• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.123-128
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• 2014

Purpose - The purpose of the study is to reexamine the price fairness as practiced by low cost airlines, as a consumer has to experience such inconveniences as inferior airport transportation, extra fees on in-flight meals, and non-negotiable seats, and consumers evaluate such experiences keeping in mind their total costs. This evaluation includes price fairness and allows a reasonable and overall consideration of factors of low cost airlines. It tries to set up a measurement of the indicators consumers' perceptions of price fairness academically as it adapts price fairness to airline services which are renowned for price volatility. Research design, data, and methodology - The research proposes an alternative pricing strategy for the long term profit of low cost airlines after going over conflicts between the traditional theory of consumers' price perception mechanism and flexible fair policy of low cost airlines. It was meaningful when it relates to the early stage of the business, while it enhances the risks relating to the long term survival of low cost airlines. In addition, it is significant as it highlights the negative influences on consumers' perceptions of price fairness, as low cost airlines run on extremely low cost perspectives. Results - The results of the research provide insight into four perspectives, as consumers' perceptions of price fairness are influenced by the frequency and range of price changes and services. The first perspective is that it would lead to positive price evaluation when a low cost airline cuts prices frequently with little changes than one big change. It also would lead to the same result when it comes to necessary services. The second perspective is that one big increase of price would rather undermine the negative aspects of price changes than those of several smaller ones. The third perspective is that additional services would be good to consumers' perceptions of price fairness as compared to discount benefits with respect to the cost. Finally, a low cost airline should consider that consumers will change airlines or defer their flight schedule if the flight fares increase beyond their limits. Conclusions - Low cost airlines should reconsider their pricing policies for services that were provided free earlier. A consumer would not like discount benefits when made to pay for services that were, for long, free of charge. If a low cost airline can provide services with no charge, it should improve volumes if the costs are standardized and, moreover, should consider the charging fees. Alternatively, a consumer can choose between services and fair discount. Low cost airlines are implementing sales promotion strategies, as the competition is more intense than it used to be. In these days, they should regard services over sales promotion, as consumers may prefer to spend money on good premium services. Some differentiation in services could create a good market position for the airlines and, hence, good financial performance.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.61-75
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• 2003

The goals of this study were threefold. First, the researcher sought to describe the perceptions of wives and husbands concerning the degree of fairness in the division of household labor. Second, the determinants of wives and husbands' perception of the fairness in the division of household labor were analyzed. Third, the factors that affect wives' perception of the fairness in the division of household labor were compared with the factors that affect husbands' perception of the fairness. The data of this study were collected from a survey of 139 married couples with children of high school age or younger, residing in Seoul, Inchon, and Kyunggido. A structured questionnaire was used in the survey. Frequencies, percentiles, mean, Peason's correlations, Cronbach's alpha, t-tests, and multiple regressions were used to analyze the data. The results show that both the wives and the husbands perceived the division of household labor as unfair for the wives. Further, husbands' gender-role attitudes and household labor preference affected wives and husbands' perception. Most comparison reference variables affected significantly the wives and husbands' perception. Lastly, there was a gender difference in the significance of comparison reference variables and demographic variables. The wives mainly employed within-marriage comparisons but the husbands mostly used outside-marriage comparisons. The demographic variables affected the wives' perception, but not the husband's.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.857-872
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• 2010

Recently, interest in fair tourism and demand for this service has been steadily increasing. This study examined the tourists' perceptions of their fair tourism experiences. Phenomenological method was adopted as a qualitative research approach. Participants were nine adults who were interviewed in depth on their experiences of fair tourism. Data analysis led to the emergence of seven categories (sharing and volunteerism, environment and animal protection, tourism created together, communication and relationship, from consumption to experience, ethicality and fairness, contemplating life) and 21 subcategories. This research was a significant step in providing options to explore the improvement of ethical-tourism and may have implications for the future development of tourism. This study also has various implications for tour operators, consumers, and government. In future all stakeholders should make efforts to establish the tour culture which encourages consumers to consider the ethicality and fairness of their choices as tourists.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.43-50
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• 2012

This study sets out to examine how a brand image that matches the advertising model has a positive impact on brand attitude and price fairness perceptions. We reviewed the constructs on the basis of previous studies and each of the concepts has been redefined. One such concept, "image congruence," refers to the harmony, fitness, and matching quality of images. For example, how well celebrity advertising model is matches the brand image shows image congruence. Results are summarized as follows: First, the congruence of brand image and sports advertising model has no significant impact on brand attitude certainty and persistence. Second, the individual's brand attitude certainty and brand attitude persistence has a positive impact on the perceptions of price fairness. Third, the congruence of brand image and sports advertising model has a positive impact on the perceptions of price fairness. The first and the third results suggest that the positive impact on the price fairness perceptions is temporary but it has insignificant effects on the formation of brand attitude causing ongoing purchases. In other words, in order to influence consumers' long-term confidence on the brand, improving the quality of products or services has to precede promotional strategies such as advertising. When an advertising model is inappropriate for the brand image, consumers perceive product price changes as a negative issue in the short term. However, in the long term, attitude formation such as consumers' repurchase intentions and word of mouth will be not affected. The second result suggests that an already existing positive brand attitude can contribute more positively to change the perceptions of price fairness. In particular, attitude persistence has greater influence than attitude certainty on the price fairness. It suggests that persistence issues such as the trading period and the frequency of transactions must be managed and controlled because they are more important than the certainty issues such as strength of belief or trust. For example, when a commercial model for expensive sporting goods matches up with the brand image, consumer feels less pressure on the price changes. However, it does not determine the consumer's repeated purchases or sustainable transactions and it also has no absolute impact on the brand trust. In other words, consumer brand attitude should be recognized and approached as a routine strategy in view of the result that it is of great value as a causal variable in the process of consumer decision-making.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.165-178
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• 2021

Purpose: To analyze nurses' shift work according to the government guidelines for night work and their perceptions of their work schedules. Methods: The study sample included 487 nurses who provided information on their schedules, including the normal working hours of each shift, and overtime per shift during September 2020. Nurses' perceptions were measured in terms of satisfaction, appropriateness for work-life balance, and fairness to their work schedule. Results: One-third of the respondents worked more than 40 hours per week. The average overtime hour was 1.14 hours per shift. Unsocial hours (8 pm to 6 am on weekdays, midnight to midnight on weekends and public holidays) accounted for 56.4% of all working hours. During their last night shift, on average, nurses worked 9.62 hours and had a break of 39 minutes, although 20.5% reported no break. Sixty-eight percent of nurses had at least one between-shift break shorter than 48 hours after a consecutive night shifts. Fifty-seven percent were satisfied with their schedule. One-third perceived their schedule as appropriate for work-life balance, and two-thirds perceived that days off on weekends and nights were fairly distributed within the unit. Working and overtime hours had an inverse relationship with all three aspects of nurses' perceptions. A higher proportion of unsocial hours and having no breaks during the night shift were associated with lower perceptions of fairness. Conclusion: Reducing working hours, ensuring breaks during night shifts, and increasing rewards for unsocial hours are required to improve nurses' perceptions and reduce turnover due to shift work.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.157-173
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• 2017

Purpose: This study analyzed the effects of employees' perception of fairness and organizational commitment on productive behavior in firms. In addition, we analyzed how the employment patterns(full-time vs part-time) of employees adjust the relationship of each variable. Methods: In order to carry out the research, we surveyed about 400 people working in domestic large corporations and global corporations and analyzed them empirically Results: According to the empirical analysis, Fairness perception has a positive (+) effect on organizational commitment and productive behavior, and organizational commitment has a positive (+) effect on employee's productive behavior. In particular, the relationship between fairness perception and organizational commitment and productive behavior varies according to the employee's employment pattern(full-time vs part-time). Conclusion: this study is to increase the organizational commitment of employees in the process of organizational socialization, to ensure fairness in procedures, distribution and interactions to drive productive behavior, Suggesting that employees should be provided motivation and welfare benefits without discrimination.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.79-100
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• 2012

The predominant concern of the study consist in: (1) the direct effect of social commitment on teachers' intervention efficacy for helping both victims and offenders in school violence situation; (2) the indirect effects of both teachers' perceptions of offenders and victims, and fairness of school regulations on teachers' intervention efficacy. Research is based on a survey conducted with 351 teachers(84 males and 267 females) from 10 middle schools located in different districts of the city of Daegu. In order for subjects to verify research questions, structural equation models in teachers' intervention efficacy for helping both victims and offenders were explored. In order to verify the difference between mediators' effect, along with total indirect effect and each individual mediator's effects, bias-corrected bootstrapping analysis by using Mplus were employed. The major findings of the study supported the significance on direct effect of social commitment, and indirect effect of both fairness of school regulations and teachers' perceptions toward offenders and victims, on teachers' intervention efficacy. However, the indirect effect of fairness of school regulations(.025) was far outweighed by teachers' perceptions(.224) toward offenders and victims. In conclusion, the above findings claim our attention in that they provide a range of practical implications for teachers and other related professionals including school workers who are engaged in helping out both victims and offenders in school violence situation.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.15
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• pp.71-90
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• 2004

This study has uncovered some important relationships among employees perceptions of distributive justice and procedural justice and organizational effectiveness. The present study attempts, first, to identify the perceived justice in promotion and transfer, performance evaluation, pay raise, job allocation and job fire. Second, to determine the relative importance of distributive justice and procedural justice. relationships of organizational effectiveness. The research is the identification of a modest but significant relationship between the two justice and organizational effectiveness. The result make it clear that employee find that right personnel management of fairness. To summarize the result of three variables's relationship influence is as below. The results indicated that perceptions of procedural justice as much organizational effectiveness than do perceptions of distributive justice. As also predicted, the perception of distributive justice did not impact organizational effectiveness. Therefore, Partially supporting the hypothesis. The research implications of these study suggest that great causality should be this paper' research model in three variables. The result indicate that manager must pay attention to employees perceptions of procedural justice and distributive justice.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.85-97
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• 2022

Students' perceptions of generosity and fairness in lecture evaluation and grades, communication with professors, and self-fidelity and satisfaction during the COVID-19 situation were statistically analyzed by surveying students at M university in Daejeon. These data were analyzed in the context of parameters that might impact online class lecture evaluations, namely gender and school year. Descriptive analysis shows students' perceptions of online lectures are significantly high. As for differences by gender and school year, the t-test results indicate female students generally have better perceptions of online classes than male students. However, there is no statistical difference between male and female students regarding the generosity of lecture evaluation. Also, ANOVA test results show that as the school year increases, the general perceptions for online classes become negative. However, there is no statistical difference by school year regarding the generosity of lecture evaluation. Regression analysis shows that the "perceptual generosity of grades" most significantly influenced the "perceptual generosity of lecture evaluation."

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.139-152
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to examine interactive effects of gender idelogies on the amount of household work time and the perception of fairness in household work by the couples. The data were collected from 100 couples in Seoul and 142 in Taejon. The Major findings were as follows: Interactive effects of gender idelogies had an important role in explaining household work time and the perception of fairness by husbands. For men holding more egalitarian gender idelogies who were married to women being more egalitarian tend to perform more hours of household work. And husbands who had traditional gender ideologies percept relatively fair to the couples' division of household work. It was approved that wives had a primary role in the division of household work.