• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.818-831
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary behavior, health-related lifestyles and nutrient intake status of college students according to physical activity levels. The physical activity levels were measured using the Korean version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form. The subjects of this study were 438 college students (243 males and 195 females) in Incheon area and were divided by gender and by physical activity levels, which included low, moderate and high physical activity groups. The average age of male and female students were 23.7 and 21.0 years old, respectively. The prevalence of the low physical activity group was 11.5% for males and 30.8% for females and that of the high physical activity group was 38.7% for males and 22.6% for females. According to the criteria for obesity in Asia-Pacific region, 39.1% of the males and 64.1% of the female students investigated were in the normal range of BMI and 30.9% of the males and 4.6% of the female students were in the obesity category. However, percent of body fat in the female students was significantly higher than that of the male students. The soft lean mass of the high physical activity group was higher compared to the other groups. In the low physical activity group, frequency of “eating out” was lower compared to the other groups. The average consumption of energy was 74.4% for males and 80.1% for females of the estimated energy requirement (EER). The mean intakes of vitamin C, vitamin B2, folic acid and Ca were 67.3%, 84%, 52.7% and 36.7% for males and 64.8%, 99.9%, 51.1% and 40.1% for females of recommended intake (RI), respectively. Therefore, it was necessary for obesity prevention as well as health promotion to increase physical activity and to eat an adequate, balanced diet in female college students.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.47-54
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• 2005

In boars, unlike the cases in males of other species, gonadal hormones suppress voluntary feed intake. for this reason, barrows, compared with gilts or boars, eat too much feed resulting in excessive fat deposition. Two experiments were performed in the present study to investigate the effects of implantation of Revalor H[Experiment(Exp.) I: 140mg trenbolone acetate(a synthetic androgen) + 14mg estradiol-$17\beta(E_{2}\beta)$] and Compudose(Exp. II; 24mg $E_{2}\beta$) on growth efficiency, carcass characteristics and circulating concentrations of IGF-I and IGF-binding protein-3(IGFBP-3). In Exp. I, sixty-four cross-bred finishing barrows weighing approximately 60kg were randomly divided into eight pens under a 2[control vs Revalor implant] $\times$ 2(ad libitum vs $80\%$ ad libitum feeding) $\times$2[control($103\%$ NRC-recommended level) vs low-energy($87\%$ NRC recommendation) diet] arrangement of treatments. In Exp. II, effects of Compudose were studied using 80 finishing barrows(10 animals/pen). In both Exps., all the animals were slaughtered at 100- to 110-kg body weight. Both Revalor and Compudose implants caused a decrease in feed intake and backfat thickness without affecting major physicochemical characteristics of the carcass and an increase in circulating IGF-I concentration. Moreover, Revalor implant exhibited greater effects than restricted feeding, low-energy diet, or Compudose in these variables. In addition, Revalor implantation suppressed weight gain, but enhanced the feed efficiency without exhibiting any interaction with the diet or feeding. In summary, results suggest that 1) both androgen and estrogen suppress voluntary feed intake and backfat deposition and enhance IGF-I secretion and 2) these effects of the gonadal steroid hormones in growth are likely to be mediated, in part, by IGF-I in finishing barrows.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.989-998
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• 2004

The objectives of this work was to investigate the effects of feeding type of concentrates during growing period and slaughter age on growth performance, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics in growing-fattening Holstein steers. Treatments were two concentrates feeding types(ad libitum or restricted 1.9% of BW) and three slaughter ages(at 19, 22 or 25 mo). Body weight at slaughter was numerically higher(approx. 8.3%) for the restricted than the ad libitum feeding groups. TDN intake rate was higher(8.4%) for the restricted than the ad libitum feeding groups. One mo slaughter delay increased TDN intake by 4%. Despite the lack of significances, higher back fat thickness and rib-eye area appeared in the restricted feeding or the late slaughter groups compared with the ad libitum feeding or the early slaughter groups. Marbling score(mean 2.46) numerically increased when the steers were restrictively fed concentrates compared with the ad libitum feeding groups. In addition, significant increases in the marbling score were associated with the slaughter age delay. In economic analysis, increases in total income were associated with the restricted feeding and the slaughter age delay. Whereas the highest monthly income appeared in the restricted feeding-and-slaughter at 22 mo group. In conclusion, the optimal feeding system may be 1) the restricted concentrates feeding(1.9% of BW) during growing period and 2) the late slaughter age(22${\sim}$25 mo of age) in growing-fattening Holstein steers fed rice straw.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2011

Present experiment was carried out to determine maintenance energy requirements for growing Hanwoo steers. Six Hanwoo steers (BW = $180.6{\pm}3.1$ kg) were used in two 3 ${\times}$ 3 latin square design with three different energy intake levels; TDN 1.70 kg (Low), 2.05 kg (Medium), 2.80 kg (High), respectively, based on the Korean Feeding Standards. Each period lasted 18 days including a 14-day adaptation and a 4-day measuring period. The steers were in the head hood chamber system (one cattle per chamber) during each measuring time to measure heat and methane production for 1 day. Dry matter intake was 2,058, 3,256 and 3,881 g/day for Low, Medium and High TDN, respectively. Increase in energy intake did not affect digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, NDF, ADF and nitrogen-free extract. Gross energy intake averaged 180.21, 292.74 and 337.15 kcal/$BW^{0.75}$ for Low, Medium and High TDN, respectively. Energy loss was 28.7% in feces and 2.1% in urine of gross energy intake. Further, energy loss from methane produced during rumen fermentation was 6~8.3%, while body heat loss averaged 34~60%. Intercept of regression equation between ME intake and retained energy indicated that the energy requirement was 109.84 kcal ME/$BW^{0.75}$.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.485-498
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary rare earth on growth performance, blood immune- related cell population, meat quality and fecal odor emitting gases in finishing pigs. The total of sixty four (Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc) pigs(65.42±1.16kg in average initial body weight) were used for feeding trial during 10 weeks of experimental period. Dietary treatments included 1) NC(antibiotic free diet), 2) PC (NC diet+6 weeks 44ppm of tylosin/ 4 weeks 22ppm of tylosin) 3) RE1 (NC diet + 100ppm of RE), 4) RE2 (NC diet+200ppm of RE). There were four dietary treatments with four replicate pens per treatment and four pigs per pen. During the overall periods, there were no significant differences in ADG(Average daily gain), ADFI (Average daily feed intake) and gain/feed ratio among treatments(P>0.05). Dry matter and nitrogen digestibility were higher in RE2 treatment group than other groups(P<0.05). Also, energy digestibility was higher in RE2 treatment group than PC and RE1 treatment groups(P<0.05). At the 6th week WBC(white blood cell) was significantly increased(P<0.05) in RE1 treatment group than NC and RE2 treatment groups. L* value of M. logissimus dorsi muscle color was significantly increased(P<0.05) in rare earth supplemented groups compared to NC treatment group(P<0.05). However, a* value was lower in RE1 treatment group than PC treatment group (P<0.05). In fatty acid composition of Intramuscular fat, total MUFA was significantly higher in RE2 treatment group than other groups(P<0.05). Also, total UFA was significantly increased in RE2 treatment group compared with NC and PC treatment groups(P<0.05). In fatty acid composition of back fats, total SFA of rare earth supplemented groups were lower than in PC treatment group(P<0.05). UFA:SFA ratio was significantly higher in rare earth supplemented groups than PC treatment group(P<0.05). In fecal odor emission, NH3 was significantly decreased(P<0.05) in rare earth supplemented groups compared to NC and PC treatment groups. In conclusion, the results of the experiment was affected by rare earth supplementation on digestibilities, meat quality, fatty acid and fecal odor emission gases in finishing pigs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.219-227
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• 2013

This study was conducted to elucidate the characteristics of equine meat traits and to evaluate the utilization of dried-citrus pulp abundantly produced in Jeju Island as feed ingredient in the diet of finished meat horses. Treatment groups consisted of wheat bran (A) and the dried-pellet mixture of citrus pulp (20%) and wheat bran (80%) (B). Feeding of agricultural by-products were 2 times in a day at the level of 1.5% of body weights. Water and dried-grass forage was not restricted. The average daily gain was similar in both groups. Feed conversion of treatment B showed lower level than that of A. Carcass rate of B was relatively lower than that of A, but meat yield grade of B was higher than that of A. For meat color traits, $L^*$ of B was lighter than that of A, and $b^*$ of group B was lower than that of group A. From the analysis of physical characteristics of equine meats, shearing force had decreased in the treatment B but the levels of drip loss and water holding cavity had increased in the treatment B compared to A. The level of crude fat is lower in the treatment B than the treatment A. For the mineral contents, the treatment B showed higher levels of Ca, K, Mg, Cu and Mn than that of A. For the fatty acid contents, the treatment B showed increased levels of stearic acid, oleic acid, eicosenoic acid, and arachidonic acid compared to A. Consequently, these results suggested that dried-citrus pulp might be utilized as replacement material for equine forage. Please rewrite the whole abstract and should include all required information. Before resubmission, please check it again from a native colleague in your group.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.714-720
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• 2011

Sweet Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) is rich in minerals, vitamins, and dietary fibers and has less fat. It is thus effective for dieting and for preventing constipation. Sweet Pumpkin contains vitamin A, particularly beta-carotene, which is turned into retinol in the body and helps protect the vision. It is currently on the spotlight as a vision care, anticancer, and diet food, among others, but because it is hard to find yogurt made of Sweet Pumpkin, in this study, Sweet Pumpkin powder was added to yogurt for promotion as a new health food. Yogurt was made with 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3% Sweet Pumpkin powder, and the color properties (brightness, redness, and yellowness), viscosity, pH, and acidity were measured through a sensory test (color, flavor, taste, overall acceptability). The storage stability at five-day intervals for one day, five days, ten days, 15 days, etc. was also experimented on. For the color properties, the greater the amount of Sweet Pumpkin powder added, the greater the decrease in the lightness (L) value, but the redness (a) and yellowness (b) values increased (p<0.001). For the viscosity, it was decreased for five days and then increased by 47-68% for ten days. This showed a significant difference in storage stability period: one day (p<0.001), five days (p<0.01), and ten days (p<0.01) (except 15 days). Further, there was a significant difference in pH and acidity [pH: for one day (p<0.001), five days (p<0.01), and ten days (p<0.01); acidity: one day (p<0.001), ten days (p<0.05), 15 days (p<0.001)]. No significant difference in pH was shown, however, for 15 days, and in acidity for five days. The results of the sensory test are highly estimated in the order of 1%>2%.3%>0%>0.5%. The study results indicate that the addition of 1% Sweet Pumpkin powder is most suitable for manufacturing Sweet Pumpkin yogurt.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.1077-1081
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to investigate the components and nutritional quality of red-tanner crab (Chionoecetes japonicus) paste in order to explore possibility for food processing source such as surimi gel containing crab paste. Yield of crab paste was $30\%$ from whole body after crushing and dehydrating. Crude protein contents $(9.5\%)$ of crab paste was lower than that $(13.1\%)$ of crab muscle, but fat $(0.5\%)$ and ash contents $(8.0\%)$ of paste were higher than $0.2\%\;and\;1.3\%$ of crab muscle, respectively. Volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) content of the crab paste was lower than those of the edible parts. Total amino acid content (9,497mg/l00g) of paste was lower than that (12,980mg/100g) of muscle. Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine and leucine were the predominant amino acids in the protein fraction. The calcium content (6,539mg/l00g) was higher than those of phosphorus (579mg/100g), and potassium (793mg/100g) while manganese and iron were present in trace amounts. Major fatty acids of total lipid were 16:0, 18:1n-9, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3, and no difference of composition between paste and muscle. Sensory evaluation showed that scores of color and flavor of $15\%$ substituted surimi gel increased significantly when compared to surimi gel without crab paste (p<0.05). From the above results, the addition of crab paste enhanced nutrition and functionality of surimi gel.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.441-450
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• 2011

This study examined the effects of feeding whole-crop barley silage (BS), corn silage (CS) and the mixture of BS and CS (CB) on feed consumption, daily gain, nutrients apparent digestibilities and blood parameters in order to investigate the feed evaluation in Korean black goats. BS, CS, and CB were fed to twelve Korean black goats, which were allocated into three groups in metabolic cages according to the latin-square design. As a result, dry and organic matter intakes for goats per day have shown a tendency to decrease in the order of CS, CB and BS, but there were no significant differences. We also found a similar tendency when the intakes of crude protein, crude fat, and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) were examined. However, ADF and NDF consumptions showed a decreasing tendency in the order of CB, BS and CS. Dry matter intakes per metabolic body weight showed the decreasing tendency in the order of CS (57.6g), CB (53.8g) and BS (52.7g), however with no statistical differences. Average daily gain of 64.2 g in CB was significantly higher than the other groups (42.0g to 46.0g). Nitrogen intakes and nitrogen retention showed a decreasing tendency in the order of CS, CB and BC. Nevertheless, nitrogen retention in CS group was higher by 30% than that of the BC group with p<0.05. Apparant digestibilities of dry and organic matters were 72.6 and 72.8% for the CS group respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the BS group (67.5 and 69.0%) and the CB group (66.0 and 67.1%). In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrated that the CS group showed more positive feed consumption, digestibility, and nitrogen retention in Korean black goats than those of BS group. The CB group, however, showed similar results to the results of the CS group.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1658-1664
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• 2012

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) exhibits several beneficial biological activities including anticarcinogenesis and body-fat reduction. Now, we report that CLA ameliorated the oxidative stress in rat cardiomyoblast cells, H9c2, treated with hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$). Cells were cultured in DMEM/F-12 media at $37^{\circ}C$ with humidified atmosphere of 5% $CO_2$. The cells, cultured for 48 hrs, were seeded at a density $3.5{\times}10^3$ cell/well in a 24 well-plate and incubated for 24 hr. Using these cells, two experiments were performed: the cytotoxicity test of CLA (10, 20, 30, 40, and $50{\mu}Ms$), and the oxidative stress amelioration test of CLA (20 and $50{\mu}Ms$) against cells treated with $H_2O_2$ (10 and 50 ${\mu}Ms$) for 1 and 2 hrs. CLA enhanced the growth of H9c2 cells at any concentrations of CLA and at any incubation times (up to 6 days), indicating that CLA acts as a growth stimulant. No protective effect of CLA (20 and $50{\mu}Ms$) was seen in cells treated $50{\mu}M$ $H_2O_2$ for 1 and 2 hr, but these CLA concentrations ameliorated (p<0.05) the adverse effect of $10{\mu}M$ $H_2O_2$ in cells treated for 1 hr. These CLA concentrations significantly (p<0.05) reduced the proportion of apoptotic cells, relative to control cells. These results suggest that CLA protected H9c2 cells from the oxidative stress of $H_2O_2$ through the suppression of cell apoptosis and could be a useful compound for the prevention of cardiac diseases caused by oxidative stress.