• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1969

Relationships between red ceil volume $(^{51}Cr-cell)$, total blood volume (red cell volume divided by hematocrit ratio), and extracellular fluid volume (SCN distribution space) and body weight (ranging between 73 and 384 grams) or lean body mass were studied in 59 nembutalized rats. Lean body mass was determined by means of underwater weighing method on rats clipped and eviscerated. There were positive correlations between body weight or lean body mass and the absolute values (in milliliters) of body fluid volumes. Body fluid volumes expressed on the body weight or lean body mass basis, however, showed negative correlations between body weight (grams) or lean body weight (grams) with one exception. Red cell volume expressed as % lean body mass showed a positive correlation with lean body mass. The other results are summarized as follows: 1. Body density of rats was 1.0561 $(range:\;1.0123{\sim}1.0781)$ and 19.8% body weight of total body fat was obtained. The mean value of lean body mass was 80.2% body weight 2. The correlation between body weight and lean body mass was high, namely, coefficient of correlation was r=.99. 3. The correlation between the absolute value of red cell volume (ml) and body weight showed a high correlation, namely, r= 92 and between the lean body mass coefficient of correlation was r=.93. On a weight basis, red cell volume was 2.67 ml/100 gm body weight or 3.48 ml/100 gm lean body mass. The coefficient of correlation between body weight (grams) and red cell volume (% body weight) was r=-. 30. The coefficient of correlation between lean body mass (grams) and red cell volume (% lean body mass) was r=. 50. Thus, the following regression equation was obtained. Red cell volume (% lean body mass)=. 00243 Lean body mass (gm)+3. 12. 4. Total blood volume was 6.06% body weight or 7.83% lean body mass. The correlation between these blood volume values and body weight or lean body mass were negative, namely, r= -.43 and r=-.42 respectively. 5. Extracellular volume (SCN space) was 30.0% body weight or 37.2% lean body mass. These percentage values showed negative correlations between body weight or lean body mass and coefficients of correlation were r=-.40 and r=-.54 respectively. 6. The rate of increase in body weight or lean body mass is accompanied by a smaller rate of increase in blood volume and extracellular fluid volume. The rate of increase in red ceil volume paralled that of lean body mass.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.565-575
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to propose the appropriate sizes and dish combination for nutritional-balanced lunch boxes delivered to children under the government-funded meal service program in Korea. The study was based on the 3 : 1 : 2 Meal Box Magic, a nutrition education method developed in Japan. A total of 290 lunch menus, comprising of 10 day menus from 29 organizations having delivered lunch boxes to children during summer vacation of 2008, were analyzed and used as the base data for lunch box combination. Dishes of the menus were classified into 6 groups: Rice group, Protein side dish group (including meat, fish, egg, and bean dishes), Vegetable side dish group, Kimchi group (including kimchi and jangajji), Soup stew group, and the other group. Nutrient analysis was conducted for 100 ml of these dishes by CAN Pro 3.0 utilizing volume and weight conversion data used for analysis of the Korea Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and those from the Nutrient Composition of Food for Consumers. All the possible combinations of 5 dishes, comprising of 3 dishes from Rice group, Protein side dish group, and Kimchi group, respectively, and 2 dishes from Vegetable side dish group, were made using the frequently served dishes from the respective dish group. Nutrient analysis of each combination was conducted based on the assumption that a lunch box was 600 ml and filled up to 80% by dishes using the volume ratio of 3 : 1 : 1.5 : 0.5 for Rice group : Protein side dish group : Vegetable side dish group : Kimchi group. The mean and standard deviation of energy and nutrients of all combinations calculated by weighting the serving frequency of each dish selected for the combinations were $621\pm81$ kcal for Energy, $22.1\pm5.0$ g for Protein, $120\pm45$ mg for Calcium, $4.1\pm1.1$ mg for Iron, $201\pm130\;{\mu}g$ RE for Vitamin A, $0.34\pm0.10$ mg for Thiamin, $0.27\pm0.10$ mg for Riboflavin, and $24.3\pm9.6$ mg for Vitamin C. The energy percentages from Carbohydrate, Protein and Fat were 66%, 14% and 20%. The analysis results met the nutrition standard of lunch boxes for male elementary students in grades 4 through 6 under the government-funded meal service program regarding calories, nutrients except calcium and riboflavin, and macronutrient distribution ranges. Accordingly appropriate box sizes were suggested for different age and sex groups to meet the respective nutrition standards. In addition, milk or dairy products were suggested to accompany lunch boxes to supplement calcium and riboflavin intake. The method of selecting box sizes and making dish combination suggested in this study could be useful for the organizations preparing lunch boxes under the government-funded children's meal service program where nutrition professionals are not available.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 1990

Radiolabeled Brazilin(^3H-Brazilin)을 웅성 Wistar Rats에 투여하여 plasma concentration-time profile, urine 및 bile로의 배설, 조직분포 및 plasma protein에 대한 결합률을 살펴보았다. 1. Pharmacokinetic parameters는 다음과 같았다. $t_{1/2}$은 13.7 hr, AUC는 $\53.38\;\mu\textrm{g}{\cdot}hr/ml$, AUMC는 $1013.4\;\mu\textrm{g}{\cdot}hr^2/ml$ MRT는 18.95hr, Vss 17.778l/kg 그리고 CL은 936.77ml/hr.kg였다. 2. Plasma concentration-time profile에서 enterohepaic circulation을 시사하여 2nd peak가 발견되었고. 담즙배설 실험으로 확증할 수가 있었다. 결구투여 후 담즙 배설은 투여량의 64.4%가 10시간에 걸쳐 배설되었고, 3시간째 그 배설속도는 maximum을 이뤘다. 3. Vss는 17.8 l/kg으로 큰 값을 나타냈고, 따라서 뇌를 제외한 대부분의 조직에 Brazilin은 분포하였고 특히 liver와 kidney, epididymus 그리고 testis에 고농도 분포함을 알 수 있었다. 4. 경구투여량의 44.1%가 , 정맥주사 후 투여량의 62.9%가 urine을 통해 배설되었다. Urine을 통해 배설되는 양의 대부분(80%)은 24시간 내에 배설되었다. 5. Plasma protein에 대한 결합율을 한외여과법으로 측정한 결과 $40{\pm}4%$가 결합하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.922-933
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of nutrition education using Food Exchange System on elementary students' nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrients intake. Nutrition education lessons (40 min /lesson, 4 times), '5 major nutrients and functions', '6 food groups and sources of 6 food groups', 'good choice of snacks and eating out' as class lesson, 'daily needed energy and food exchange units' as individual lesson, were provided to 70 elementary students (4th grade 33 students, 5th grade 37 students) in Jeonbuk Province. We assessed the changes in nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude, food habit using a questionnaire and nutrient intake using 24 hr recall method by nutrition education. In nutrition knowledge, there were significant increases in scores of 'functions of carbohydrate', 'functions of protein', 'functions of lipid', 'foods of carbohydrate', and 'foods of lipid'. In dietary attitude, there were significant increases in scores of 'taking a meal with joy', 'taking a meal at ease', 'taking a meal with sufficient protein intake' and 'taking a meal without spicy foods' by nutrition education. There were significant changes in the type of breakfast and in the frequency of snacks. After education, in type of breakfast, it showed higher number of students ate rice oriented meal than they did before education. and in frequency of snacks, it showed lower number of students ate snacks 'over 3 times' than they did before education. In Carbohydrate : Protein : Fat (CPF) ratio (%), it was significantly changed from 55.8 : 17.7 : 26.6 to 63.6 : 15.3 : 21.1. In evaluation of nutrient intake by Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs), vitamin A, thiamin, niacin, vitamin $B_6$, calcium, phosphate, iron and zinc showed positive changes in distribution of number of children by intake level. That is, there were significant improvements in intakes of vitamin A, thiamin, niacin, vitamin $B_6$, calcium, phosphate, iron and zinc. These results showed that nutrition education using Food Exchange System for elementary students improved nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrients intake. It suggest that nutrition education using Food Exchange System may improve dietary behaviors and reduce an incidence of obesity in elementary students.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.636-645
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• 2014

마 분말 0.5, 1.0과 2.0%를 첨가한 프랑크푸르터 소시지를 제조하여 진공포장한 후 $10^{\circ}C$에서 6주간 저장하며 품질 특성의 변화를 조사하였다. 일반성분은 마 첨가량이 높아질수록 수분, 조단백질 함량은 감소하였고, 조지방과 회분의 함량은 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 마 첨가량 자체가 낮았던 관계로 그 차이는 미미한 편이었다. 마 첨가량 차이에 의한 수분활성도 값은 저장 3주 후 부터는 유의적 차이가 없었다. pH는 저장 후기로 갈수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다. TBA 값은 저장기간이 길어짐에 따라 증가 하였는데 마분말의 첨가량이 많을수록 천천히 증가하였다. VBN 값은 저장기간이 연장될수록 모든 처리구에서 증가하는 경향이 나타났는데, 마 분말의 첨가량이 많을수록 더 크게 증가하였다. 마 첨가 수준이 높아짐에 따라 $L^*$ 값과 $a^*$ 값은 감소하고, $b^*$ 값은 증가되는 경향을 보였다. 기계적 경도 측정치는 마 첨가량이 높아질수록 유의적으로 감소하였다. 관능학적 품질 평가에 따르면 T3는 3주, 그리고 C, T1, T2는 4주까지 상품성이 유지되는 것으로 판단되었다. 결론적으로 마 분말은 1.0%까지 프랑크푸르터 소시지에 첨가하여도 물리화학적 품질 및 저장성에 큰 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.392-403
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relations between HbA1c level and health risk factor. For analysis, 330 elderly women aged 65 years and over were recruited in Jeonla province, Korea. The subjects were classified into two groups according to their HbA1c level; the diabetic group (HbA1c level${\geq}6.5%$, n=68, 20.6%) and control group (HbA1c level<6.5%, n=262, 79.4%). Demographic characteristics were collected, as well as information on physical measurements, blood tests for biochemical indicators, a health status and health-related life style, dietary behavior, favorite food groups, consumption frequency of food groups and nutrient intake. Educational level of the diabetic group was significantly lower than that of the control group. The height of the diabetic group was shorter, and percentage fat of the diabetic group was higher than those of the control group. In the diabetic group, the higher concentrations of creatinine and activity of alkaline phosphatase were found to be significantly unfavorable factors. Therefore, the diabetic group was assumed to be at risk of decreased liver and renal function. The self-rated health level of the diabetic group has a declining tendency, while the medicine intake was significantly higher than that of the control group, but there are no significant differences in visiting frequency of hospital and community health center. The distribution of physical activity showed a significant difference between the groups. Although there are no significant differences in nutrient intake, the diabetic group had relatively inferior nutrient intake of diet, especially vitamin C, as contrasted with the control group. In conclusion, the weight control and increasing physical activity may be effective in the prevention of the diabetes and continuous education and intervention by specialized nutritionists will be needed for diabetic patients. These results could be useful to plan effective strategies to increase the health-life expectancy and the prevention of the diabetes of Korean elderly people living in rural areas.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.101-110
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• 2000

1995년 1월부터 12월까지 남한강과 북한강 상류에서 금강모치 Rhynchocypris kumgangensis의 서식지 환경특성과 개체군 생태를 조사 연구하였다. 본 종의 서식지는 하천 최상류의 수온이 낮은 청수지역이었으며 어류상은 빈약하였고, Phoxinus phoxinus, Ladislavia taczanowskii, Orthrias nudus, Iksookimia rotundicaudata 등과 혼서하고 있었다. 전장 약 40 mm 이하 군은 만 1년생, 40~65 mm군은 만 2년생, 65~80 mm군은 만 3년생 그리고 80 mm 이상 군은 만 4년생 이상으로 조사되었으며, 성별에 따른 연령별 전장조성의 차이는 거의 없이 유사하였다. 산란 시기는 4월 초부터 5월 중순 경 (수온 $11{\sim}14^{\circ}C$)이었으며 산란 성기는 4월이었다. 생식활동의 시작 연령은 암컷은 만 3년생부터, 수컷은 만 2년생 중전장 45~55 mm 이상의 개체들만이 성적으로 성숙하였으며 평균 포란수는 1,616개였다. 성비는 1 : 0.75로 암컷이 우세하게 나타났으며 80 mm 이상 군에서는 암컷의 성비가 더욱 높게 나타났다. 산란장은 직경 2~6 cm의 깨끗한 자갈이 깔려있는 평균 유속 44 (20~80) cm/sec, 수심 35 (5~70) cm의 여울에 형성되었으며 집단으로 산란행동을 하였고 하상으로부터 약 5~15 cm 깊이의 하천 바닥에 산란을 하였다. 산란 집단의 성비는 1 : 6.90으로 수컷이 매우 우세하였다.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.380-389
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• 2007

암은 한국에서 전체 사망률의 가장 많은 원인 중의 하나이며 이 중 간세포 암은 암에 의한 사망원인 중에서 성별에 관계없이 위암 다음으로 사망률이 높다. 특히 $40{\sim}60$세까지 중장년 기에서의 간암 발생률은 세계에서 가장 높으며, OECD 국가 중에서 간암 사망률은 최고 수치를 기록하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 조영증강 CT 영상에서 간암을 자동으로 추출하는 방법을 제안하여 전문의를 보조할 수 있는 보조 전문가 시스템으로서의 유용성을 확인하고자 한다. 흉부의 상위 부분부터 5mm 간격으로 연속적으로 촬영한 약 $40{\sim}50$장의 조영 증강 CT 영상에서 늑골의 정보를 이용하여 장기들의 정보만으로 구성된 내부 영역과 늑골 및 피하지방층, 그리고 배경으로 구성된 외부 영역을 구분한다. 간 영역의 정보가 포함된 내부영역에서 명암도와 명암의 분포도, 간의 형태 및 위치 정보, 그리고 각 슬라이드를 기준으로 이전 CT 영상과 다음 CT 영상의 정보를 이용하여 간 영역을 추출한다. 간암은 추출된 간 영역에 형태기반 보간법을 적용하여 CT 촬영에서 생기는 슬라이드 사이의 5mm 공간정보를 복원한 후, 각 슬라이드를 기준으로 이전 CT 영상과 다음 CT 영상의 정보와 간암이 가지는 명암도 및 형태학적 특징 정보를 이용하여 추출한다. 제안된 간 및 간암 영역 추출 방법을 전문의가 판별한 것과 비교 분석한 결과, 전문의를 보조할 수 있는 보조 전문가 시스템으로서 효율적임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.327-341
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• 1997

It is a well known fact that obesity is an important cause of cardiovascular disease, emphasized by many studies. Recently, cardiovascular diseaase has been found to correlate not only to the extent of obesity, but also the fat distribution of the individual; especially, focusing on obesity of the abdomen. Unfortunately, the proposed indices for abdominal obesity are numerous, and the results vary according to the index chosen. Three-hundred and twelve bus drivers in November, 1995, were chosen as subjects of this study. The author chose to measure serum lipid levels, fasting blood sugar levels and blood pressure, that are thought to be important risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Obesity indices were calculated using anthropometric measurements. We were able to evaluate the significance of obesity indices by examining correlations between these indices and the risk factors of cardiovascular disease. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The abdominal obesity indices and risk factors of cardiovascular disease, the levels of total cholesterol in the serum, fasting blood sugar levels, and diastolic blood pressure, increased significantly according to age. 2. There was a significant difference in the abdominal obesity indices according to drinking and smoking habits controlled for age. Among the risk factors of cardiovascular disease, triglyceride and diastolic pressures had significant differences according to the presence or absence of a drinking history controlled for age. 3. Although all obesity indices showed significant correlations, the weakest correlation was between BMI and abdominal diameter index and the strongest correlation was between sagittal diameter and sagittal diameter matched for height. 4. There was a negative correlation between HDL-cholesterol and obesity indices. The weakest correlation was between fasting blood sugar levels and both SD and SDH showed correlations with the risk factors. 5. There was a significant correlation between SD and total cholesterol in the serum and fasting blood sugars controlled for age, drinking, and BMI. 6. After categorizing the subjects into 2 separate age groups at the 40 year mark, in the less than 40 you old age group, controlled for drinking and BMI, the results of comparitive studies have shown correlations between total cholesterol serum levels and waist-hip ratio, conicity-index, and SD. There were correlations between fasting blood sugar levels and SD, ADI, and SDH. There were no correlations between obesity indices and both total cholesterol serum levels and fasting blood sugar levels in the greater than 40 year old age group. There were significant correlations between abdominal obesity indices and total serum cholesterol or fasting blood sugar levels in the less than 40 year old age group, but no correlations in the age group over 40. These correlated factors between abdominal obesity and cardiovascular disease are assumed to exist in Korea as well. Furthermore, in this study a high correlation was found between SD, SDH and the risk factors of cardiovascular disease. Even when controlled for age, drinking, smoking, and BMI, the correlations between risk factors of cardiovascular disease and these indices exist. Therefore, the obesity indices, SD and SDH may prove to be important prognostic indicators or risk factors of cardiovascular disease.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.285-291
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• 2015

해상 사고에 의한 익수자는 저체온증에 의한 사망 위험에 노출되어 있다. 구명 동의 등을 착용함으로써 부력은 유지할 수 있으나 해수의 낮은 온도에 의한 신체의 열손실은 짧은 시간 내에 체온을 하강시키고 그에 따른 저체온증 사망이 우려된다. 전통적인 구명 동의는 고체형 부력체를 사용하여 부력을 향상 시키고 있으나, 구명 동의에 공기를 채움으로써 부력 및 체온 보존 효과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구는 고체형 충진재를 이용한 기존의 비 팽창형 구명 동의와 공기를 채운 팽창형 구명 동의의 단열 성능을 비교하고, 각각의 방법이 체온 변화에 미치는 영향을 정성적으로 평가하고자 한다. 먼저 열저항 모델을 이용한 대략적인 단열 성능의 비교를 실시하고, 유한요소법을 이용하여 Pennes의 신체 열전달 해석을 수행하여 시간에 따른 체온 변화를 수치적으로 검토하였다.