• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 1994

A fungal strain capable of producing extracellular cellulase was isolated from farmland. It was identified as Aspergillus niger, and named Aspergillus niger KKS. Production of cellulase and xylanase by the A. niger KKS was studied through a shake-flask culture. The effects of culture conditions such as inoculum size, temperature, pH, and medium composition on the cellulase and xylanase production were examined. The optimum temperature and pH for the enzyme production were $30^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.0, respectively. The optimized medium was composed of 2.0% (w/v) rice straw, 0.5% (w/v) proteose peptone, 0.5% (w/v) $KH_2 PO_4$, 0.05% (w/v) yeast extract, 0.01% (w/v) $CoSO_4 \cdot 7H_2O$, and 0.05% (w/v) $CuSO$_4$\cdot 5H_2O$. When the strain was incubated with the optimized medium, it gave the activities of endoglucanase, $\beta$-glucosidase, $\beta$-xylosidase, xylanase were 3.80, 4.20, 4.00, 80.0 (IU/mL), respectively. Filter paper and cotton activities were 0.68 and 0.045 (IU/mL), respectively. The results of this study show that A. niger KKS is a potential organism with a wide spectrum of enzyme activities, such as those of $\beta$-glucosidase, $\beta$-xylosidase, and xylanase.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.48 no.7
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• pp.17-22
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• 2006

Potential application topics of KOMPSAT-3 image in the field of precision agriculture are suggested. The topics can be categorized as fundamental and applied ones that have contents of static and dynamic characteristics respectively. As fundamental topics, precision information of agriculture that is related to farmland and its crop attributes, precision information of rural infrastructure that is related to rural village and its facilities, precision information of stream environment that is related to rural water resources and its facilities, and precision information of eco-environment that is especially related to riparian ecology and environmental status are included. As applied topics, precision rural water resources that has thematic contents of continuous and event-based runoff, spatial and temporal soil moisture and evapotranspiration, precision agricultural watershed environment that has the contents of spatial and temporal soil loss, sediment and pollutants transport, and precision temporal and spatial crop growth that has the contents of temporal crop texture, spectral reflectance, leaf area index, spatial crop protein information.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.77-84
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• 1998

Adsorption and leaching characteristics of the artificial soils produced from water and wastewater treatment sludges were examined. The batch adsorption test and TCLP leaching test were used, and constituents of interest were heavy metals and nutrients. As, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Cd were analyzed for metals, and nitrogen and phosphorus were analyzed for nutrients. All the artificial soils showed strong adsorption and low leaching for the heavy metals, which implies that the artificial soils may not be hazardous to the environment due to heavy metals and even they can be utilized effectively to remove metals in solution like mine and industrial wastewaters. This is quite promising result because in most case heavy metals are the most concern in the application of sludge product to the farmland. For the nutrients, generally, artificial soils showed high adsorption and low leaching except artificial soil from wastewater sludge produced by low temperature firing. The artificial soils produced from water treatment sludge were active in adsorbing nutrients and showed low leaching that they can be practically used to remove nutrients in advanced treatment process of the wastewater. The artificial soils produced from wastewater treatment sludge were less active in adsorbing nutrients and showed high teaching. However, they could be used usefully if applied properly to the plant growing because of their fertilizing effect. Based on the test results, overall, the artificial soils were thought to be not hazardous to the environment and they could be more useful if applied properly.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1993.10a
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• pp.129-138
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• 1993

The shortage of agricultural labour due to industrial growth has greatly induced the mechanization in Korean agriculture. However small and scattered land holdings have been the main constraints in the process of mechanization. This paper describes the interrelationships of farm land structure, machinery selection and machinery operation areas. The sandy silt loam irrigated paddy land having single crop a year was selected as a target areas for this study. Machine operation cost is greatly influenced by operation period, plot geometry and operation area. On the improved geometry plots, optimal machine size increases slowly with increase in operation area. Operable area increases due to increased effective machine capacity on better geometry plot. The difference between the effects of operation period and plot geometry is that in the former case, the cost reduction is caused by delay in increase of machine size, whereas in the latter case timeliness cost is reduced by increase ffective capacity. The effect of farmland consolidation is greater on small plots than that on big plots. Increasing wage rates have induced the adoption of more labor saving machinery. Bigger labor saving machines require enlargement of operation area and larger plots through improvement in farm land structure. Machine cost on poor plot geometry increases more rapidly than that on the good plot geometry and as operation area increases machine cost reduces significantly. It is concluded that the development of agricultural mechanization ion Korea will depend on the improvement in farm land structure and enlargement of operation area.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1993.10a
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• pp.139-147
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• 1993

The rapid industrial growth, the consequent shortage of farm labour and increase in their wage level have facilitated more capitalized agricultural mechanization pattern in Korea. The efficiency of capital intensive machine is highly dependent on farm land structure. This paper describes a model explaining the relationship between farmland structure and required inputs for machine operation and to estimate required inputs for machine operation on the national basis for Korea for its paddy production system. The machine cost is closely related to operation area, but the required labour-hours are more related to machine type adopted . From the technology introduction point of view, if capital intensive machine is introduced, less labour-hours are required but machine kW-hours increase rapidly. From the plot geometry point of view, on good geometry plots, machine kW-hour and labour-hour required are less than that on the poor geometry plots. The kW-jhour per hectare of mechani al energy input id better indicator of mechanization level than kW per hectare or number of machine. If the adopted technology is more capital intensive and plot geometry is good, the cost reduction effect is highly significant.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.356-362
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• 2015

Many burial sites were constructed in a short time to prevent the rapid spread of foot and mouth disease in infected livestock carcasses in Korea. More than 4,700 carcass burial sites were constructed in 2011. Approximately seven million poultry and 3.5 million livestock, including cattle and swine, were buried on farmland. Some burial sites were suspected of leachate leakage and were excavated and carcasses redisposed in a bioaugmentation process. This study performed interviews in order to understand the economic issues related to carcass burial and redisposal. The internal data from local government and the assumption data from online sites were analyzed to evaluate the costs; the focus was on burial site construction. The results showed that the local government paid $4.7 and $10.9 per carcass for traditional burial and redisposal. The comparable costs shown online were $4.5. This study found that the standard operating procedures should be carried out to reduce environmental impact and avoid additional costs. We estimated that the cost could be reduced by the advance preparations of materials against the emergency situations such as catastrophe of epidemics. In addition, the innovative technology for the stabilization of carcasses should be established through a future study.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.53-60
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• 2013

In recent years, several problems occur due to irrational development in rural areas. The first, disorderly development and Encroachment of farmland, Small factory built in rural areas leads to a lack of infrastructure. it is the damage factors of good scenery in the rural areas. Water pollution and environmental pollution from the accommodations and restaurants in the good scenery area is serious. To solve this problems, we should establish the systematic land use plan and landscape plan, and integrated spatial and business plan in rural areas. In order to increase the effectiveness of land use planning in rural projects, We should establish the land use plan in rural areas of the city, state, and national levels of regional plan. We need to prescribe in "National Land Use Planning Law" the facilities, can install it according to the characteristics of rural land programming. we can prescribe the detail regulations by "Rural Maintenance Law". In order to solve the problems the lack of professionalism of the current agricultural policies of the Review Committee, We need to consider a new "rural planning committee" consisting.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.10 no.4 s.25
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• pp.45-54
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• 2004

In this study, the actual states and cases utilizing lake dykes were investigated focusing on large-scale reclamation project in domestic and instances in advanced foreign countries. The attitudes investigation concerning lake dykes utilization was performed to residents in-and-around Saemangeum. According to the research result, in domestic the utilization of lake dyke have not attracted attention because maximizing land use, which was the primary purpose of reclamation project at the early stage, has been emphasized so far. The advanced foreign countries, however, not only make use of farmland, but also develop activities employing lake dykes. According to the result of an analysis for local residents' attitudes, they want to be used Saemangeum lake dykes as a multifunctionality facilities performing a role of environment friendly equipment as well as a breakwater. They also require further investigation and to be introduced new system far utilizing as a multifunctionality facilities. Recently, green tourism is getting attention more and more owing to laying stress on balanced development of country and improvement on life quality of rural residents and launching five days in duty. It is believed that on this favorable trend lake dykes an be employed as a primary tourism resource if its utilization is developed actively.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.432-435
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• 2006

Potential application topics of KOMPSAT-3 image in the field of precision agriculture are suggested. The topics can be categorized as fundamental and applied ones that have contents of static and dynamic characteristics respectively. As fundamental topics, precision information of agriculture that is related to farmland and its crop attributes, precision information of rural infrastructure that is related to rural village and its facilities, precision information of stream environment that is related to rural water resources and its facilities, and precision information of eco-environment that is especially related to riparian ecology and environmental status are included. As applied topics, precision rural water resources that has thematic contents of continuous and event-based runoff, spatial and temporal soil moisture and evapotranspiration, precision agricultural watershed environment that has the contents of spatial and temporal soil loss, sediment and pollutants transport, and precision temporal and spatial crop growth that has the contents of temporal crop texture, spectral reflectance, leaf area index, spatial crop protein information.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.287-293
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• 2011

Analysing companion species from unrelated taxa concentrated so far mainly on identifying biosurrogacy in terms of conservation biology. No study has investigated companion bird and plant species to predict breeding and migrant habitats of a bird genus. In this study we recorded and analysed companion bird and plant species of the breeding bird Cyprus Wheatear Oenanthe cypriaca and four migranting Oenanthe species on Cyprus. We found characteristic companion species in Cyprus Wheatear's, Wheatear migrant's and in control habitats where no Wheatears were present. We show that plant and bird companion species can be used as discriminating factors to predict breeding and migrant habitats of the genus Oenanthe on Cyprus. Furthermore, habitat preferences of Cyprus Wheatear's companion species indicate bushy and vegetation rich habitats avoiding woodland on the one hand and managed farmland on the other hand. In comparison, migrant Wheatear and control habitats were characterised by companion species pointing to a high openness. These results support former habitat descriptions of Cyprus Wheatear and migrant Wheatears. In more general, this study shows that companion species from unrelated taxa can be used to predict breeding and migrant habitats of a bird genus.