• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.89-95
• /
• 2009

Biodiesel (fatty acid alkyl esters), which is produced from sustainable resources such as vegetable oil, animal fat and waste oils, have used to as substitutes for petro-diesel. In this study, we investigate the performance of 30 L and 300 L pilot-scale biodiesel production system using alkali-catalyst transesterification from soybean oil and rapeseed oil produced at Jeju island in Korea. The 30 L-scale biodiesel production was performed to in the condition of reaction temperature $65^{\circ}C$, catalyst amount 1% (w/w) and oil to methanol molar ratio 1 : 8. At that reaction condition, the fatty acid methyl ester contents of product are above 98% within reaction time 30 min. Also, the conversion yield of over 98% was obtained in 300 L-scale biodiesel production system using rapeseed oil and soybean oil. The quality of biodiesel produced from reaction system was satisfied to recommended quality standard of Korea. Our results may provide useful information with regard to the scale-up of more economic and efficient biodiesel production process.

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.225-228
• /
• 2005

four varieties of ground nut (Arechis hypogea) were collected from different areas of Pakistan (Tillagang, Gujar khan, Hanoi and Pipplan) from Punjab province. The oils were extracted for the evaluation of lipid. Physico-chemical values of oils were determined like refractive index, peroxide value, unsaponifiable matter, acid value, iodine value, free fatty acid and ester value. The lipid profile as indicated by GLC showed that Palmitic acid ranged from 8.2-8.8%, proportions of oleic acid and linoleic acid varied from 57.8-59.87% and 22.5-24.1% respectively. Gujar khan variety of peanut has higher % age of oil (56.79). The higher yield of oil in this variety is not at the cost of any nutritional quality of peanut oil.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.436-442
• /
• 1992

The present study was designed to analyze the lipid and fatty acid compositions of ark shell, Anadara broughtonii. The crude lipid was extracted by Bligh and Dyer's method, and then fractionated by TLC and quantitatively analyzed by TLC scanner. Lipid extracted from ark shell was fractionated into neutral and polar lipid by column chromatography with silicic acid. The fatty acid composition of lipid fractions were determined by gas liquid chromatography. Total lipid content of ark shell was 0.83% base on wet weight. The content of unsaponifiable matter was 20.19%, and iodine value was 156.13. The main components of total lipids were triglyceride, diglyceride, hydrocarbon, and sterol ester. The fatty acid composition of total lipid chiefly consisted of $C_{17 : 0}$, $C_{16 : 0}$, $C_{18 : 1}$ and $CT_{16 : 1}$. The main fatty acids of neutral lipid were $C_{16 : 0}$, $C_{18 : 1}$, $C_{22 : 1}$, $C_{18 : 0}$ and $C_{16 : 1}$. The major fatty acids of polar lipid were $C_{16 : 0}$, $C_{18 : 2}$, $C_{20 : 5}$ and $C_{22 : 6}$. In total lipid fractionation, saturated acid contents were high in all (SA>MA＞ PA), in neutral lipid fractionation, menoenoic acid contents were high in all (MA > SA> PA), and in polar lipid fractionation, saturated acid con-tents were high in all (SA> PA> MA).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.33 no.12
• /
• pp.1563-1575
• /
• 2023

Acyl-coenzyme A (CoA):diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) catalyzes the last stage of triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis, a process that forms ester bonds with diacylglycerols (DAG) and fatty acyl-CoA substrates. The enzymatic role of Dgat2 has been studied in various biological species. Still, the full description of how Dgat2 channels fatty acids in skeletal myocytes and the consequence thereof in glucose uptake have yet to be well established. Therefore, this study explored the mediating role of Dgat2 in glucose uptake and fatty acid partitioning under short interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA)-mediated Dgat2 knockdown conditions. Cells transfected with Dgat2 siRNA downregulated glucose transporter type 4 (Glut4) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and decreased the cellular uptake of [1-¹⁴C]-labeled 2-deoxyglucose up to 24.3% (p < 0.05). Suppression of Dgat2 deteriorated insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation. Dgat2 siRNA reduced [1-¹⁴C]-labeled oleic acid incorporation into TAG, but increased the level of [1-¹⁴C]-labeled free fatty acids at 3 h after initial fatty acid loading. In an experiment of chasing radioisotope-labeled fatty acids, Dgat2 suppression augmented the level of cellular free fatty acids. It decreased the level of re-esterification of free fatty acids to TAG by 67.6% during the chase period, and the remaining pulses of phospholipids and cholesteryl esters were decreased by 34.5% and 61%, respectively. Incorporating labeled fatty acids into beta-oxidation products increased in Dgat2 siRNA transfected cells without gene expression involving fatty acid oxidation. These results indicate that Dgat2 has regulatory function in glucose uptake, possibly through the reaction of TAG with endogenously released or recycled fatty acids.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.80-88
• /
• 2001

This study was carried out to evaluate the different physicochemical properties of various lipid sources in beef patties during storage for 6 months. Four groups of samples were made of beef meat patties with 22% of tallow, lard, chicken fat and 20% of palm oil. On the analysis result of physicochemical compositions, the patty has its own fatty acids composition and characteristic different from other lipids. Patty with chicken fat has the highest percentage of unsaturated fatty acid composition of 61.0% compared to the other groups of patties. Beef patty with chicken fat has 18.8% of poly unsaturated fatty acid(USFA) and beef patty with beef lipid has 1.5% of poly USFA which is the least percentage among the others. SFA/USFA ratio of beef patty with chicken lipid was 0.5 which was the least value. The composition of PUFA in beef patty with lard increased to 10.0% from 1.9% over initial value after storage for 6 months. On the contrary, the composition of PUFA in beef patty with chicken fat decreased to 9.2% from 18.8% over initial value after 6 months. Volatile free fatty acids of beef patties were evaluated with four kinds of lipid sources. Formic acid was the most as of 59$\mu\textrm{g}$/g in beef patty with tallow, acetic acid was 15$\mu\textrm{g}$/g, and heptanoic acid was 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/g at starting time of storage. However, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid and caproic acid were not detected. After 6 months, formic acid decreased from 59$\mu\textrm{g}$/g to 7$\mu\textrm{g}$/g in the patty with tallow, from 12$\mu\textrm{g}$/g to non-detect level in the patty with palm oil, but two the others patties slightly increased. Volatile compounds in meat patties were reported nearly 1000 kinds of chemical compounds. Beef patty with tallow has aldehydes 5.3, alcohol 1.3, hydrocarbon 0.8, ketones 0.2, ester 0.1, furans 0.1, acid 0.04, sulfur 0.03 in peak area at starting and increased to aldehydes 8.5, alcohol 2.1, ketones 0.5, ester 1.0, furans 1.5 in peak area during the storage. But only furans was not detected after 6 months of storage. From starting to 6 months, aldehydes increased 2∼10 times, alcohol increased 2∼3 times, acids 4∼50 times and ester 9∼20 times in beef patties with pork lipid, chicken lipid and palm oil. Some volatile compounds such as alcohol, aldehydes and acids in all kinds of patties significantly increased after 6 months of storage. These increases cause oxidative rancidity taste in meat patties. These results showed that selt-life of meat patties with 4 different lipids were not over 6 months even though they were stored at -20$^{circ}C$. Therefore, they should be classified as off-grade because of oxidative rancidity. Although beef patties with tallow are currently common type, the possibility for new type of hamburg patty can be developed by applying different lipids. Finally, we found out new type of beef patty added with lard, which has the best taste and quality compared to the other common types.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.249-252
• /
• 1991

Two new metabolites have been characterized from the methylene chloride extracts of Bezoar Bovis, a well known oriental drug : 8-octadecenoic methyl ester and cholesta-3,5-diene. Their structures were deduced from $^1$H-NMR and GC-mass spectra.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.78-84
• /
• 1991

From the whole plants of Orostachys japonicus(Crassulaceae), fatty acid ester mixture, seco-A-triterpene mixture, glutinone, friedelin, ${\beta}-amyrin$, glutinol, epifridelanol, 1-hexatriacontanol, sterol mixture, steryl glucoside mixture were isolated and characterized by spectral data.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.34 no.11
• /
• pp.3239-3242
• /
• 2013

An improved rapid method for determination of the fatty acid composition using modified methylation procedure was compared with the AOAC reference procedure based on the methylation of fatty acid with the addition of BF3 catalyst before and while heating. The new method is useful for research and routine quality control and has a number of advantages over the reference procedure which are more rapid, simple and also reliable. Applicability of the modified methylation method was confirmed with three vegetable oil samples (palm oil, coconut oil and olive oil). Based on the validation method results, we obtained that a quite linear calibration curve of fatty acids was performed with $R^2$ in range of 0.9972-0.9994. The sensitivity of gas chromatography instrument was able to analyze the fatty acids up to a few ppm, the precision and accuracy were good enough with the %RSD between 1.5%-19.5% and the recovery of linolenic acid was 99.1% in the range of 80.0%-113.3%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.5 no.4
• /
• pp.437-442
• /
• 1990

Three fractions-neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids were obtained from total lipids in cultivated mushrooms(Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus sajor-caju) and wild mushrooms (Ramaria botrytis and Lactarius volemus), and their lipid compositions and fatty acid compositions were determined by means of silicic acid column chromatography, thin layer chromatography and gas liquid chromatography. The total lipid contents in mushrooms were $0.32{\sim}0.39%$(wet basis). It was found that the contents of phospholipids$(19.4{\sim}47.4%)$ and neutral lipids$(32.1{\sim}51.9%)$ were high, while that of glycolipids$(14.8{\sim}28.7%)$ were low. The main lipid in neutral lipids was triglyceride$(21.2{\sim}38.2%)$ followed by free sterol$(21.0{\sim}21.9%)$, sterol ester$(10.3{\sim}18.6%)$, but the main lipid in neutral lipid of Pleurotus sajor-caju was free fatty acid(34.1%). The main lipid in glycolipids was steryl glycoside$(15.6{\sim}29.4%)$ followed by esterified steryl glycoside$(13.4{\sim}23.9%)$, monogalactosyl diglyceride$(15.6{\sim}24.6%)$. Among the phospholipids, phosphatidyl choline$(36.7{\sim}49.5%)$, phosphatidyl ethanolamine$(20.9{\sim}29.7%)$, phosphatidyl inositol$(18.4{\sim}26.1%)$ were the major components. The major fatty acid of total lipids was linoleic acid followed by palmitic acid, oleic acid. Fatty acid composition was not significantly different among total lipids, neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids contained in tested mushrooms but the main fatty acid in neutral lipid of Ramaria botrytis was oleic acid(48.7%).

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.104-108
• /
• 2007

Biodiesel is a fatty acid alkyl ester produced by chemical reaction of a vegetable oil or animal fat and an alcohol. It is getting attention as a clean alternative energy that can replace gas oils. In this study, strong acidic ion exchange resin was introduced in the pretreatment process of the used cooking oil and rapeseed oil to enhance the conversion of the oil to the biodiesel by removing FFA(free fatty acid). More than 90% FFA was removed. Dry resins showed higher FFA removal efficiency than wet resins. Using transesterification the conversion of triglyceride into fatty acid methyl ester was raised up to 98%. These results can be applicable to the pretreatment of biodiesel feedstocks having high acidic value.