• 대한수의학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.471-476
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• 2003

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a systemic disease of ruminants caused by ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2). OvHV-2 is a gamma herpesvirus, which induces frequent latent infection and often difficult to detect its antigens and even specific nucleic acids because of its low viral copies in the infected tissues. Histopathology, serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were compared for the diagnosis of MCF using 10 bison infected with OvHV-2. Histopathological diagnosis was performed using the criteria which was based upon the pathognomic lesions. Serological diagnosis was conducted using its serum with competitive ELISA for the detection of antibodies of OvHV-2. Also, the nest PCR was performed with peripheral blood leukocytes for the detection of OvHV-2-specific DNAs. Primers 556 and 775 were used for the primary amplification, and primers 556 and 555 were used for the secondary amplification. As the results, positive cases were 6 by histopahology, 9 by serology and 10 by PCR. As comparing with other diagnostic methods, PCR was found to be more sensitive than histopathology and serology. The recent development of molecular diagnostic assays has provided powerful tools for investigating how viruses survive in nature. Development of PCR specific for viruses has dramatically improved the accuracy of diagnosis of viruses in clinically infected animals. Furthermore, amplification of viral genomic material by nest PCR represents the most sensitive method for the detection of viruses and might be detected successfully even though very low viral DNA copies. So, it could be used as the first choice for the detection of viral DNAs with low copies such as the status of latent infection. However, it has also some limitation of application like as false negative results by PCR inhibitors and false positive results by contamination. The results of this study suggest that the use of molecular biological methods like PCR may increase the accuracy for the diagnosis of infectious diseases. However, in diagnostic laboratory, it is recommended that PCR assay must be conducted with other diagnostic methods for more reliable diagnosis.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.67-71
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• 2012

Purpose: Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) provides an important initial screening examination in adult trauma patients. However, due to its low sensitivity, FAST is not a replacement for computed tomography (CT) in hemodynamically stable trauma patients. The aim of this study was to determine the test characteristics of FAST in adult, hemodynamically stable, blunt abdominal trauma patients by using a critical action as a reference standard. Methods: The medical records for FAST examination at a single hospital from January 2009 to February 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. The inclusion criterion was isolated, hemodynamically stable, blunt abdominal trauma. Hemodynamically unstable patients or patients with penetrating injuries were excluded. The reference standard was the presence of a critical action, which was defined as one of the following: 1) operative intervention for a finding discovered on CT, 2) interventional radiology for bleeding, 3) transfusion of 2 or more packed RBCs, or 4) death at the emergency department. Results: There were 230 patients who met the inclusion criterion. There were 20 true positive, 206 true negative, 0 false positive, and 4 false negative results. The sensitivity and the specificity were 83% and 100%, respectively. Conclusion: Despite its low sensitivity for detecting any abnormal finding discovered on CT, negative FAST could aid to exclude critical action in hemodynamically stable, blunt abdominal trauma patients.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.26-31
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• 2001

Background: Sympathetic blocks with local anesthetics are used to differentiate sympathetically- maintained pain (SMP) from sympathetically-independent pain (SIP). However, systemic lidocaine is also used in the management of neuropathic pain. Therefore, there may be possibility of a false positive response in relieving their pain by systemic absorption of lidocaine following a diagnostic sympathetic block in patients with SIP. In this study, we measured the plasma lidocaine concentrations after a stellate ganglion block (SGB) using three volumes of 1% lidocaine. Methods: This prospective, crossover study was performed in 3 patients who experience sudden hearing loss and in 4 volunteers. Each person received SGB three times using three different volumes (6 ml, 12 ml and 16 ml) of 1% lidocaine at one week intervals. SGB was performed using a 23 G butterfly needle via a paratracheal approach by two persons. Two ml of venous blood was obtained from a prepared contra-lateral sided venous route at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20 and 60 min after SGB. Plasma lidocaine level was analyzed by immunoassay. Results: Mean plasma lidocaine concentrations correlated well with the volumes of 1% lidocaine used in SGB; larger volumes showed higher concentrations (P < 0.01). Mean peak plasma concentrations were $1.08{\pm}0.18$ in 6 ml, $1.90{\pm}0.47$ in the 12 ml and $2.74{\pm}0.67{\mu}g/ml$ in the 16 ml groups (P < 0.01). The mean time to reach peak plasma concentration was not significantly different between the three groups. Conclusions: The peak plasma lidocaine concentrations in SGB using large volume were found to be similar to that of IV lidocaine infusion in the management of neuropathic pain. These data suggest that diagnostic sympathetic block may result in many false positive responses for SMP. Part of its effect may be related to systemic local anesthetic absorption and not to a sympathetic block. Therefore, physicians may be required to use optimal volumes and minimal concentration of local anesthetic in diagnostic sympathetic block procedures and also make a careful assessment of the performance of a permanent sympathetic block.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.7257-7260
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• 2013

To determine the pattern of disease in patients presenting with breast lumps and to determine the sensitivity and specificity of fine needle aspiration cytology of benign and malignant diseases as a diagnostic tool by correlating with histopathology findings. This retrospective study was carried out in the Department of Pathology, Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha, from Jan 2008 to April 2012. Fine needle aspiration cytology was performed on 370 cases and out of these 52 cases were received in the Department for histopathological examination. Fibroadenoma was the most common disease encountered, in 88 (24%), with a peak incidence in second and third decade of life. Fibrocystic disease was second, being common in the third and fourth decades of life. Peak incidences of duct ectasia, granulomatous and tubercular mastitis were seen in the third decade. Gynaecomastia showed two peak incidences in second and sixth decades of life. Out of total 370 cases undergoing fine needle aspiration, benign cases were 316 (85.4%), malignant and suspicious were 54 (14.6%) and 10 (2.70%) respectively. Out of total 22 histological confirmed malignant lesions 19 were interpreted as malignant cytologically while two as suspicious and one as benign. All thirty histologically confirmed benign cases were diagnosed as benign cytologically. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 98%, 100%, 100% and 96.4% respectively. FNA cytology is highly accurate for diagnosis of breast masses. However, the clinician should correlate FNA cytological results with physical examination and imaging findings to prevent false negative and false positive events and to obtain optimal management of their patients.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1462-1470
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• 2013

본 논문에서는 클러스터 단위로 센서 노드의 키와 그룹키를 생성한 후 분배하는 KGDC(Key Generation and Distribution based on Cluster) 모듈과 이 키를 이용하여 시빌 공격과 웜홀 공격을 탐지할 수 있는 SWAD(Sybil & Wormhole Attack Detection) 모듈로 구성되는 SWAD-KNH(Sybil & Wormhole Attack Detection using Key, Neighbor list and Hop count) 기법을 제안한다. KGDC 모듈은 ECDH 알고리즘, 해시함수, 키 체인 기법을 이용하여 그룹키와 센서 노드의 키들을 생성하고 안전하게 배포한다. SWAD 모듈은 2단계 키 확인절차를 수행함으로써 시빌 공격 탐지를 강화시키고, 근원지와 목적지 노드의 공동이웃노드들의 수와 홉 카운트를 이용하여 웜홀 공격을 탐지한다. 그 결과 SWAD-KNH 기법은 시빌 공격 탐지율은 91.2%, 평균 FPR(False Positive Rate)은 3.82%이고, 그리고 웜홀 공격 탐지율은 90%, 평균 FPR(False Positive Rate)은 4.64%으로 평가되므로 시빌과 웜홀 공격 탐지율 및 시빌과 웜홀 공격 탐지의 신뢰성을 향상시켰다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.187-193
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• 2007

Objectives : The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship between electrical detection of ear acupuncture points and musculoskeletal pain. Methods : 18 adults who have musculoskeletal pain without trauma factorsparticipated in this study. They answered the questionnaire and their ear acupuncture points were examined with electrical detectors. We analyzed the relationship between electrical detection of ear acupuncture points and musculoskeletal pain with concordance rate and validity. Results : Total concordance rates of the head region was 68.00%(questionnaire) 32.08%(investigation), that of vertebral region was 67.86%, 59.38%, that of both upper limbs was 86.67%, 39.69%, and that of both lower limbs was 50.00%, 23.46%. The true positive rate was 0.704, the true negative rate was 0.492, the false positive rate was 0.508, and the false negative rate was 0.296 in the validity test. In the head, two concordance rates of the temporal and occipital regions were relatively higher than those of the parietal and frontal regions. In the vertebral region, two concordance rates of the cervical and lumbar regions were relatively higher than those of the thoracic and sacrum regions. In the upper limb, two concordance rates of the shoulder and shoulder joints were relatively higher than those of the others. In the lower limb, concordance rates of investigation were relatively low at all areas. The right lower limb was relatively higher than the left in concordance rates of the questionnaire. Conclusions : The results suggest that electrical detection of ear acupuncture points can be used in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal pain.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2015

최근에 위,변조 영상의 처리이력 복구를 위한 포렌식 툴로서 미디언 필터링 (MF: Median Filtering) 검출기가 크게 고려되고 있다. 미디언 필터링의 분류를 위한 미디언 검출기는 적은 양의 특징 셋과 높은 검출율을 갖도록 설계되어야 한다. 본 논문은 변조된 영상의 미디언 필터링 검출을 위한 새로운 방법을 제안한다. BMP를 미디언 윈도우 사이즈에 의하여 여러 미디언 필터링 영상으로 변환하고, 윈도우 사이즈에 따른 차분포 값을 계산하여 그 값으로 미디언 필터링 윈도우 사이즈와 같은 특징 셋을 만든다. 미디언 필터링 검출기에서, 특징 셋은 잠재성장 모델링 (LFM: Latent Growth Modeling)을 사용하는 모델 특성으로 변환된다. 실험에서, 테스트 영상은 TP (True Positive)와 FN (False Negative) 두 분류로 판별된다. 제안된 알고리즘은 분류 효율성이 TP와 FN의 혼동에서 최소거리 평균이 0.119로서 훌륭한 성능임이 확인 되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.611-618
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• 2015

오늘날 정보 기술과 소셜미디어의 확산으로 인하여 빅 데이터에 관심이 집중되고 있다. 이를 처리하기 위한 기술 중의 하나가 데이터마이닝기법인데, 이들 중에는 연관성 규칙이 많이 활용되고 있다. 연관성 규칙은 방향에 따라 양, 음, 그리고 역의 연관성 규칙 등이 존재하며, 평가 기준을 설정하고자 하는 경우에는 이들 세 가지 연관성 규칙을 동시에 고려하는 것이 바람직하다고 할 수 있다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 의학진단분야에서 활용되고 있는 진단도구들 중에서 민감도, 특이도, 위양성도, 그리고 위음성도를 고려한 균형비교신뢰도를 제안하고자 한다. 또한 흥미도 측도가 가져야 할 조건들을 점검한 후, 예제를 통하여 측도의 유용성을 고찰하였다. 그 결과, 균형비교신뢰도는 비교신뢰도와 역의 비교신뢰도가 양의 값을 가지는 경우에는 양의 값을 가지며, 이들 두 값이 음인 경우에는 음으로 나타났다. 따라서 연관성 규칙의 평가 기준 관점에서 볼 때 비교신뢰도와 역의 비교신뢰도를 개별적으로 이용하기 보다는 균형비교신뢰도를 활용하는 것이 더 바람직하다고 할 수 있다.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2014

디지털 영상의 배포에서, 저작권 침해자에 의해 영상이 불법으로 위 변조되어 유통되는 심각한 문제가 대두되어 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여, 본 논문에서는 위 변조된 디지털 영상의 에지 에너지 정보를 이용한 영상 포렌식 판정 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안된 알고리즘은 SA (Streaking Artifacts)와 SPAM (Subtractive Pixel Adjacency Matrix)을 이용하여, 원 영상의 JPEG 압축률 (QF=90, 70, 50, 30)에 따른 에지정보와 질의영상의 에지정보를 추출하고, 이를 각각 비교하여 위 변조 여부를 판정한다. 원 영상과 질의영상의 에지정보 매칭은 JPEG 압축률 조합의 임계치 (TCJCR : Threshold by Combination of JPEG Compression Ratios)에 따라 이루어진다. 실험을 통하여, TP (True Positive)와 FN (False Negative)은 87.2%와 13.8%이며, 산출된 최소평균 판정 에러는 0.1349이다. 그리고 제안된 알고리즘의 성능평가에서 민감도 (Sensitivity)와 1-특이도(1-Specificity)의 AUROC (Area Under Receiver Operating Characteristic) 커브 면적은 0.9388로 'Excellent(A)' 등급임을 확인하였다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.1583-1588
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• 2012

Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is well accepted as a safe, reliable, minimal invasive and cost-effective method for diagnosis of salivary gland lesions. This study evaluated the accuracy and diagnostic performance of FNA cytology in Thailand. A consecutive series of 290 samples from 246 patients during January 2001-December 2009 were evaluated from the archive of the Anatomical Pathology Department of our institution and 133 specimens were verified by histopathologic diagnoses, obtained with material from surgical excision or biopsy. Cytologic diagnoses classified as unsatisfactory, benign, suspicious for malignancy and malignant were compared with the histopathological findings. Among the 133 satisfactory specimens, the anatomic sites were 70 (52.6%) parotid glands and 63 (47.4 %) submandibular glands. FNA cytological diagnoses showed benign lesions in 119 cases (89.5 %), suspicious for malignancy in 3 cases (2.2 %) and malignant in 11 cases (8.3%). From the subsequent histopathologic diagnoses, 3/133 cases of benign cytology turned out to be malignant lesions, the false negative rate being 2.2 % and 1/133 case of malignant cytology turned out to be a benign lesion, giving a false positive rate was 0.8%. The overall accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 97.0% (95% CI, 70.6%-99.4%), 81.3% (95% CI, 54.4%-96.0%), 99.1% (95% CI, 95.4%-100%), 92.9% (95% CI, 66.1%-99.8), 97.5% (95% CI, 92.8%-99.5%), respectively. This study indicated that FNA cytology of salivary gland is a reliable and highly accurate diagnostic method for diagnosis of salivary gland lesions. It not only provides preoperative diagnosis for therapeutic management but also can prevent unnecessary surgery.