• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.193-200
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• 2004

The preparation of low-fat chicken patties added 10% fat and 0.5% sodium alginate (SA treatment) arabia gum (AG treatment), xanthan gum (XG treatment), respectively and the control patty containing 20% fat was prepared. The moisture contents of raw, cooked and reheated patty of control were lower than low-fat patties containing gums, and were no significant difference among low-fat patties. The fat content of control patty was higher than that of the low-fat patties and the protein showed no significant difference among patties. In case of raw patty, the Hunter's $L^{*}$ value of control patty was higher than that of the low-fat patties, the Hunter's $a^{*}$ value was no significant difference among patties. But the Hunter's $L^{*}$, $a^{*}$ and $b^{*}$ values of cooked and reheated patties showed no significant difference among patties The yielding and fat retention of cooked control patty were lower than that of the low-fat patties. The yield and fat retention of reheated control patty were lower than those of the low-fat patties, and the final yield of low-fat patties was higher than that of the control patty The hardness of cooked patties showed no significant difference among patties but the springiness, cohesiveness and chewiness of low-fat patties were higher than those of the control patty. The water holding capacity of low-fat patties was higher than that of the control patty. In case of reheated patties, the hardness was no significant difference among patties, the springiness was highest in low-fat patty treated arabia gum and was lowest in control patty. The cohesiveness, chewiness and water holding capacity of reheated low-fat patties were higher than those of the control patty. Oleic, palmitic, linoleic and stearic acids were major fatty acids, and glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine, leucine, arginine and alanine were major amino acids in chicken patties. The aroma was not significantly different among patties, but the texture of low-fat patties was higher than that of the control patty and was not significantly different among low-fat patties.tties.ies.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.521-529
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• 2011

We evaluated the effects of dietary fiber extracted from brown rice on the quality of reduced-fat emulsion sausage. Reduced-fat emulsion sausage was supplemented with brown rice fiber at levels of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 6%. Adding different levels of brown rice fiber affected the proximate composition of the reduced-fat emulsion sausages (p<0.05), except for protein content. Adding different levels of brown rice fiber influenced the physicochemical properties of the reduced-fat emulsion sausages. The cooking yield, emulsion stability, textural properties, and viscosity of the reduced-fat emulsion sausages containing brown rice fiber improved with increases in added brown rice fiber (p<0.05). The reduced-fat emulsion sausages containing 1-3% brown rice fiber generated sensory evaluation scores similar to those of the high-fat sausage control. These results indicate that reduced-fat emulsion sausages with 1-3% added brown rice fiber had the most acceptable sensory properties and highest quality characteristics compared to the others.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.75-85
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• 2012

An experiment was conducted to compare the effect of the same amount of 18:2 offered either as 18:2n-6 or as a mixture of unprotected 18:2c9t11 and 18:2t10c12 on feed intake, milk components as well as plasma and milk fatty acid profile. Fifteen cows were blocked by milk yield and milk fat percentage and within block assigned randomly to 1 of 3 treatments (n = 5). Each cow passed a 12-d adjustment period (AP) on a basal diet. After the AP cows received 1 of 3 supplements during an 18-d experimental period (EP). The supplements contained either 1.0 kg ground sunflower seeds (S), 0.5 kg conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-oil (C) or 0.75 kg of a mixture of ground sunflower seeds and CLA-oil (2:1; SC). All 3 supplements contained the same amount of 18:2 either as CLA (${\Sigma}18$:2c9t11+18:2t10c12, 1:1) or as 18:2c9c12. During the last 2 d of AP and the last 4 d of EP feed intake and milk yield were recorded daily and milk samples were collected at each milking. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein on d 11 of AP and d 15 and 18 of EP. The 18:2 intake increased in all treatments from AP to EP. Regardless of the amount of supplemented CLA, the milk fat percentage decreased by 2.35 and 2.10%-units in treatment C and SC, respectively, whereas in the treatment S the decrease was with 0.99%-unit less pronounced. Thus, C and SC cows excreted daily a lower amount of milk fat than S cows. The concentration of trans 18:1 in the plasma and the milk increased from AP to EP and increased with increasing dietary CLA supply. While the concentration of 18:2c9t11 and 18:2t10c12 in the plasma and that of 18:2t10c12 in the milk paralleled dietary supply, the level of 18:2c9t11 in the milk was similar in C and CS but still lower in S. Although the dietary concentration of CLA was highest in treatment C, the partial replacement of CLA by sunflower seeds had a similar inhibitory effect on milk fat synthesis. Comparable 18:2c9t11 levels in the milk in both CLA treatments implies that this isomer is subjected to greater biohydrogenation with increasing supply than 18:2t10c12. The fact that unprotected 18:2t10c12 escaped biohydrogenation in sufficient amounts to affect milk fat synthesis reveals opportunities to develop feeding strategies where reduced milk fat production is desirable or required by the metabolic state of the cow.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.204-213
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• 2008

Four ruminally cannulated Holstein cows averaging 43 days in milk (DIM) were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square to determine the effect of feeding extruded soybean, ground canola seed and whole cottonseed on ruminal fermentation and milk fatty acid profile. One hundred and twenty lactating Holstein cows, 58 (${\pm}31$) DIM, were assigned to four treatments in a completely randomized block design to study the effects of the three types of oilseeds on production parameters and milk fatty acid profile. The four diets were a control diet (CON) and three diets in which 10% extruded soybean (ESB), 5% ground canola seed (GCS) and 10% whole cottonseed (WCS) were included, respectively. Diets consisted of concentrate mix, corn silage and Chinese wild rye and were balanced to similar concentrations of CP, NDF and ADF. Ruminal fermentation results showed that ruminal fermentation parameters, dry matter intake and milk yield were not significantly affected by treatments. However, compared with the control, feeding cows with the three oilseed diets reduced C14:0 and C16:0 and elevated C18:0 and C18:1 concentrations in milk, and feeding ESB increased C18:2 and cis9, trans11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Production results showed that feeding ESB tended to increase actual milk yield (30.85 kg/d vs. 29.29 kg/d) and significantly decreased milk fat percentage (3.53% vs. 4.06%) compared with CON. Milk protein (3.41%) and solid non-fat (13.27%) from cows fed WCS were significantly higher than from cows fed CON (3.24% and 12.63%, respectively). Milk urea N concentrations from cows fed the ESB (164.12 mg/L) and GCS (169.91 mg/L) were higher than cows fed CON (132.31 mg/L). However, intake of DM, 4% fat corrected milk, energy corrected milk, milk fat and protein yields, milk lactose percentage and yield, somatic cell count and body condition score were not affected by different treatments. The proportion of medium-chain fatty acid with 14 to 16 C units in milk was greatly decreased in cows fed ESB, GCS and WCS. Feeding ESB increased the concentration in milk of C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 and cis9, trans11-CLA content by 16.67%, 37.36%, 95.24%, 72.22%, respectively, feeding GCS improved C18:0 and C18:1 by 17.41% and 33.28%, respectively, and feeding WCS increased C18:0 by 31.01% compared with feeding CON. Both ruminal fermentation and production trial results indicated that supplementation of extruded soybean, ground canola seed and whole cottonseed could elevate the desirable poly- and monounsaturated fatty acid and decrease the medium chain fatty acid and saturated fatty acid content of milk fat without negative effects on ruminal fermentation and lactation performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.636-642
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• 2018

Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters of milk, fat, and protein yields within and across lactations in Tunisian Holsteins using a random regression test-day (TD) model. Methods: A random regression multiple trait multiple lactation TD model was used to estimate genetic parameters in the Tunisian dairy cattle population. Data were TD yields of milk, fat, and protein from the first three lactations. Random regressions were modeled with third-order Legendre polynomials for the additive genetic, and permanent environment effects. Heritabilities, and genetic correlations were estimated by Bayesian techniques using the Gibbs sampler. Results: All variance components tended to be high in the beginning and the end of lactations. Additive genetic variances for milk, fat, and protein yields were the lowest and were the least variable compared to permanent variances. Heritability values tended to increase with parity. Estimates of heritabilities for 305-d yield-traits were low to moderate, 0.14 to 0.2, 0.12 to 0.17, and 0.13 to 0.18 for milk, fat, and protein yields, respectively. Within-parity, genetic correlations among traits were up to 0.74. Genetic correlations among lactations for the yield traits were relatively high and ranged from $0.78{\pm}0.01$ to $0.82{\pm}0.03$, between the first and second parities, from $0.73{\pm}0.03$ to $0.8{\pm}0.04$ between the first and third parities, and from $0.82{\pm}0.02$ to $0.84{\pm}0.04$ between the second and third parities. Conclusion: These results are comparable to previously reported estimates on the same population, indicating that the adoption of a random regression TD model as the official genetic evaluation for production traits in Tunisia, as developed by most Interbull countries, is possible in the Tunisian Holsteins.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.523-531
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• 2008

Buffalo are a major source of milk production, contributing 12.1% in the World and 38.0% in Asia. The buffaloes are kept under peri-urban farming systems to produce milk for urban populations. Breeding is delayed in these herds to get more economic benefit because farmers believe that the pregnancy decreases milk production. The lactation milk value has been studied in this paper as an economic indicator. Complete milk yield records of 3,304 buffaloes was collected from a group of state farms. Economic traits including lactation yield, lactation length, calving interval (CI), dry period and milk yield per day of calving interval (MYPDCI) were derived from the data. The animals were grouped according to parity number (1-3), service period (G1 to G4, conceiving during <150, 150-200, 200-300 and >300 days post calving) and yield levels (HMY>2,500; MMY 2,001-2,500; and LMY 1,500-2,000 liters/ lactation). To study the effect of pregnancy on milk composition a research trial was conducted at a medium size private dairy farm, using forty lactating buffaloes of three yield levels and four service period groups, as described already. Milk was sampled on alternate weeks and analyzed for fat and protein contents (%). For quantifying the value of milk produced during a lactation period, the value corrected milk (VCM) was determined and converted to lactation milk value (LMV). Group means were compared for varicous parameters. Highest milk yield ($2,836.50{\pm}15.68$ liters/lactation) was recorded in the HMY animals of G4 group while lowest milk yield of $1,657.04{\pm}8.34$ liters/lactation was found in LMY of G1. Lactation was significantly increased with the extending of service period. The shortest dry period was recorded in HMY, parity 1, G1 animals and the longest in parity 2, MMY, G4.The CI was shortest in HMY, parity 1, and G1 animals and longest in LMY, parity 3, G4 buffaloes. The HMY, parity 2, G1 buffaloes showed the highest MYPDCI and the lowest value was recorded ($6.53{\pm}0.17$ vs. $2.76{\pm}0.04$ liter/day) for LMY, parity 1, G4 buffaloes. The VCM decreased with the delayed conception. This decreasing trend was higher in respect of the total yield but decrease in the VCM was smaller due to the increasing levels of fat and protein in the milk. The gap between the various production classes was reduced based on the VCM as compared with the yield per day of CI. LMV showed a consistent decline with extending service period in all three production groups. The study suggests that CI increased with delayed conception, showing a consistent trend in the low, moderate and high yielding buffaloes. There was a coherent declining pattern of milk yield with delaying conception, associated with prolonged CI. An animal conceiving at a later stage of lactation showed a decline in financial returns of 24 to 27% compared with those conceiving earlier.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.315-324
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of alkaline-treated sugarcane bagasse fiber on physicochemical and textural properties of meat emulsion with different fat levels. Crude sugarcane bagasse fiber (CSF) was treated with calcium hydroxide ($Ca(OH_2)$) to obtain alkaline-treated sugarcane bagasse fiber (ASF). The two types of sugarcane bagasse fiber (CSF and ASF) were incorporated at 2% levels in pork meat emulsions prepared with 5%, 10% and 20% fat levels. Alkaline-treatment markedly increased acid detergent fiber content (p=0.002), but significantly decreased protein, fat, ash and other carbohydrate contents. ASF exhibited significantly higher water-binding capacity, but lower oil-binding and emulsifying capacities than CSF. Meat emulsions formulated with 10% fat and 2% sugarcane bagasse fiber had equivalent cooking loss and textural properties to control meat emulsion (20% fat without sugarcane bagasse fiber). The two types of sugarcane bagasse fiber had similar impacts on proximate composition, cooking yield and texture of meat emulsion at the same fat level, respectively (p>0.05). Our results confirm that sugarcane bagasse fiber could be a functional food ingredient for improving physicochemical and textural properties of meat emulsion, at 2% addition level. Further, the altered functional properties of alkaline-treated sugarcane bagasse fiber had no impacts on physicochemical and textural properties of meat emulsions, regardless of fat level at 5%, 10% and 20%.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.607-617
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• 1993

Three experiments were carried out in which lactating Hereford ${\times}$ Friesian cattle walked up to ten kilometers a day for three periods of five days with two non-walking days between each walking period and in which the animals were fed different diets. Measurements were made of milk yield, milk constituent yields and concentrations and blood metabolite concentrations. Exercise caused significant reductions in milk yield and in the yields of lactose and milk protein. Milk fat yield was not reduced when animals were exercised. During exercise the concentrations of ${\beta}-OH$ butyrate and free fatty acids increased, whereas the concentrations of glucose, magnesium and inorganic phosphorus decreased. Diet influenced the effect of exercise on some blood metabolite concentrations.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.42-49
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• 1994

To examine the productivity, growth characteristics, and nutritive value of forage rye at the southern region of Korea, fourteen varieties of rye were sown at Nov. 13, 1992 at the plot of experiment farm of Crop Experiment Station, Mokpo Branch, and over winter survival rate, heading date, yield, yield components and nutritional values were measured. All the varieties used in this experiment showed 100% over winter survival rate at the sowing date of Nov. 13. Heading dates of all the varieties ranges from Apr. 25 to May 10, which seems to be early enough to get high yield. The varieties, Paldal-hod, and Danko introduced from Japan appear to be the most recommended ones in the southem region of Korea. They showed early heading date of Apr. 25, large plant height, greater number of leaves, high yield, low content of crude fiber and crude fat, high crude protein, NFE, and crude a5h.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.113-122
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• 1998

This experiment was conducted to establish the cultural method of triticale(Triticum Secalotriticum Saratoviense Meister) as a whole crop silage by evaluating the effect of seeding date and nitrogen fertilization rate on forage yields and feeding value. Heading date, flowering date, and the dough stage of development came significantly earlier as triticale was seeded earlier. Soilage, dry matter yields and percent dry matter significantly varied with seeding dates and crude ash, NFE and TDN. However, TDN yield was significantly reduced by delayed seeding. Macromineral contents were not affected by seeding date. Soilage, dry matter yield, and percent dry matter significantly increased as nitrogen fertilization rate increased. The contents of crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, NFE, TDN and TDN yield also significantly increased. In contrast, crude fiber content of triticale decreased with increasing N fertilization rate.