• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.57-64
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• 2007

Dining-out behavior is associated not only with socio-demographic characteristics such as gender, education, occupation, residence, and marital status, but also with individual preferences, such as eating-out activities, interests, and opinions. We investigated dining-out behaviors and their associated factors. Announcements by health practioners and the Chief of Dong Office were used to recruit 739 residents (217 males and 522 females) in Chuncheon, Korea. Information on the frequency and reasons for eating out, the standards for meal selection, and the overall satisfaction with restaurants, based on taste, nutrition, amount, price, service, sanitation, and subsidiary facilities of restaurants, was obtained through personal interviews with a structured questionnaire. Among all respondents, 46.3% of subjects ate outside of the home once or twice a month, and 33.8% reported that they ate out only a few times a year, or never. This was much higher than the national average of 52.0% as reported by the Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHNS) in 2001. The frequency of eating out differed significantly according to age (p=0.001), family income (p<0.001), residential area (p<0.001), and educational level (p<0.001). The most common reasons for dining out were meetings (46.7%), followed by special celebrations (15.4%), and enjoyment (11.2%). Korean food (55.3%) was the most frequently selected type of meal when eating out, and food was most often selected based on personal preferences (41.4%) and taste (29.8%); only 5.5% and 7.7% of subjects considered nutrition or other factors (e.g., sanitation), respectively. The results showed that the frequency of eating out for Chuncheon residents was much lower than the national average; in addition, eating-out behaviors depended on the residents' socio-demographic and personal characteristics.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.2979-2984
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• 2012

Recent studies have indicated a link between levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and development of the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype. The ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2) is a major MDR-related transporter protein that is frequently overexpressed in cancer patients. In this study, we aimed to evaluate any positive correlation between COX-2 and ABCG2 gene expression using the COX-2 inducer 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in human breast cancer cell lines. ABCG2 mRNA and protein expression was studied using real-time RT-PCR and flow cytometry, respectively. A significant increase of COX-2 mRNA expression (up to 11-fold by 4 h) was induced by TPA in MDA-MB-231 cells, this induction effect being lower in MCF-7 cells. TPA caused a considerable increase up to 9-fold in ABCG2 mRNA expression in parental MCF-7 cells, while it caused a small enhancement in ABCG2 expression up to 67 % by 4 h followed by a time-dependent decrease in ABCG2 mRNA expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. TPA treatment resulted in a slight increase of ABCG2 protein expression in MCF-7 cells, while a time-dependent decrease in ABCG2 protein expression was occurred in MDA-MB-231 cells. In conclusion, based on the observed effects of TPA in MDA-Mb-231 cells, it is proposed that TPA up-regulates ABCG2 expression in the drug sensitive MCF-7 breast cancer cell line through COX-2 unrelated pathways.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.721-727
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Aralia elata, Acanthopanacis cortex and Ulmus davidiana water extracts on blood hemoglobin, $HbA_{1c}$, levels and biomarkers in the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats divided into normal and diabetic groups. The diabetic groups subdivided into the control group (DM) and Araliaceae water extracts supplemented groups: Aralia elata (AE), Acanthopanacis cortex (AC) and Ulmus davidiana (UD). The extracts were supplemented in diet base on 11.42 g of raw Araliaceae/kg diet for 7 weeks. The diabetes was induced by injecting 572 (55 mg/kg B.W., i.p.) once 2 weeks before sacrifying. Relative weights of liver were significantly lowered in the DM group compared to the normal group, whereas those of kidney and heart were significantly increased in the DM group. Supplementation of the Araliaceae water extracts improved reduced liver weights in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Blood glucose level was significantly higher in the DM group than in the normal group, whereas insulin contents were significantly lowered in the DM groups. However, these parameters were normalized in the An, AC and UD supplemented groups, respectively. Blood hemoglobin and $HbA_{1c}$ levels were significantly higher in the DM group than in the normal group. When all of Araliaceae water extracts were supplemented to the diabetic rats lowered hemoglobin and $HbA_{1c}$ levels. Red blood cell, white blood cell and Lymphocyte were significantly higher in the DM group than in the normal group. The supplementation of Araliaceae family water extracts significantly lowered these parameters compared to the DM group. MCV, MCH contents were declined in the DM group, while the supplementation of Aralia elata, Acanthopanacis cortex and Ulmus davidiana water extracts elevated of these contents in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Accordingly, these results indicate that Aralia elata, Aeanthopanacis corex and Ulmus davidiana water extracts would seem to improve the blood biomarkers in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.331-338
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• 2008

The study was carried out to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the tube agglutination test (TAT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the 2-Mercaptoethanol agglutination test (2-MAT) to detect human brucellosis patients in Korea. We examined 87 serum samples of people in the rural farm areas where bovine brucellosis had been reported. People in this study were divided into seven groups- farmers and their families, veterinarians, veterinary quarantine workers, livestock health control officers, artificial inseminators, livestock traders and healthy control individuals. Among 87 people, 65 were males and 22 were females ranging in age from 13 to 72 years. Of 87 serum samples, ELISA detected 21.84%, TAT detected 11.50% and 2-MAT detected 8.05% Brucella positive sera. Brucella specific IgG ELISA antibody titer was recorder higher in the individuals between the ages of 50 and 65 years. The highest prevalence rate of brucellosis(29.4%) was recorded in the cattle farmers and their family members followed by quarantine veterinary office workers (25%) and practicing veterinarians 01.1%). The majority of the Brucella sero-positive individuals in this study had a history of direct contact with animals.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.3179-3185
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• 2012

Background: Most of the epidemiology studies on the effects of sun exposure and prostate cancer were conducted among the temperate countries of North America and Europe. Little is known about the influence on Asian populations. The purpose of current study was to evaluate any association of sun exposure with risk of prostate cancer in Chinese, Malays and Indians who reside in the tropics. Methods: The Singapore Prostate Cancer Study is a hospital-based case-control study of 240 prostate cancer incident cases and 268 controls conducted in Singapore between April 2007 and May 2009. Detailed information on outdoor activities in the sun, skin colour, sun sensitivity and other possible risk factors were collected in personal interviews. Cases were further classified by Gleason scores and TNM staging. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression analysis, adjusted for age, ethnicity, education, family history of any cancers, BMI and skin colour. Results: We found that prostate cancer risk was increased in subjects with black/dark-brown eyes (OR 5.88, 95%CI 3.17-10.9), darker skin colour e.g. tan/dark brown/black (OR 7.62, 95%CI 3.41-17.0), frequent sunburn in lifetime (OR 4.30, 95%CI 1.7-11.2) and increased general sun exposure in adulthood per week (OR 2.03, 95%CI 1.09-3.81). The increased risk was consistent for high grade tumours and advanced stage prostate cancers. Conclusion: The findings from this study suggest that excessive sun exposure is a risk factor for prostate cancer in Asians.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1546-1554
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• 2010

A bacterial strain capable of producing extracellular ${\alpha}$-galactosidase was isolated from a sample of sugarcane industrial waste. Microbiological, physiological, and biochemical studies revealed that the isolate belonged to Bacillus sp. Furthermore, based on a 16S rDNA sequence analysis, the new isolate was identified as Bacillus megaterium VHM1. The production of ${\alpha}$-galactosidase was optimized based on various physical culture conditions. Guar gum and yeast extract acted as the best carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The optimum pH was 7.5 and the enzyme remained stable over a pH range of 5-9. The enzyme was optimally active at $55^{\circ}C$ and thermostable with a half-life of 120 min, yet lost 90% of its residual activity within 120 min at $60^{\circ}C$. One mM concentrations of $Ag^2$, $Cu^2$, and $Hg^{2+}$ strongly inhibited the ${\alpha}$-galactosidase, whereas the metal ions $Fe^2$, $Mn^{2+}$, and $Mg^{2+}$ had no effect on the ${\alpha}$-galactosidase activity, and $Zn^{2+}$, $Ni^{2+}$, and $Ca^{2+}$ reduced the enzyme activity slightly. When treated with the B. megaterium VHM1 enzyme, the flatulence-causing sugars in soymilk were completely hydrolyzed within 1.5 h.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2013

The Taisei Sankei(大成算経 in Japanese) or the Dacheng Suanjing(in Chinese) is a book of mathematics written by Seki Takakazu 関孝和, Takebe Kataakira 建部賢明 and Takebe Katahiro 建部賢弘. The title can be rendered into English as the Great Accomplishment of Mathematics. This book can be considered as one of the main achievements of the Japanese traditional mathematics, wasan, of the early 18th century. The compilation took 28 years, started in 1683 and completed in 1711. The aim of the book was to expose systematically all the mathematics known to them together with their own mathematics. It is a monumental book of wasan of the Edo Period (1603-1868). The book is of 20 volumes with front matter called Introduction and altogether has about 900 sheets. It was written in classical Chinese, which was a formal and academic language in feudal Japan. In this lecture we would like to introduce the wasan as expressed in the Taisei Sankei and three authors of the book. The plan of the paper is as follows: first, the Japanese mathematics in the Edo Period was stemmed from Chinese mathematics, e.g., the Introduction to Mathematics (1299); second, three eminent mathematicians were named as the authors of the Taisei Sankei according to the Biography of the Takebe Family; third, contents of the book showed the variety of mathematics which they considered important; fourth, the book was not printed but several manuscripts have been made and conserved in Japanese libraries; and finally, we show a tentative translation of parts of the text into English to show the organization of the encyclopedic book.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.61-80
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• 2012

This study is to offer the basic data for restoration and conservation of wetland ecosystem by surveying and analysing the flora distributed in the Binae marsh, Namhan River, Chungju-si. The flora in the Binae marsh were verified 204 taxa including 48 families, 152 genera, 179 species, 23 varieties and 2 forms. In flora, pteridophyta were 2 taxa including 1 family, 1 genus and 2 species, among angiospermae, dicotyledonae were 153 taxa including 37 families, 110 genera, 138 species, 13 varieties and 2 forms and monocotyledonae were 49 taxa including 10 families, 41 genera, 39 species and 10 varieties. In the result of classifying the life form of flora, megaphanerophytes (M), nanophanerophytes (N) and chamaiphytes (Ch) were each 9 taxa (4.4%), 37 taxa (18.1%) of hemicryptophytes (H), 19 taxa (9.3%) of geophytes (G), 97 taxa (47.6%) of therophytes (Th) and 24 taxa (11.8%) of hydrophytes (HH). The rare plant designated by Korea Forest Service was 1 taxa (Aristolochia contorta), and the endemic plant was 1 taxa (Salix koriyanagi) too. The specific plants by floristic region were 6 taxa. From among these, the species of degree I were 5 taxa including Salix chaenomeloides, Aristolochia contorta, Artemisia selengensis, Cirsium pendulum and Vallisneria natans, and degree III was 1 taxa including Alisma orientale. The naturalized plants were 45 taxa and the invasive alien plants were 3 taxa including Sicyos angulatus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Ambrosia trifida. The naturalized index (NI) was about 22.1%, 16.1% of urbanized index (UI) and 27.3% of disturbed index (DI). The extinct species by construction were 17 taxa including Persicaria sagittata, Typha orientalis, Zizania latifolia and so forth. The new-occured species were 14 taxa including Brassica juncea, Thlaspi arvense, Carduus crispus and so forth. The important species among the extinct species were Aristolochia contorta, Alisma orientale and Vallisneria natans.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.43 no.11 s.213
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• pp.49-58
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• 2005

This study investigated the recognition and preference of native local foods in area by students living in Jeonju. Statistical data analysis was completed using the SPSS 10.0 program. The recognition of native local foods was generally poor: Among 56 kinds of native foods only Jeonjubibimbab, Jeonjukongnamulkukbob and Sunsoonsabockbunjasul were highly recognized, whereas the other native foods (such as Pungchyunjangaguvi. Namwonchuatang, Jeonjukongnamulkukbob, Sunsoonsabockbunjasul, Pungchyunjangaguyi, Namwonchuatang, Minmulgokiajuk etc.) were very poorly recognized by students. About $48.6\%$ of the students acquired the knowledge on cooking the native local foods from their mother or grandmother. About half of the students had eaten the native local foods in a restaurant, but not at home. The reasons to eat the native local foods were 'curiosity', 'favorite' and 'consider about health and nutrition'. The most common frequency of consumption of the native foods by the students was once a month($24.0\%$). However $74.9\%$ of the students did not eat local foods because they did not have a opportunity to eat them. About $49.1\%$ of the students responded that the 'unknown cooking method' was an important problem for the further development for native local foods. Most of the students($97.3\%$) responded, somewhat hypocritically, that native local foods were a very important part of our culture, so they must be maintained. In conclusion, the further development of native local foods was dependent on the cooperation with different institutions (e.g. marketing of local mass media, local events, family education).

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.59 no.5
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• pp.207-214
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• 2015

P2Y receptors, a type of P2 receptor family, are G-protein coupled receptors and 8 subtypes have been characterized ($P2Y_1$, $P2Y_2$, $P2Y_4$, $P2Y_6$, $P2Y_{11-14}$). Recently, several studies have shed light on the role of P2Y receptors in bone biology. Among them, little is known on the role of $P2Y_6$ receptor on osteoclast differentiation. Thus, we investigated the role of $P2Y_6$ receptor on osteoclastogenesis using $P2Y_6$ receptor selective antagonist, MRS 2578. When osteoblasts and bone marrow cells were co-cultured in the presence of $VitD_3$ and $PGE_2$, $P2Y_6$ antagonist increased the formation of TRAP positive osteoclasts. To elucidate the target cells of $P2Y_6$ antagonist, we first checked the effect of MRS 2578 on osteoblasts. Treatment of MRS 2578 did not affect OPG : RANKL mRNA ratio in osteoblasts. Next, we checked the effects of $P2Y_6$ antagonist on osteoclast precursors using mouse bone marrow macrophages (BMMs). Addition of MRS 2578 increased the number of osteoclasts in RANKL-treated BMMs. Although $P2Y_6$ antagonist had no effect on RANKL-induced NFATc1, c-Fos and MafB expression levels, it significantly stimulated RANKL-induced Blimp1 mRNA expression in BMMs. Taken together, these data indicate that $P2Y_6$ antagonist increases osteoclast formation by upregulation of Blimp1 expression.