• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.87-95
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• 1988

This paper is studied to know corrowive wear characteristics of austempered ductile cast ironin corrosive environments against mating SM45C hardened two test pieces in distilled water and NaCl aqueous solution. The corrosive wear mechanism was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and retained austenite volume fraction was investigated by X-ray diffractometer. The experimental result show that the corrosive wear characteristics depend largely on the $\textrm{Fe(OH)}_{3}$which is influenced by the critical sliding distance $L_{cr}$ and $L_{cr}$ shorted with increasing NaCl concentration. It was found that the carbides in matrix have a significant effect on their corrosive wear resisance and the fine acicular bainite showed corrosive wear resistance stronger than that of the coarse acicular and platelet bainite. From above results the model of corrosive wear mechanism in corrosive environments is proposed.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.98-103
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• 2010

In order to further reduce the cost without reducing the corrosion resistance, a high-manganese austenitic alloy for sink roll or stabilizer roll in continuous hot-dip coating lines was developed. A systematic study of corrosion behavior of the high-manganese austenitic alloy in pure zinc bath at $490^{\circ}C$ was carried out. The results shows that, the high-manganese austenitic alloy shows better corrosion resistance than 316L steel. The corrosion rate of the high-manganese austenitic alloy in pure zinc bath is calculated to be approximately $6.42{\times}10^{-4}g{\cdot}cm^{-2}{\cdot}h^{-1}$, while the 316L is $1.54{\times}10^{-3}g{\cdot}cm^{-2}{\cdot}h^{-1}$. The high-manganese austenitic alloy forms a three-phase intermetallic compound layer morphology containing ${\Gamma$}, ${\delta}$ and ${\zeta}$ phases, while the 316L is almost ${\zeta}$ phase. The ${\Gamma}$ and ${\delta}$ phases of the high-manganese austenitic alloy contain about 8.5 wt% Cr, the existence of Cr improve the stabilization of phases, which slow down the reaction of Fe and Zn, improve the corrosion resistance of the high-manganese austenitic alloy. So substitute the nickel with the manganese to manufacture the high-manganese austenitic alloy of low cost is feasible.

• Proceedings of the Korea Association of Crystal Growth Conference
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• 1998.09a
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• pp.97-102
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• 1998

Transition metal Cr3+ and Fe3+ ion was diffused in white sapphire {0001}, {1010} crystal plane which were grown by the Verneuil method. It enhanced and changed the physical, electrical and optical properties of sapphires. After mixing the metallic oxide and metal powder, it were used for diffusion. Metallic oxide was synthesized by precipitation method and it's composition was mainly alumina which doped with chromium or ferric oxide. In case using metallic oxide, the dopping was slowly progressed and it needed the longer duration time and higher temperature, relatively. Metallic powder was vapoured under 1x10-4 torr of vacuum pressure at 1900(iron metal) and 2050(chromium)℃, first step. Diffusion condition were kept by 6atm of N2 accelerating pressure at 2050∼2150℃. Each surface density of sapphire crystal are 0.225(c) and 0.1199atom/Å2(a). The color of the Cr-doped sapphires was changed to red. Dopping reaction was come out more deep in th plane of {1010} than {0001}. It was speculated that the planar density was one of the factors to determine diffusion effect.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.677-682
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• 2003

SiC nanowires were synthesized by carbothermal reduction using metal catalysts. Synthesized nanowires had mean diameters of 30∼50 nm and several $\mu\textrm{m}$ length. The kind of catalysts affects form of SiC nanowire because of difference of growth mechanisms. These differences were made by catalyst's physical property and relative activities to the source gas. Ni acted a conventional catalyst of VLS growth mechanism. But, Case of Fe, SiC nanowire was grown by stable VLS growth mechanism without relation of growth conditions. SiC nanowire was grown by two step growth model using Cr catalyst. Conversion ratios to the SiC nanowire were increased with growth conditions. Case of Cr, conversion ratio was about 45% that was higher than other catalyst used. This high conversion ratio was obtained by the addition VS growth to radial direction on the as-grown nanowires.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.73-77
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• 2019

Hot-dip aluminized coating has been widely used to protect steel substrate against corrosion. In this study, the corrosion behavior of hot-dip aluminized type 409L (11% Cr) stainless steel (SS) was investigated using macro- and micro-scale polarization tests. An Al-Fe-Si alloy layer that was formed due to inter-diffusion of alloying elements between Al coating and SS substrate was observed between Al coating and 409L SS substrate. In both macro- and micro-scale polarization tests, the corrosion potential ($E_{corr}$) of the 409L SS substrate was much nobler than that of the Al coating and alloy layer. $E_{corr}$ of the alloy layer was between that of Al coating and 409L SS substrate. This indicates that the alloy layer can act as a buffer between the more active Al coating and the nobler SS substrate for pit growth in aluminized SS. The presence of the alloy layer appears to be helpful in hindering pitting corrosion of aluminized SS.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.213-232
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• 2021

Ore criteria at the Sheba Deposit indicate orogenic mineralization type. Rocks and mineral assemblages suggest low formation-temperature of green-schist facies. Pyrite found in two generations; Type1 is irregular grains, contains higher arsenic and gold contents, compared to the relatively younger phase Type2 pyrite, which is composed of euhedral grains, found adjacent to late quartz-carbonate veins or at rims of type1 pyrite. Two gold generations were identified; type1 found included in sulphides (mainly pyrite). The second gold type was remobilized (secondary) into free-lodes within silicates (mainly quartz). Gold fineness is high, as gold contains up to 95 wt. % Au, Ag up to 3.5 wt. %, and traces of Cu, Ni, and Fe. Pyrite type2 contains tiny mineral domains (rich in Al, Mn, Hg, Se, Ti, V, and Cr). Zoning, and replacement textures are common, suggesting multiple mineralization stages. The distribution and relationships of trace elements in pyrite type2 indicate three formation patterns: (1) Al, Mn, Hg, Se, Ti, V, Cr, and Sn are homogeneously distributed in pyrite, reflecting a synchronous formation. (2) As, Ni, Co, Zn, and Sb display heterogeneous distribution pattern in pyrite, which may indicate post-formation existence due to other activities. (3) Au and Ag show both distribution patterns within pyrite, suggesting that gold is found both in microscopic phases and as chemically bounded phase.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.347-360
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• 2021

Currently, the demand for eco-friendly energy sources is high, which has prompted research on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Both aluminum alloys and nickel alloys, which are commonly considered as materials of bipolar plates in fuel cells, oxide layers formed on the metal surface have excellent corrosion resistance. In this research, the electrochemical characteristics of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy and Inconel 600 were investigated with chloride concentrations in an acid environment that simulated the cathode condition of the PEMFC. After potentiodynamic polarization experiments, Tafel analysis and surface analysis were performed. Inconel 600 presented remarkably good corrosion resistance under all test conditions. The corrosion current density of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy was significantly higher than that of Inconel 600 under all test conditions. Also, 6061-T6 aluminum alloy and Inconel 600 presented uniform corrosion and intergranular corrosion, respectively. The Ni, Cr, and Fe, which are the main chemical compositions of Inconel 600, are higher than Al in the electromotive force series. And a double oxide film of NiO-Cr₂O₃, which is more stable than Al₂O₃, is formed. Thus, the corrosion resistance of Inconel 600 is better.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.233-239
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• 2013

We collected Seokganju minerals (regions in Gyeryong Mountain, Sangsin-ri, Banpo-myeon, Gongju Chungcheongnam-province), which were used as natural color pigments for grayish-blue during the 15th~16th centuries of the Joseon era, and investigated their crystallographic features to develop a black pigment having a spinel structure. By a Raman analysis, the color of Seokganju under transparent glaze as a pigment for painting was black because hematite ($Fe_2O_3$) in Seokganju was converted to magnetite ($Fe_3O_4$) However, Seokganju into the transparent glaze as a pigment was brown because of hematite ($Fe_2O_3$) and small amounts of maghemite (${\gamma}-Fe_2O_3$) in Seokganju minerals. Only Seokganju mineral is used, it is not suitable for black pigment into the transparent glaze. This study tried to develop a spinel crystal black pigment stabilized by Seokganju with CoO, $Cr_2O_3$, NiO, and $MnO_2$ at $1280^{\circ}C$. A Raman spectroscopy analysis was performed to verify the presence of Mn The results showed that it existed as spinel, and two crystal phases $CoFe_2O_4$ and $MnFe_2O_4$ were mixed. $CoFe_2O_4$ spinel has a dark grayish black color and $MnFe_2O_4$ spinel has a greenish black color, and these two appeared as black. The color of a specimen calcined by adding 6 wt% of pigment mixed with 5 wt% of $MnO_2$ added to lime glaze was analyzed with a UV spectrophotometer. When applying the color pigment, it appeared black stabilized with $L^*$24.23, $a^*$ 0.12, $b^*$ -2.29 at $1260^{\circ}C$ oxidative calcination, With $1240^{\circ}C$ reduction firing, it is appeared black stabilized with low brightness of $L^*$ 23.13, $a^*$ -1.12, $b^*$ 0.54.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.56-72
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• 1999

Airborne concentrations of welding fumes in which 13 different metals such as Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Si, Sn, Ti, and Zn were analyzed were measured at 18 factories including automobile assembly and manufactures, steel heavy industries and shipyards. Air samples were collected by personal sampler at each worker's worksite(n=339). Blood levels of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn were also measured from samples taken from 447 welders by atomic absorption spectrometry and compared with control values obtained from 127 non-exposed workers. The results were as follows ; 1. Among various welding types, $CO_2$ welding 70.2 % were widely used, shielded metal arc welding(SMAW) 22.1 % came next, and rest of them were metal inert gas(MIG) welding, submerged arc welding(SAW), spot welding(SPOT) and tungsten inert gas(TIG) welding. 2. Welding fume concentration was $0.92mg/m^3$($0.02{\sim}15.33mg/m^3$) at automobile assembly and manufactures, $4.10mg/m^3$($0.02{\sim}70.75mg/m^3$) at steel heavy industries and $5.59mg/m^3$($0.30{\sim}91.16mg/m^3$) at shipyards, respectively, showing significant difference among industry types. Workers exposed to high concentration of welding fumes above Korean Permissible Exposure Limit(KPEL) amounted to 7.9 % and 12.5 %, in $CO_2$ welding and in SMAW at automobile assembly and manufactures and 62.7 % in $CO_2$ welding, and 12.5 % in SMAW at shipyards, and 66.2 % in $CO_2$ welding and 70.6 % in SMAW at steel heavy industries. 3. Geometric mean of airborne concentration of each metal released from welding fumes was below one 10th of KPEL in all welding types. Percentage of workers, however, exposed to airborne concentration of metals above KPEL amounted to 16.8 % in Mn and 7.6 % in Fe in $CO_2$ welding; 37.5 % in Cu in SAW, 30 % in Cu in TIG; and 25 % in Pb in SPOT welding. As a whole, 76 Workers(22.4%) were exposed to high concentration of any of the metals above KPEL. 4. There were differences in airborne concentration of metals such as Al, Cd, Cr, Cu. Fe. Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Si, Sn, Ti and Zn by industry types. These concentrations were higher in shipyards and steel heavy industries than in automobile assembly and manufactures. Workers exposed to higher concentration of Pb above KPEI amounted to 7.4 % of workers(7/94) in automobile assembly and manufactures. In shipyards, 19.2 % of workers(19/99) were over-exposed to Mn and 7.1 % (7/99) to Fe above KPEL. In steel heavy industries, 14.4 %(21/146), 7.5 %(11/146) and 13 %(19/146) were over-exposed to Mn, Fe and Cu, respectively. As a whole, 76 out of 339 workers(22.4%) were exposed to any of the metals above KPEL. 5. Blood levels of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn in welders were $0.11{\mu}g/100m{\ell}$, $0.84{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $424.4{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $1.26{\mu}g/100m{\ell}$, $5.01{\mu}g/100m{\ell}$ and $5.68{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, respectively, in contrast to $0.09{\mu}g/100m{\ell}$, $0.70{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $477.2{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $0.73{\mu}g/100m{\ell}$, $3.14{\mu}g/100m{\ell}$ and $6.15{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ in non-exposed control groups, showing significantly higher values in welders but Fe and Zn.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.125-140
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• 2022

The Xiquegou Pb-Zn deposit is located at the Qingchengzi orefield which is one of the largest Pb-Zn mineralized zone in the northeast of China. The geology of this deposit consists of Archean granulite, Paleoproterozoinc migmatitic granite, Paleo-Mesoproterozoic sodic granite, Paleoproterozoic Liaohe group, Mesozoic diorite and Mesozoic monzoritic granite. The Xiquegou deposit which is a Triassic magma-hydrothermal type deposit occurs as vein ore filled fractures along fault zone in unit 3 (dolomitic marble and schist) of Dashiqiao formation of the Paleoproterozoic Liaohe group. Xiquegou Pb-Zn deposit consists of quartz, apatite, calcite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, marcasite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, stannite, galena, tetrahedrite, electrum, argentite, native silver and pyrargyrite. Wallrock alteration of this deposit contains silicification, pyritization, dolomitization, chloritization and sericitization. Based on mineral petrography and paragenesis, dolomites from this deposit are classified two type (1. dolomite (D₀) as wallrock, 2. dolomite (D₁) as wallrock alteration in Pb-Zn mineralization quartz vein ore). The structural formulars of dolomites are determined to be Ca_1.03-1.01Mg_0.95-0.83Fe_0.12-0.02Mn_0.02-0.00(CO₃)₂(D₀) and Ca_1.16-1.00Mg_0.79-0.44Fe_0.53-0.13Mn_0.03-0.00As_0.01-0.00(CO₃)₂(D₁), respectively. It means that dolomites from the Xiquegou deposit have higher content of trace elements compared to the theoretical composition of dolomite. The dolomite (D₁) from quartz vein ore has higher content of these trace elements (FeO, PbO, Sb₂O₅ and As₂O₅) than dolomite (D₀) from wallrock. Dolomites correspond to Ferroan dolomite (D₀), and ankerite and Ferroan dolomite (D₁), respectively. The structural formular of chlorite from quartz vein ore is (Mg_1.65-1.08Fe_2.94-2.50Mn_0.01-0.00Zn_0.01-0.00Ni_0.01-0.00Cr_0.02-0.00V_0.01-0.00Hf_0.01-0.00Pb_0.01-0.00Cu_0.01-0.00As_0.03-0.00Ca_0.02-0.01Al_1.68-1.61)_5.77-5.73(Si_2.84-2.76Al_1.24-1.16)_4.00O₁₀(OH)₈. It indicated that chlorite of quartz vein ore is similar with theoretical chlorite and corresponds to Fe-rich chlorite. Compositional variations in chlorite from quartz vein ore are caused by mainly octahedral Fe²⁺ <-> Mg²⁺ (Mn²⁺) substitution and partly phengitic or Tschermark substitution (Al^3+,VI+Al^3+,IV <-> (Fe²⁺ 또는 Mg²⁺)^VI+(Si⁴⁺)^IV).