• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 1999

Combined MRI and Relaxogram approach was introduced as a very useful tool for fat study. The phantoms simulating homogeneous mixture of fat and non-fat environments were measured with spin echo pulse sequence on a 0.15 T whole body imager. From 45 scans, the Tl values were obtained by fitting the data to continuous distribution (CONTIN) of relaxation time. This relaxogram gives broad distributions of relaxation time, which are characterized by a number of peaks with characteristic T1 values. Two distinct peaks in relaxogram were observed and identified as signals from com oil and gelatin gel. This model system can be served as simulating the distribution of fat in muscle. Also the relative ratio of two components, which is proportional to the area under the peak, is estimated and compared to nominal values. Based on the good agreement between two predictions, the values from our proposed method agreed with nominal values within $\pm$7 % error. The effects of different concentration of contrast agent and different region of interest are presented. To optimize total scan times, the minimum required data points and so further reduction in total scan times are discussed.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2003

The objective of this study was to examine how circulating leptin concentrations and resting energy expenditures (REE) are related to body composition in obese adults, and to examine differences in these parameters according to gender. Twenty-three subjects, 6 males and 17 females, were recruited from patients with a body mass index (BMI) of greater than 27 at the Obesity Clinic of the K University Hospital. Anthropometric assessments and biochemical analyses were performed, and REEs were measured. In spite of having similar BMI values the plasma leptin levels of females (20.0$\pm$6.5 ng/ml) were significantly higher (p<.05) than those of males (14.2$\pm$6.1) ng/ml). In females, plasma leptin concentrations were found to be positively related to body weight. BMI, waist-hip ratio (WHR), fat mass (FM), body fat, and to the circumferences of forearm, waist and hip (p<.0001). However, in males, plasma leptin concentrations were positively related only to suprailiac thickness (p<.05). The higher plasma leptin levels in females compared to males may, at least partially. be explained by the females' higher subcutaneous fat mass. Plasma leptin concentrations appeared to reflect not only total fat mass but also regional fat distribution, especially in females. REE values of males (2254.3$\pm$256.2 kcal/day) were significantly higher (p＜.01) than those of females (1799.1$\pm$454.7 kcal/day). REE values for females were positively related to body weight, BMI, lean body mass (LBM), FM, body fat, and to the circumferences of waist and hip (p<.05); however, REE values for males were (positively) related only to LBM (p<.05). REE values were not related to plasma leptin concentrations for either males or females, indicating that the plasma level of leptin might not be a predictor for REE value.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.583-594
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• 2021

This study examined the nutrient intake of Korean adults by considering the lunch type, categorized as home meals (HM), eating out (EO), and institutional meals (IM). Data was obtained from the 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Totally, 3,786 adults (1,643 men, and 2,143 women) aged between 19-64 years were included in the study. Subjects with daily energy intake of less than 500 kcal or over 5,000 kcal, and those who skipped lunch, were excluded. The percentage of subjects in the HM, EO, and IM were 31.9, 53.6, and 14.4%, respectively. The daily energy intakes of the HM, EO, and IM groups were determined to be 2,185, 2,360, and 2,339 kcal, respectively, in men, and 1,622, 1,731, and 1,741 kcal, respectively, in women. Among the three groups, men in the EO group had more intake of fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, and riboflavin, and less dietary fiber, and whereas women consumed more fat and less dietary fiber and potassium. In the IM group, the men consumed more dietary fiber, potassium, and thiamine, whereas consumption of carbohydrate, unsaturated fatty acid, sodium, potassium, and thiamine was more in women. Energy contributions of carbohydrate, protein, and fat were all within the AMDR (acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges) for all lunch types, except for the percent of energy provided from saturated fat in EO (7.4% in men, and 8.2% in women). Our results indicate that the dietary habit of frequently eating out increases the fat intake, thereby resulting in increased health risks for adults. Thus, implementation of a nutritional education program to encourage balanced dietary habits is required to improve the nutritional status of individuals eating out.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.66
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• pp.328-337
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• 2023

We investigated the effects of single and combined administrations of Lactobacillus species (L. plantarum, LP; L. gasseri, LG; L. casei, LC) on blood lipid metabolism and obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The mice were continuously supplemented with LP, LP/LG, or LP/LG/LC, along with HFD, for 12 weeks. The consumption of HFD led to significant increases in body weight, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels compared to the normal control group. However, administration of LP, LP/LG, or LP/LG/LC to HFD-fed mice reduced body weight gain and showed a tendency to suppress the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-cholesterol, while increasing HDL-cholesterol levels. The HFD group exhibited increased abdominal fat weight and larger adipocytes in the epididymal adipose tissue compared to the NC group. However, the administered probiotics led to a significant reduction in adipocyte size with decreasing tendency in abdominal fat weight compared with the HFD group. Additionally, the deposition of giant vesicular fat cells in the liver of the HFD group considerably decreased in the probiotic-administered group. Microbiome analysis revealed an imbalance in intestinal microbes in the HFD group, characterized by lower Bacteroidetes and higher Proteobacteria ratios. However, probiotic administration tended to restore the microbial distribution by controlling the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, resulting in decreased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria/Bacteroidetes ratios. These results suggest that single and combined administration of LP and other probiotics holds enormous potential in reducing obesity in HFD-fed mice as they regulate lipid metabolism, reduce adipocyte size, and restore the balance of intestinal microbes.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.13-21
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• 1997

The effect of upflow velocity on size distribution and activity of granular sludge was studied in laboratory-scale Expended Granular Sludge Bed(EGSB) reactor fed with non-fat dry milk and sucrose as sole carbon and energy source. High upflow velocity advanced size and activity of granular sludge by distribution and floatation of granular sludge. Therefore, the reactor operation of an apt upflow velocity was needed and an apt upflow velocity in this experimental was estimated to 1-10m/hr.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 1980

Crude fiber, ash and crude fat in various parts of root had highly significant correlation each other. In shoot, crude fiber showed highly significant negative correlation with crude fat or crude protein which were in highly significant positive correlation each other. In whole plant, crude fiber and ash, crude fat and crude protein, Mn and Cu, ash and Ca, and ash and B showed positive correlation respectively and negative between crude protein and crude fiber. Ash, crude fat and curde fiber showed highly significant positive correlation with all mineral nutrients in root while in shoot pairs haying significant correlation were less and most of these were in negative correlation. Ash with Mg, K or Cu, crude fat with B, crude fiber with Cu, K, Mg in root and crude fat with Mn in shoot were specially high significant pairs. Ash with B and crude fat with Mn were significant in root, shoot and whole plant. Saponin contents in root showed highly significant positive correlation with crude fiber, crude fat, ash and with all other mineral nutrients except N, P, Mg while, in shoot, it showed, negative correlation with K and crude fiber, ana positive with N, Mn, Cu, and crude fat. Saponin showed positive correlation with crude fat, Mn, Cu, in root, shoot and whole plant.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.209-216
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• 2019

Objective: We compare the effects of three different approved sources of supplemental zilpaterol on growth-performance responses and carcass characteristics of finishing lambs. Methods: Twenty four Pelibuey${\times}$Katahdin lambs ($46.75{\pm}2.43kg$) were used in a 33-day feeding trial. Lambs were fed a dry rolled corn-based finishing diet. Treatments consisted of the non-supplemental basal diet (Control) versus the basal diet supplemented with 125 mg zilpaterol/kg of diet (as fed basis) from three commercial sources marketed in Mexico: Zilmax (ZIL), Grofactor, and Zipamix. Results: Compared to controls, zilpaterol (ZH) supplementation did not affect dry matter intake (DMI), but increased carcass adjusted daily weight gain (ADG, 36.7%), gain efficiency (34.2%), and dietary net energy (26.0%), and decreased (23.4%) the ratio of observed:expected DMI. Compared to controls, supplemental ZH increased hot carcass weight (6.4%), dressing percentage (3.2%), m. longissimus thoracis (LM) area (15.6%), and shoulder muscle:fat ratio (28.7%), but decreased kidney-pelvic-heart fat, and fat thickness. Supplemental ZH increased 10.9% and 14.3% whole cut weight of loin and leg, respectively, and the proportion (as percentage of cold carcass weight) of leg (4.3%). These increases were reflected in greater forequarter and hindquarter weights. Lambs fed ZH increased (4.6%) empty body weight (EBW) and reduced (14.7%) liver/spleen weight (as g/kg EBW). Likewise, ZH supplementation tended (p = 0.08) to lower (8.9%) visceral fat. Growth performance, energetic efficiency, hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, LM area and whole cuts were not different across supplemental ZH sources. However, compared with non-supplemented controls, only ZIL appreciably decreased carcass fat distribution, including fat thickness, percentage kidney pelvic and heart fat, shoulder fat, and visceral fat. Conclusion: Supplemental ZH increases ADG, gain efficiency, carcass dressing percentage, and LM area. The magnitude of these responses was similar among ZH sources. Nevertheless, compared with non-supplemented controls, only ZIL appreciably decreases carcass fat. The basis for this is uncertain, but indicative that some practical differences in zilpaterol bio-equivalency may exist across commercial sources tested.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.287-298
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• 1993

In this study, generation characteristics and distribution situation of the animal fat residue were investigated to identify it's management problems and to propose alternatives for the recycling and final disposal. Generation sources were the meat distribution net-work including about 170 slaughterhouses, 280 meat-packing plants, thousands of meat shops and restaurants etc. The daily total amount of the animal fat residue is about 700 ton/day. More than 60% of the generation sources were concentrated in Seoul metropolitan area. The residue was collected by about 300 men using old-fashioned devices like handcarts, bike and auto bike, transported to the recycling plants by about 60 collection agencies. The residue was processed to produce by-products such as grease, tallow, animal feed ingredient in the recycling plants. At present, however, a great number of unlicensed, and mostly small rendering processors without having pollution control facilities do the unlawful business. These small, old fashioned and unorganized businesses are creating environmental problems by disposing the waste in improper ways such as open burning and dump. Improvement of the distribution network, the large-scale plants, and the estabilishing proper infrastructures were suggested to overcome the problems for the sound fat residues reprocessing industry.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.939-946
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• 2009

This study is to classify the shape of the body by means of the drop value of the middle-age women. Drop value is based on the circumstances of the body deciding the dimentions of the clothes. Therefore, the study based on the drop value seems to decided the measurement of the clothes in making mass production of ready made clothes. In order to put measure items on this study of the value on 'The fifth survey of body measure of Korean', select 785 people in middle-aged women aged from 40 to 59. And considering the characteristic of upper-drop and lower-drop, and swelling belly by accumulated fat, selected five items(Bust Circumstance - Waist Circumstance, Hip Circumstance - Waist Circumstance, Hip Circumstance - Bust Circumstance, Waist Circumstance(Omphalion) - Waist Circumstance, Hip Circumstance - Waist Circumstance(Omphalion)). The result of the study is summarized as follows. Type 1, M type of the body showed the distribution of 32.5% and belonged to low body development style. The line of human body is the nearest of the four bodies in middle-age woman out of whole shapes of 4 types and the line of human body is close to middle-age woman. Type 2, X type of the body showed the distribution of 40.8% and the line of human body remarkably showed. Type 3, H type of the body showed the distribution of 12.4% and the line of human body appears least. This group was larger than any other group in having more fat in the belly above the circumstance of the hip than other groups. Type 4, Y type of the body showed the distribution of 14.4%. This type was upper half of body development style, waist was slender, and there was seldom the bend around the circumstance of belly and hip.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.520-526
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• 2012

Various forms of fermented soybean products are well documented for their health benefits. The efficacy of anti-obesogenic effect of Doenjang, one of the most commonly used seasonings in Korean cuisine, has been reported only in animal models; thus, an evaluation of Doenjang needs to be conducted in human studies. We aimed to test the hypothesis that Doenjang supplementation reduces body weight and changes body composition in overweight adults. A total of 51 overweight adults participated in this study. A group of males with BMI ${\geq}23kg/m^2$ and waist to hip ratio (WHR) ${\geq}$ 0.90, and a group of females with BMI ${\geq}23kg/m^2$ and WHR ${\geq}$ 0.85 were randomly assigned to either a Doenjang supplement (9.9 g dry/day) group or a placebo group for a 12-week randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled study. Anthropometric parameters, abdominal fat distribution by computerized tomography (CT) and blood components were measured before and after the intervention period. After the 12-week study, the Doenjang supplementation group had significant reductions in body weight (kg), body fat mass (kg) and body fat (%) compared to the placebo group, the supplementation of Doenjang resulted in a significant reduction in visceral fat ($cm^2$), although no changes were observed in total and subcutaneous fat are as ($cm^2$), serum lipid profiles and dietary intakes. The present study demonstrated that daily supplementation of 9.9 g dry/day of Doenjang for 12 weeks reduces body weight and visceral fat in overweight adults.