochemical properties of the Al anode in that it caused a decrease in the cell voltage and reduced corrosion rate slightly. In, Mn, Sn, and Mg decreased the corrosion rate of the Al alloys, while Ga enhanced corrosion significantly and accelerated consumption of the anode.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.285-290
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• 2009

HDDR treated anisotropic Nd-Fe-B powders have been widely used, due to their excellent magnetic properties, especially for sheet motors and sunroof motors of hybrid and electric vehicles. Final microstructure and coercivity of such Nd-Fe-B powders depend on the state of starting mother alloys, so additional homogenization treatment is required for improving magnetic properties of them. In this study, a homogenization treatment was performed at $900\sim1140^{\circ}C$ in order to control the grain size and Nd-rich phase distribution, and at the same time to improve coercivity of the HDDR treated magnetic powders. FE-SEM was used for observing grain size of the HDDR treated powder and EPMA was employed to observe distribution of Nd-rich phase. Magnetic properties were analyzed with a vibrating sample magnetometer.