• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.181-191
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• 1988

This paper aims to identify the farmers decision making under uncertainty. Qiuite a few studies have been done on the farmers decision making without uncertainty, but few studies have been made to see farmers decision making under uncertainty in Korea. There are many ways to avoid risks or uncertainty, Wald, Savage, Hurwicz, Laplace, Agrawl-Heady etc. are studied in this field. Fourty farmers were selected as samples. Among those half are the suburbs, and the other half are rural farmers. The results of this study are summarized as follows; First, the suburb farmers are more profit pursuit farmers. Second, not only the rural farmers but the suburb farmers are concerned more safety rather than output maximization. Third, the subsistence farmers and semi-commercial farmers are decided by Wald criterion, but the commercial farmers are decided by Savage or Laplace criterion. Fourth, information is very important in farmers decision making, but the creditability is far from satisfactory to the farmers.

• Agribusiness and Information Management
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2016

The present study has aimed at analyzing the technical and scale efficiencies of credit utilization by the farmer-borrowers in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh, India. DEA approach was followed to analyze the credit utilization efficiency and to analyze the factors influencing the credit utilization efficiency, log-linear regression analysis was attempted. DEA analysis revealed that, the number of farmers operating at CRS are more in number in marginal farms (40%) followed by other (35%) and small (17.5%) farms. Regarding the number of farmers operating at VRS, small farmers dominate the scenario with 72.5 per cent followed by other (67.5%) and marginal (42.5%) farmers. With reference to scale efficiency, marginal farmers are in majority (52.5%) followed by other (47.5%) and small (25%) farmers. At the pooled level, 26.7 per cent of the farmers are being operated at CRS, 63 per cent at VRS and 32.5 per cent of the farmers are either performed at the optimum scale or were close to the optimum scale (farms having scale efficiency values equal to or more than 0.90). Nearly 58, 15 and 28 percents of the farmers in the marginal farms category were found operating in the region of increasing, decreasing and constant returns respectively. Compared to marginal farmers category, there are less number of farmers operating at CRS both in small farmers category (15%) and other farmers category (22.5%). At the pooled level, only 5 per cent of the farmers are operating at DRS, majority of the farmers (73%) are operating at IRS and only 22 per cent of the farmers are operating at CRS indicating efficient utilization of credit. The log-linear regression model fitted to analyze the major determinants of credit utilization (technical) efficiency of farmer-borrowers revealed that, the three variables viz., cost of cultivation and family expenditure (both negatively influencing at 1% significant level) and family income (positively influencing at 1% significant level) are the major determinants of credit utilization efficiency across all the selected farmers categories and at pooled level. The analysis further indicate that, escalation in the cost of cultivation of crop enterprises in the region, rise in family expenditure and prior indebtedness of the farmers are showing adverse influence on the credit utilization efficiency of the farmer-borrowers.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.69-98
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• 2009

This study empirically studies the effects of Agricultural Technology Service Center's educational program for farmers on their incomes. The educational program for farmers has widely been managed in discourse and policy in Korea. In 2008, Agricultural Technology Service Center managed 88 educational program for farmers, where 6,409 farmers received a certificate. While there are important studies, most of them have concentrated on qualitative analysis and noneconomic effects to an educational program for farmers. This study tried to analyze whether or not there is an economic effect of an educational program for farmers, focusing on the relationship between the educational program for farmers and their income status. Multilevel models (or hierarchical linear models) were applied to this study. Multilevel model is a quantitative model of parameters that vary at more than one level and show hierarchical structures between levels. This study particularly accentuates that an educational program for farmers is more meaningful when it can raise farmers' incomes by region and by educational program for farmers.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 2010

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the symptoms of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), the influence of the WMSDs on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and to identify the differences of WMSDs and HRQoL between greenhouse farmers and paddy farmers. Methods: Subjects were 34 greenhouse farmers and 56 paddy farmers who were living in a rural community. The sociodemographic characteristics, health-related behavior, working characteristics, WMSDs and HRQoL were investigated. WMSDs symptoms were measured by a selfassessed questionnaire on musculoskeletal disorders symptoms and HRQoL was measured by the Euro Quality of Life (Euroqol) EQ-5D index. The differences on the WMSDs, EQ-5D and it's related factors between the groups were assessed with t-test and ${\chi}^2$-test. Results: Greenhouse farmers were longer the working hours per day and working duration than paddy farmers. The level of prevalence of the WMSDs in greenhouse farmers is higher than in paddy farmers. The EQ-5D index of greenhouse farmers and paddy farmers were 0.819 and 0.874, respectively. Overall, the mean value of EQ-5D index was significantly lower greenhouse farmers than paddy farmers. Conclusions: These results showed that the HRQoL for farmers are strongly influenced by WMSDs and agicultural type in that we are aware of the need to comply with regulations of WMSDs, especially greenhouse farmers.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.131-150
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• 2007

This study explores the development process of an farmers' group in Asan City that now plays an important role in the development of organic farming of the region. While increase in income in general may be one of main purposes making farmers join or form a group, the farmers group in Asan, instead, has tried to form a cooperative of local organic farmers. In doing so, they experienced a lot of difficulties and leant by trial and error. As a result, the farmers' group has recently developed in terms of business and organisational growth. The growth is not merely due to the growth of organic food markets but also due to the strong internal ties and trust that made possible to expand into food processing as well as to do social and cultural activities fur the rural residents. It implies that trust and cooperative identity between farmers should be the most important thing to be locally embedded farmers groups in a specific region.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.418-425
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• 2016

Objectives: General livestock farmers are known as a high riskgroup for zoonoses, but studies of general livestock farmers in regard tozoonoses have been rare in Korea. We surveyed awareness of zoonoses amonggeneral livestock farmers to suggest directions for education. Methods: A questionnaire was developed examining the workbehaviors and risk factors of general livestock farmers. We conducted a questionnairesurvey on awareness on zoonoses among 265 general livestock farmers. Results: The awareness rates for zoonosis itself,brucellosis, and q-fever were 13.0%, 65.0%, and 2.3%, respectively. The awarenessrate of zoonoses and brucellosis tended to increase with sex. Conclusions: Livestock is the principal reservoir ofzoonoses. Therefore, effective working guidelines for preventing zoonoses amonggeneral livestock farmers must be developed and an educational program onzoonoses is needed for general livestock farmers. Furthermore, publicityactivities on the prevention of zoonoses are needed for high-risk groups.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.652-663
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to assess the physical activity level of Korean farmers to establish estimated energy requirements during the off-season. Subjects were 90 healthy males (n = 25) and females (n = 65). Body weight, height and body fat and muscles of subjects were measured. The prevalence of obesity among farmers was 56.7% according to the BMI. The farmers spent about 18 hours 7 minutes (75.5%) in sleeping and resting. The farmers spent about 19 hours 56 minutes (83.1%) out of 24 hours (one day) in "sedentary activities" and spent about 3 hours 56 minutes (16.4%) in "light activities". Physical activity level (PAL, activity coefficient) of female farmers was 1.42 which was not significantly higher than that (1.37) of male farmers. Estimated energy requirements (EER) for farmers who were different in age groups and gender were calculated. For example, the EERs for male and female farmers were 2190 kcal/day and 1712 kcal/day, respectively. The daily energy intakes of male and female farmers were 1803 kcal/day and 1610 kcal/day, respectively. The EER of male farmers was 2190 kcal/day which was significantly higher than that (1803 kcal/day) of the recommended daily energy intake of male farmers. The results of this study suggest that estimated EER of farmers should be modified according to seasonal workload and energy balance of farmers should be evaluated to prevent obesity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1329-1338
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• 2013

In this study, we investigated the relationship between welfare standards in sheep farms and farmers' perceptions of factors affecting animal welfare. We developed a scale of 34 items to measure farmers' perceptions of animal welfare. We examined the relationships among variables in farmers' characteristics, our observations, and farmers' expressed perceptions through a t test, variance analysis and correlation analysis. Results of the research suggested that higher welfare standards for sheep exist on farms run by farmers who have a higher perception level of animal welfare. These farmers believed that personnel and shelter conditions were more effective than veterinary inspection, feeding and other factors in terms of animal welfare. In addition, we detected a significant relationship between the farmers' perceptions and their gender, educational level, whether they enjoyed their work, or whether they applied the custom of religious sacrifice. Our results showed that emotional and cognitive factors related to farmers' perceptions may offer opportunities for progress in the domain of animal welfare.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.687-711
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• 2009

Recently, environmental-friendly agriculture (EFA) has been pointed out as an alternative for the change of our agricultural conditions. But the excessive amount of nutrients have been used to farmland since 1960s, when the intensive farming method called "High-Input, High-Yield" was expanded in earnest. This study was conducted to examine and compare farmers' purchasing and using fertilizer. For these purpose, data were gathered from a total of 326 farmers of the nation wide (greenhouse horticulture 60, upland cultivating 177, fruit-growing 89). The findings were as follows: First, 70.6% of greenhouse horticulture farmers, 89% of upland-cultivating farmers, 76.3% of fruit-growing farmers purchased fertilizer in Nong-hyup (farmers' cooperative organization). Second, only 54.2% of the greenhouse horticulture farmers, 60.2% of the upland cultivating farmers and 70.4% of the fruit-growing farmers recognized the optimum level of fertilizer. So, governmental organizations and agricultural technology center should carry out various programs for informing the farmers of the right way to use fertilizer and to practice EFA.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.281-286
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• 2019

The study aims to analyze the adaptation strategies and resilience of tobacco farmers to face unfavorable trading system. The research method refers to a qualitative approach with phenomenological models and case studies. The findings revealed tobacco farmers in Jember developed various adaptation strategies and resilience through farmer group organizations, partnerships, self-capacity building and access to financial institutions based on economic, social, cultural, and experience values from various sources and interactions among fellow tobacco farmers. The tobacco trading system, which is left to the market mechanism, results in low bargaining power of farmers, this encourages tobacco farmers to develop various adaptation and survival strategies, namely through collective activities of farmer groups, partnerships and self-development and access to financial institutions. Dealing with the unfavorable tobacco trading system, tobacco farmers do not switch to other commodity farming but adapt and make Jember a center for tobacco production in East Java and Indonesia. From this findings, it suggests to the government as the regulator does not only provide subsidies for tobacco farmers, but also must provide various technical assistance to increase the ability of tobacco farmers. More importantly, regulations must be made benefit tobacco farmers other than corporations so that equality can be enjoyed by tobacco economy players.