• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.10 no.5
• /
• pp.487-493
• /
• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) has been reported to have many biological functions including anti-obesity. Leptin, peptide hormone produced by adipocytes and its concentration is increased in proportion to the amount of the adipocytes. In the present study, we examined the effects of Korean turmeric on the regulation of adiposity and leptin levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and rats fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet. MATERIALS/METHODS: Leptin secretion, free fatty acid and glycerol contents in 3T3-L1 adipocytes were measured after incubation of cells with turmeric for 24 hours. Rats were divided into four experimental groups: a normal diet group (N), a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet group (HF), a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet group supplemented with 2.5% turmeric extracts (TPA group) and a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet group supplemented with 5% turmeric extracts (TPB group). Serum samples were used for the measurement of leptin concentration. RESULTS: Contents of free fatty acid and glycerol showed concentration dependent increase in response to turmeric extracts. Effects of turmeric extracts on reduction of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells were examined by Oil Red O staining. Treatment with turmeric extracts resulted in increased expression levels of adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase mRNA. The concentration of leptin from 3T3-L1 adipocytes was significantly decreased by turmeric. Proportional abdominal and epididymal fats weights of the turmeric 5% supplemented group, TPB has significantly decreased compared to the HF group. The serum levels of leptin in the TPA and TPB groups were significantly lower than those of the HF group. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, we suggested that Korean turmeric may contribute to the decreasing of body fat and regulating leptin secretion.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
• /
• v.47 no.4
• /
• pp.286-290
• /
• 2021

Objectives: The use of fat grafts in maxillofacial sculpturing is currently a common technique. Unlike fillers, autologous fats unite with facial tissues, but long-term results may still be unsatisfactory. Sharing long-term follow-ups can be helpful in making outcomes more predictable. Materials and Methods: The data from patients who were admitted from 2014 to 2016 for fat augmentation were collected. In all cases, fat grafts were injected by blunt cannula using a tunneling technique in different planes. A fan shape order for the malar, periorbital, nasolabial fold, mandibular angle and body, and perioral area was established. Results: Autologous fat was used for different sites of the maxillofacial regions. Of 15 patients, two patients were not satisfied due to fat graft resorption. For this, further injections were performed six months after the first injection using preserved fat grafts. One patient continued to be dissatisfied. There were no other complications related to fat transplants. Conclusion: Fat transplantation is a safe, reliable, and non-invasive method for facial contour and facial soft tissue defect restoration. Additional methods such as mesenchymal stem cells along with fat injection increase the survival rate of transferred fat.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• v.45 no.9
• /
• pp.649-659
• /
• 2022

A long-term energy nutritional imbalance fundamentally causes the development of obesity and associated fat accumulation. Lysosomes, as nutrient-sensing and lipophagy centers, critically control cellular lipid catabolism in response to nutrient deprivation. However, whether lysosome activity is directly involved in nutrient-induced fat accumulation remains unclear. In this study, worm fat accumulation was induced by 1 mM glucose or 0.02 mM palmitic acid supplementation. Along with the elevation of fat accumulation, lysosomal number and acidification were also increased, suggesting that lysosome activity might be correlated with nutrient-induced fat deposition in Caenorhabditis elegans. Furthermore, treatments with the lysosomal inhibitors chloroquine and leupeptin significantly reduced basal and nutrient-induced fat accumulation in C. elegans. The knockdown of hlh-30, which is a critical gene in lysosomal biogenesis, also resulted in worm fat loss. Finally, the mutation of aak-2, daf-15, and rsks-1 showed that mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex-1) signaling mediated the effects of lysosomes on basal and nutrient-induced fat accumulation in C. elegans. Overall, this study reveals the previously undescribed role of lysosomes in overnutrition sensing, suggesting a new strategy for controlling body fat accumulation.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.156-162
• /
• 1995

Fine needle aspiration of the breast is an important diagnostic tool in malignant lesions, but is also useful in differentiation of inflammatory breast diseases mimicking carcinoma clinically and radiologically. Recently, the authors have experienced eight biopsy-proven cases of chronic inflammatory diseases of the breast, which consisted of 4 cases of duct ectasia, 2 cases of fat necrosis, and a case of tuberculous mastitis and granulomatous mastitis respectively. Their cytologic features mainly based on the components and the relative frequency of inflammatory cells were evaluated for differential diagnosis of chronic inflammatory breast diseases. The results are as follows; 1. In cases of duct ectasia, varying amount of neutrophils, mononuclear leukocytes, histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells were intermixed with benign epithelial cell clusters. 2 Abundant fat tissue fragments were diagnostic for fat necrosis. Histiocytes and mononuclear cells were main components but not rich, and neutrophils and giant cells were infrequently observed. 3. Characteristic granulomas composed of epithelioid cells, mononuclear leukocytes and Langhans' type giant cells and lymphocytic infiltrates were conspicuous in tuberculous mastitis, and occasionally neutrophils, necrotic materials and epithelial cell clusters were found 4. In granulomatous mastitis, epithelioid cell granulomas were also noted but numerous neutrophils and histiocytes were intermingled within or outside the granulomas.

• Journal of Convergence Korean Medicine
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.55-60
• /
• 2023

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the effect of TJGB on the liver of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice and the cell viability of HepG2 cells. Methods: After a week adaptation, 8-week-old C57BL/6N mice were fed with a 45% HFD or normal diet for 3 weeks. For the next 9 weeks, the mice were divided into 6 groups: normal diet group; HFD group; HFD plus orlistat group; HFD plus Ephedra sinica Stapf (ES) group; HFD plus low dose of TJGB group; HFD plus high dose of TJGB group. To estimate the effect of TJGB in the liver of HFD-fed mice, the protein expressions of phospho-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (p-ACC) and liver X Receptor (LXR) were determined by Western blot assay. The cell viability of ES and TJG was also evaluated in HepG2 cells. Results: The administration of TJGB had little effect on the protein expressions of p-ACC and LXR in the liver of HFD-fed mice. And the cytotoxicity was showed above 7.8 ㎍/mL in HepG2 cells. Conclusion: Further research is needed to evaluate the mechanism of TJGB on hepatic steatosis and cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.35-44
• /
• 1982

The fat bodies of cabbage worm (Pieris rapae) and silk worm (Bomyx mori) during metamorphosis was comparatively studied by electron microscope. 1. Cell oranelles: Golgi apparatus were not observed in both species. It is observed that RER of cabbage worms initiate to degenerate in prepupa stage with complete degeneration at adult stage, while that of silk worms shows similar degenerative pattern. However, mitochondria of cabbage worms are transformed into autophagic vacuole from prepupa stage until adult stage whereas those of silk worm shows a decrease in number in prepupa stage but maintains a certain level until adult stage. 2. Storage substance in cell: Lipid droplets in cabbage worms were observed to increase in numbers during larval stage but afterward decrease in number with an enlargement in size. However immediately after their pupal stage, they almost disappear. On the contrary lipid droplets in silk worms show rather increase in number until adult stage. Protein storage granules in bothspecies were arised from autophagic vacuoles(lysosome) . Fat cells of cabbage worm in adult stage turn out to be residual bodies which last until final stage, but those of silk worm rapidly decrease. Glycogen particles in both species reach maximum at last larval instar and thee gradually decrease thereafter. 3. Fat body sheath: The average width of fat body sheath was measured to be $0.2{\mu}m$ and $0.6{\mu}m$ and surface of fat cells adjacent to fat body sheath in silk worm is heavily infolded.

• Development and Reproduction
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.29-38
• /
• 2018

In the multicellular tissue, cell-cell interaction is important for a precise control of its function. The exchange of signaling molecules between adjacent cells via connexon allows the functional harmony of cells in the tissue. The present research was to determine the presence and expressional patterns of connexin (Cx) isoforms in the rat epididymal fat during postnatal development using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Of 13 Cx isoforms examined, expression of 11 Cx isoforms in the epididymal fat during postnatal development was detected. These Cx isoforms include Cx26, Cx31, Cx31.1, Cx32, Cx33, Cx36, Cx37, Cx40, Cx43, Cx45, and Cx50. Expressional levels of all Cx isoforms at 1 and 2 years of age were significantly higher than those at the early postnatal ages, such as 7 days, 14 days, and 24 days of ages. Except Cx33 and Cx43, the transcript levels of rest Cx isoforms at 1 year of age were significantly lower than that at 2 years of age. In addition, expressional patterns of Cx isoforms between 7 days and 5 months of ages generally varied according to the isoform. The existence of various Cx isoforms in the rat epididymal fat has been identified and expression of each Cx isoform in the epididymal fat during postnatal development has shown a particular pattern, distinguishable from the others. To our knowledges, this is the first report showing expressional patterns of Cx isoforms at transcript level in the epididymal fat at various postnatal ages.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.17-24
• /
• 1994

Effect of ginsenoside mixture, ginsenoside $Rb_1$,$Rb_2$,$Rg_1$ and the fat soluble fraction of the roots of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer on the activity of glucokinase (GK) in vitro has been observed and found that GK activity was increased about 15c1c at the concentration of ginsenoside mixture and/or the fat soluble fraction being $10^{-7}$,$10^{-5}$%. It was also observed that glucose uptake by rat liver was increased in the presence of either ginsenoside mixture or the fat soluble fraction by perfusion technique. Ginsenoside mixture stimulated various enzymes related to glucose metabolism, however, both ginsenoside mixture and the fat soluble fraction did not stimulate GK activity as expected. Primary culture of liver cells showed that the ginsenoside mixture and the fat soluble fraction increased GK activity significantly and they stimulated the GK activity synergistically in the co-presence of insulin.

• Animal cells and systems
• /
• v.16 no.6
• /
• pp.447-454
• /
• 2012

The anti-obesity potential of an ethanolic extract of the edible red alga Callophyllis japonica extract (CJE) was investigated in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). CJE administration into HFD mice revealed suppression of body weight, adipose tissue weight, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner. Also, it reduced serum levels of glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and lactate dehydrogenase, as well as the accumulation of fatty droplets in liver tissue. CJE and its ethyl acetate fraction inhibited adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by down-regulating the adipocyte-specific transcriptional regulators. Taken together, these results suggest that CJE reduces obesity in mice fed an HFD by inhibiting lipid accumulation and adipogenesis in the adipose tissues.

• Development and Reproduction
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.77-89
• /
• 2023

Metformin is the most widely used anti-diabetic drug that helps maintain normal blood glucose levels primarily by suppressing hepatic gluconeogenesis in type II diabetic patients. We previously found that metformin induces apoptotic death in H4IIE rat hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Despite its anti-diabetic roles, the effect of metformin on hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) remains unclear. We investigated the effect of metformin on hepatic DNL and apoptotic cell death in H4IIE cells. Metformin treatment stimulated glucose consumption, lactate production, intracellular fat accumulation, and the expressions of lipogenic proteins. It also stimulated apoptosis but reduced autophagic responses. These metformin-induced changes were clearly reversed by compound C, an inhibitor of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Interestingly, metformin massively increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was completely blocked by compound C. Metformin also stimulated the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK). Finally, inhibition of p38MAPK mimicked the effects of compound C, and suppressed the metformin-induced fat accumulation and apoptosis. Taken together, metformin stimulates dysregulated glucose metabolism, intracellular fat accumulation, and apoptosis. Our findings suggest that metformin induces excessive glucose-induced DNL, oxidative stress by ROS generation, activation of AMPK and p38MAPK, suppression of autophagy, and ultimately apoptosis.