• Iberoamérica
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.57-80
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• 2012

This year(2012) marks the 30th anniversary of the Malvinas (Falkland) war. A series of talks between the British and Argentina took place over 30 years until 1982, but failed to reach a conclusion on sovereignty. Argentina claims that sovereignty of the islands was transferred to Argentina from Spain upon independence, a principle known as uti possidetis juris. But UK claims that the principle of uti possidetis juris is not accepted as a general principal of international law, and UN General Assembly resolutions calling for negotiations are flawed because they make no reference to the islanders' right to choose their own future. In this situation, a huge amount of petroleum and natural gas has discovered near the Malvinas islands. To explore such situation, this article looks into history and present condition on dispute of Malvinas sovereignty, and also analyses de-colonialism and resource nationalism related to dispute of Malvinas sovereignty.

• Maritime Security
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.211-235
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• 2021

As a result of the Falkland Islands War from April 2 to June 14, 1982, Britain overcame severe economic depression and reclaimed the glory of the former British Empire by winning the war. On the other hand, Argentina was greatly affected by the collapse of a military dictatorship and the birth of a democratic government. This study suggests strategies for responding to maritime disputes that may occur in Dokdo Island in the future by applying "DIME on PMESII" to the Falkland Islands dispute. In particular, the study analyzes how DIME (diplomacy, information, military, and economy) capabilities have an effect as a means of the total national power of a country that effectively controls the disputed territory. Based on the results of this study, the response strategies related to the Dokdo maritime dispute are as follows. First, effective control over the disputed territory should be effectively maintained and strengthened like in Britain. This strategy inspires patriotism, supports the government during warfare, secures a just cause for war, and gains international support. Second, 'DIME on PMESII' was effective in modern warfare by focusing our DIME capabilities on the weaknesses of the other country's PMESII system. That is, wars are not won simply by the conflict of armed forces but by a nation's overall national strength, such as diplomatic, information, and economic capabilities. Third, appropriate strategies for neighboring countries are needed to overcome the possibility of limited warfare in the sea through preparations for Dokdo maritime disputes in the future.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.625-631
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• 2003

While phytoplankton diversity and productivity in the Southern Ocean has been widely studied in recent years, most attention has been given to elucidating environmental factors that affect the dynamics of micro-plankton (mainly diatoms) and nano-plankton (mainly Phaeocystis antarctica). Only limited effects have been given to studying the occurrence and the potential risks associated with the blooming of dinoflagellates in the relevant waters. This study focused on the appearance and toxicological characteristics of a toxic dinoflagellate, Alexandrium tamarense, identified and isolated from the Drake Passage in a research cruise from November to December 2001 The appearance of A. tamarense in the Southern Ocean indicates the risk of a paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) outbreak there and is therefore of scientific concern. Results showed that while the overall quantity of A. tamarense in water samples from 30meters below the sea surface often comprised less than 0.1% of the total population of phytoplankton, the highest concentration of A. tamarense (20 cells $L^{-1}$) was recorded in the portion of the Southern Ocean between the southern end of South America and the Falkland Islands. Waters near the Polar Front contained the second highest concentrations of 10-15 cells $L^{-1}$. A. tamarense was however rarely found in waters near the southern side of the Polar Front, indicating that cold sea temperatures near the Antarctic ice does not favor the growth of this dinoflagellate. One strain of A. tamarense from this cruise was isolated and cultured for further study in the laboratory. Experiments showed that this strain of A. tamarense has a high tolerance to temperature variations and could survive at temperatures ranging from $5-26^{\circ}C$. This shows the cosmopolitan nature off. tamarense. With regard to the algal toxins produced, this strain of A. tamarense produced mainly C-2 toxins but very little saxitoxin and gonyailtoxin. The toxicological property of this A. tamarense strain coincided with a massive death of penguins in the Falkland Islands in December 2002 to January 2003.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.934-941
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• 2020

The spatial and temporal catch variations of Argentine shortfin squid Illex argentinus in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean (SWA) were analyzed using Korean squid-jigging fishery data collected through electronic reporting system (ERS) from 2016 to 2020. The ERS linked with GPS has been implemented for collecting fishing data from all Korean fishing vessels operating in international waters since November 2015. The fishing period of the Korean squid-jigging fishery in the SWA runs from early summer to autumn (December to June) in the Southern Hemisphere. The fishing ground was extended from 42°S to 48°S along the Patagonian continental shelf and slope, and the main fishing ground was formed around the Falkland Islands. The yearly catch per unit effort (CPUE) of I. argentinus fluctuated between 1.69 and 7.53 tons/day. In this study, during the fishing season, a south and westward shift on the fishing ground was observed indicating the feeding migration of the south Patagonian stock. The shift in monthly fishing centroids differed according to fishing season. The gradual southward shifts of fishing centroids were observed in the catch years (2017 and 2018), whereas unapparent shifts in fishing centroids were observed in the low catch years (2016 and 2019).