• Title/Summary/Keyword: Fact-finding Survey

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A Survey on Paragonimus Infection Among School Population in Kyodong and Samsan Island, Gangwha-Gun (강화군(江華郡) 교동도(喬桐島) 및 삼산도내(三山島內) 학교입구(學校入口)의 폐흡충감염(肺吸虫感染) 조사(調査))

  • Han, Kyung-Min;Ahn, Yung-Kyum;Lee, Keun-Tae
    • Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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    • v.7 no.1
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    • pp.66-73
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    • 1982
  • Paragonimus westermani is one of the most popular endemic parasitic diseases in Korea. The nation-wide prevalence survey were carried out by Gobayashi (1921) with sputum examination and by Walton and Chyu (1959) with the intradermal skin test respectively. Recent studies showed the decline of positive rate in intradermal skin test of the local inhabitants and also showed the less distribution of intermediate host. The fact seemed that caused by economic improvement of village people, decrease of intermediate host by increasing use of pesticides, becoming lower water level at streams and rivers and better irrigation and finally by better community health education etc. Gangwha area of Gyeonggi-Do was found out as an endemic area of Paragonimus westermani through some studies in the past, however, in the vicinity area of Gangwha, the study in Kyodong island (myon) was carried out in 1965 by Yun et al. Therefore author carried out the intradermal skin test for 2,380 students of primary, middle and high school in Kyodong island and Samsan island. The results showed as follows : 1) The positive rate of intradermal test for paragonimus westermani infection showed positive in 152 among 1,845 students (8.2%) in Kyodong island, and 21 among 637 students (3.3%) in Samsan island respectively. 2) According to grade levels, 49 among 973 students (5.0%) in primary school, 62 among 962 students (6.4%) in middle school and 53 among 445 students (11.9%) in high school showed positive rate. This showed the higher grade the higher positive rate. 3) Among these total 164 positive cases in the intradermal skin test, only in 3 cases eggs were found in sputum. 4) Finding out the intermediate host, only 28 crayfishes from Kyodong island and 12 from Samsan island were collected and examined for metacercaria infection, however, none of metacercaria was found. 5) As a control group, 2 primary schools from the main island were selected. In these schools from the sixth grade students showed positive rate of 4.8% in Naega primary school and 0% in Hajeom Primary school respectively. Those results showed much decrease than studies carried out in the past. 6) The survey for food habit showed that 15 among 1,274 students (1.2%) had experiences of eating raw intermediate host(crayfish) and 266 among 988 students (27.0%) ate cooked.

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Fact-finding Survey on Occurrence of Weeds and Herbicide Usage for Paddy Rice Cultivation in Gyeonggi Province, Korea (경기지역 논잡초 발생양상 및 제초제 사용실태)

  • Won, Taejin;Park, Jungsu;Kim, Soonjae;Kim, Heedong
    • Weed & Turfgrass Science
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    • v.2 no.4
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    • pp.352-357
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    • 2013
  • A survey was performed to investigate major paddy field weeds and frequently used herbicides in Gyeonggi province, Korea in order to establish a system to efficiently control herbicide-resistant weeds. The dominant paddy field weeds included Echinochloa spp. (22%), Eleocharis kuroguwai (14%), Sagittaria trifolia (13%), Scirpus juncoides (12%), Monochoria vaginalis (9%) and Sagittaria pygmaea (7%), and the most widely used herbicides were butachlor 33% CS (25%), benzobicyclon + fentrazamide + imazosulfuron 11.5% SC (9%), cyclosulfamuron + mefenacet 22.2% SC (9%), butachlor 5% GR (6%), and oxadiazon 12% EC (6%) in Gyeonggi province, Korea. Many paddy rice growers considered S. juncoides, M. vaginalis, S. pygmaea and C. difformis as herbicide-resistant weeds. An extensive research deserves to be conducted to monitor occurrence of herbicideresistant paddy weeds in Gyeonggi province, Korea.

The Research of Knowledge and Attitude about Water Fluoridation Program for Residents of Haeundae-Gu, Busan (부산광역시 해운대구민의 수돗물불소농도조정사업에 대한 의식 조사연구)

  • Jeon, Eun-Suk;Lee, Hye-Jin;Bae, Soo-Myung
    • Journal of dental hygiene science
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    • v.6 no.1
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    • pp.47-53
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    • 2006
  • This study is performed both for notification of knowledge level about water fluoridation program for residents of Haeundae, Busan and for finding out the purpose of solving methods of problems which could appeared in water fluoridation program, it has resulted by the survey of 460 Haeundae citizens from August 5, 2005 thru 20th of same month. 1. The drinking water for Haeundae Residents is occupied of 42.8% of the purified water and 31.3% of public tap water, among these, the cooking water is consist of 48.3% of the tap water and 35.4% of the purified water. 2. 35.7% of participants has already known about the water fluoridation program, but 42.0% hasn't, 22.4% were no answer. 3. For the question why water fluoridation program has done 42.0% answered for caries prevention, 32.3% for disinfection of tap water and 15.0% for tap water purification. 4. For water fluoridation program, 78.0% approved and 22.0% disapproved, among reasons 51.0% of approvals were caries prevention and 38.6% of disapproval were that fluorine can be harmful for the human body. 5. There is a fact that fluorine is contained in food, beverage, water, and air, only 21.3% has notified that fact, on the other hand 78.7% hasn't, among teens, 93.5% doesn't know the fluorine containing facts. 6. In the safety notification rate of water fluoridation program, 39.3% notifies it safe, 55.7% showed unknown response, and the speech 28.3% may be the best way to notify it.

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A Contemplation on Measures to Advance Logistics Centers (물류센터 선진화를 위한 발전 방안에 대한 소고)

  • Sun, Il-Suck;Lee, Won-Dong
    • Journal of Distribution Science
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.17-27
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    • 2011
  • As the world becomes more globalized, business competition becomes fiercer, while consumers' needs for less expensive quality products are on the increase. Business operations make an effort to secure a competitive edge in costs and services, and the logistics industry, that is, the industry operating the storing and transporting of goods, once thought to be an expense, begins to be considered as the third cash cow, a source of new income. Logistics centers are central to storage, loading and unloading of deliveries, packaging operations, and dispensing goods' information. As hubs for various deliveries, they also serve as a core infrastructure to smoothly coordinate manufacturing and selling, using varied information and operation systems. Logistics centers are increasingly on the rise as centers of business supply activities, growing beyond their previous role of primarily storing goods. They are no longer just facilities; they have become logistics strongholds that encompass various features from demand forecast to the regulation of supply, manufacturing, and sales by realizing SCM, taking into account marketability and the operation of service and products. However, despite these changes in logistics operations, some centers have been unable to shed their past roles as warehouses. For the continuous development of logistics centers, various measures would be needed, including a revision of current supporting policies, formulating effective management plans, and establishing systematic standards for founding, managing, and controlling logistics centers. To this end, the research explored previous studies on the use and effectiveness of logistics centers. From a theoretical perspective, an evaluation of the overall introduction, purposes, and transitions in the use of logistics centers found issues to ponder and suggested measures to promote and further advance logistics centers. First, a fact-finding survey to establish demand forecast and standardization is needed. As logistics newspapers predicted that after 2012 supply would exceed demand, causing rents to fall, the business environment for logistics centers has faltered. However, since there is a shortage of fact-finding surveys regarding actual demand for domestic logistic centers, it is hard to predict what the future holds for this industry. Accordingly, the first priority should be to get to the essence of the current market situation by conducting accurate domestic and international fact-finding surveys. Based on those, management and evaluation indicators should be developed to build the foundation for the consistent advancement of logistics centers. Second, many policies for logistics centers should be revised or developed. Above all, a guideline for fair trade between a shipper and a commercial logistics center should be enacted. Since there are no standards for fair trade between them, rampant unfair trades according to market practices have brought chaos to market orders, and now the logistics industry is confronting its own difficulties. Therefore, unfair trade cases that currently plague logistics centers should be gathered by the industry and fair trade guidelines should be established and implemented. In addition, restrictive employment regulations for foreign workers should be eased, and logistics centers should be charged industry rates for the use of electricity. Third, various measures should be taken to improve the management environment. First, we need to find out how to activate value-added logistics. Because the traditional purpose of logistics centers was storage and loading/unloading of goods, their profitability had a limit, and the need arose to find a new angle to create a value added service. Logistic centers have been perceived as support for a company's storage, manufacturing, and sales needs, not as creators of profits. The center's role in the company's economics has been lowering costs. However, as the logistics' management environment spiraled, along with its storage purpose, developing a new feature of profit creation should be a desirable goal, and to achieve that, value added logistics should be promoted. Logistics centers can also be improved through cost estimation. In the meantime, they have achieved some strides in facility development but have still fallen behind in others, particularly in management functioning. Lax management has been rampant because the industry has not developed a concept of cost estimation. The centers have since made an effort toward unification, standardization, and informatization while realizing cost reductions by establishing systems for effective management, but it has been hard to produce profits. Thus, there is an urgent need to estimate costs by determining a basic cost range for each division of work at logistics centers. This undertaking can be the first step to improving the ineffective aspects of how they operate. Ongoing research and constant efforts have been made to improve the level of effectiveness in the manufacturing industry, but studies on resource management in logistics centers are hardly enough. Thus, a plan to calculate the optimal level of resources necessary to operate a logistics center should be developed and implemented in management behavior, for example, by standardizing the hours of operation. If logistics centers, shippers, related trade groups, academic figures, and other experts could launch a committee to work with the government and maintain an ongoing relationship, the constraint and cooperation among members would help lead to coherent development plans for logistics centers. If the government continues its efforts to provide financial support, nurture professional workers, and maintain safety management, we can anticipate the continuous advancement of logistics centers.

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The Efficiency Analysis of using NFC Cadastral Control Point and a Cadastral Information Application (NFC 지적기준점과 지적정보어플리케이션 적용에 대한 효용성 분석)

  • Kim, Sung Jun;Lee, Jong Dal;Kim, Sung Hun;Bae, Jae Yeol
    • Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.31-39
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    • 2014
  • The trend of information service and its utilization has been gradually evolving due to the technological breakthrough in IT industries and the spread of smart phones. Especially regarding smart phones, a vast array of applications are being developed and employed for the purpose of providing real time information. Recently, numerous studies have been made and applied in regards to the efficient management and the supply of cadastral control point information. This research has developed and applied the NFC Cadastral Control Point, an advanced version of QR code Cadastral Control Point, which is installed and utilized in Dong-gu Ulsan, Korea, and an application that can utilize both the QR code and the NFC. In addition, this research continues on to analyzing the utility of the two methods that the survey use of a General Cadastral Control Point and the NFC Cadastral Control Point. Having implemented both methods, NFC Cadastral Control Point outweighed its counterpart in terms of the damage it gets from the outside influence and availability. Moreover, through developing Cadastral Control Point that could apply both the QR code Cadastral Control Point and NFC Cadastral Control Point, the research saw tremendous improvements compared to the survey method using the previously existing reference point performance. The results conveyed the fact that cadastral information application was time saving, convenient, and efficient in terms of finding information. Henceforth, with government's administration over Cadastral Control Point and with the development of more application for providing information, a nation-wide monitoring of Cadastral Control Point is considered possible and an efficient usage of information service is expected as well.

Faunistic Investigation for Marine Mollusks In Jindo Island (진도의 해산 연체동물상)

  • Kil Hyun Jong;Yoon Sook Hee;Kim Won;Choe Byung Lae;Sohn Hyun Joon;Park Joong-Ki
    • Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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    • no.nspc5
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    • pp.29-46
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    • 2005
  • As a commemorative joint survey for the 20th anniversary of the Korean Society of Systematic Zoology, molluscan fauna of Jindo Island was investigated from the materials collected from 3 localities of Jindo Island from 29th to 30th of June, 2004. A total of 77 species of 37 families were identified. Among them, 26 species of 18 families are reported for the first time in this area, including Onchidella kurodai (Taki, 1935) that is new to Korean fauna. For O. kurodai, external morphologies were described in detail with illustrations. Combining the present data with those of the previous works revealed that a total of 115 species from 43 families have been recorded in Jindo Island and its adjacent areas thus far. From a biogeographic point of view, some gastropod species (Bittium craticulatum, Mocroschisma dilatatum, Cantharidus japonicus, C. callichroa, Homalopoma sangarense, and Crepidula onyx) encountered from Jindo Island were the species previously recorded in the southern and/or eastern offshores of Korean peninsula, including Jeju Island (Choe, 1992). Along with the fact that Jindo Island contains a large number of molluscan species ranging over the Yellow Sea coast, this finding is another line of evidence supporting the Kim and Kwon (1983)'s idea that this area is an overtopping zone of marine organisms which dwell in both the Yellow sea and southern part of Korean sea waters. No comprehensive faunistic survey was not made in the present study. We expect that further supplementary study would generate more biogeographic and faunistic knowledges than what we understand through the present study.

Study on Environmental Project Factors in Peripheral Spaces around Children's Parks within Low-rise Housing Areas by Using IPA Analysis - Focusing on user consciousness survey - (IPA분석을 이용한 저층주거지 내 어린이공원 주변공간의 환경계획요인에 관한 연구 - 이용자 의식조사를 중심으로 -)

  • Bae, Yeonhee;Byun, Gidong;Ha, Mikyoung
    • Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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    • v.35 no.1
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    • pp.73-81
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    • 2019
  • The purpose of this study is to draw safe environmental project factors for enhancing the safety of children in peripheral space around children's park and suggest environmental project measures for peripheral spaces around children's parks, based on the survey of children's park users' consciousness on peripheral spaces. Physical space range for this study was limited to low-rise housing area wihtin the radius of 250m, as peripheral spaces around children's parks in which children's playgrounds were built. In addition, the target areas for examining users' consciousness on peripheral spaces around children's parks were selected according to following criteria. 1)areas with highter portion of children; 2) those with higher portion of single-family houses/multi-housing/tenement houses, which constitute low-rise housing areas; and 3) those with higher safety accident rate of children, which was measured based on criminal and traffic accidents. The finding are as follows: first, users' consciousness on safety accidents that are likely to occur in peripheral spaces around children's parks was examined to show that there is most prominent difference between satisfaction and necessity. This result suggests that users are clearly conscious of the necessity of environmental improvement rather than the satisfaction with the current peripheral environment around children's park.; second, for the difference between satisfaction with and necessity of environmental project factors for access/boundary spaces around children's pakrs, there is most significant difference between the satisfaction with and the necessity of establishment of facilities against illegal parking for clear visibility of community roads, for access spaces, and the separate establishment of bicycle racks around main entry into parks, for boundary spaces. Users' necessity of the establishment of them is judged to be derived from the fact that the safety of children and even adults is threatened, because bicycles invaded into the deep inside of children parks. This study analyzed a correlation between satisfaction and necessity through factor and IPA analysis, and should be initially considenred if the future environmental improvement project would be conducted to promote safe environment in peripheral spaces around children's parks in the future. It will be necessary to provide practical environmental project factors through a field investigation.

Understanding the Mismatch between ERP and Organizational Information Needs and Its Responses: A Study based on Organizational Memory Theory (조직의 정보 니즈와 ERP 기능과의 불일치 및 그 대응책에 대한 이해: 조직 메모리 이론을 바탕으로)

  • Jeong, Seung-Ryul;Bae, Uk-Ho
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • v.22 no.2
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    • pp.21-38
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    • 2012
  • Until recently, successful implementation of ERP systems has been a popular topic among ERP researchers, who have attempted to identify its various contributing factors. None of these efforts, however, explicitly recognize the need to identify disparities that can exist between organizational information requirements and ERP systems. Since ERP systems are in fact "packages" -that is, software programs developed by independent software vendors for sale to organizations that use them-they are designed to meet the general needs of numerous organizations, rather than the unique needs of a particular organization, as is the case with custom-developed software. By adopting standard packages, organizations can substantially reduce many of the potential implementation risks commonly associated with custom-developed software. However, it is also true that the nature of the package itself could be a risk factor as the features and functions of the ERP systems may not completely comply with a particular organization's informational requirements. In this study, based on the organizational memory mismatch perspective that was derived from organizational memory theory and cognitive dissonance theory, we define the nature of disparities, which we call "mismatches," and propose that the mismatch between organizational information requirements and ERP systems is one of the primary determinants in the successful implementation of ERP systems. Furthermore, we suggest that customization efforts as a coping strategy for mismatches can play a significant role in increasing the possibilities of success. In order to examine the contention we propose in this study, we employed a survey-based field study of ERP project team members, resulting in a total of 77 responses. The results of this study show that, as anticipated from the organizational memory mismatch perspective, the mismatch between organizational information requirements and ERP systems makes a significantly negative impact on the implementation success of ERP systems. This finding confirms our hypothesis that the more mismatch there is, the more difficult successful ERP implementation is, and thus requires more attention to be drawn to mismatch as a major failure source in ERP implementation. This study also found that as a coping strategy on mismatch, the effects of customization are significant. In other words, utilizing the appropriate customization method could lead to the implementation success of ERP systems. This is somewhat interesting because it runs counter to the argument of some literature and ERP vendors that minimized customization (or even the lack thereof) is required for successful ERP implementation. In many ERP projects, there is a tendency among ERP developers to adopt default ERP functions without any customization, adhering to the slogan of "the introduction of best practices." However, this study asserts that we cannot expect successful implementation if we don't attempt to customize ERP systems when mismatches exist. For a more detailed analysis, we identified three types of mismatches-Non-ERP, Non-Procedure, and Hybrid. Among these, only Non-ERP mismatches (a situation in which ERP systems cannot support the existing information needs that are currently fulfilled) were found to have a direct influence on the implementation of ERP systems. Neither Non-Procedure nor Hybrid mismatches were found to have significant impact in the ERP context. These findings provide meaningful insights since they could serve as the basis for discussing how the ERP implementation process should be defined and what activities should be included in the implementation process. They show that ERP developers may not want to include organizational (or business processes) changes in the implementation process, suggesting that doing so could lead to failed implementation. And in fact, this suggestion eventually turned out to be true when we found that the application of process customization led to higher possibilities of failure. From these discussions, we are convinced that Non-ERP is the only type of mismatch we need to focus on during the implementation process, implying that organizational changes must be made before, rather than during, the implementation process. Finally, this study found that among the various customization approaches, bolt-on development methods in particular seemed to have significantly positive effects. Interestingly again, this finding is not in the same line of thought as that of the vendors in the ERP industry. The vendors' recommendations are to apply as many best practices as possible, thereby resulting in the minimization of customization and utilization of bolt-on development methods. They particularly advise against changing the source code and rather recommend employing, when necessary, the method of programming additional software code using the computer language of the vendor. As previously stated, however, our study found active customization, especially bolt-on development methods, to have positive effects on ERP, and found source code changes in particular to have the most significant effects. Moreover, our study found programming additional software to be ineffective, suggesting there is much difference between ERP developers and vendors in viewpoints and strategies toward ERP customization. In summary, mismatches are inherent in the ERP implementation context and play an important role in determining its success. Considering the significance of mismatches, this study proposes a new model for successful ERP implementation, developed from the organizational memory mismatch perspective, and provides many insights by empirically confirming the model's usefulness.

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A Study of Health Behavior through Comparative Analysis of Self-perceived Health Status and Health Examination Results (주관적 건강인식과 건강검진 결과의 비교분석을 통한 건강행위 연구)

  • 문상식;이시백
    • Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.11-36
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    • 2001
  • The purpose of this study is to analyze health behavior by comparing the difference between self-perceived health status and health examination results. The study subjects consist of 7,702 people aged over 20, surveyed by Health Interview survey, Health Examination survey, Dietary Life survey, Health Consciousness and Behavior survey. Data used in the study are drawn from raw data from a 1998 National Health and Nutrition survey. General characteristics variables are sex, age, education level, residential area, marital status, occupation, and living standard while dichotomous variables, ‘not healthy’ and ‘healthy’ are used to measure self-perceived health status. Variables for health examination results are high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, liver diseases, liver inflammation, kidney diseases, normal weight, regular diet, optimum sleeping time(7-8 hours), regular health examination and health behavior practice group. Major findings of the study are as follows: 1) Analysis of self-perceived health status and health behavior by disease: Variables significantly correlated with high self-perceived health status have strong associations with high health behavior practice, which supports the hypothesis that as one has high self-perceived health status, one is more likely to practice health promoting behavior. The results of analysis of health behavior differences by dividing subjects into two categories, ‘cases of illness’ and ‘cases of no illness’ indicate that drinking, sleeping time, health examination are significant variables (p〈0.001, 0.05) whereas smoking, weight control, regular exercise, regular diet are not significant. 2) Analysis of disparity patterns between self-perceived health status and health examination: The hypothesis that health behaviors would be different according to the disparity pattern between self-perceived health status and health examination is supported as a result of χ2 test. Among Type I : Self-perceived health status is high and actual health status is good (no disease) Type II: Self-perceived health status is high and actual health status is poor(have disease) Type III: Self-perceived health status is low and actual health status is good(no disease) Type IN: Self-perceived health status is low and actual health status is poor(have disease) Type I and Type IV show no disparity, Type I shows the highest health promoting behavior whereas Type IV shows the lowest health promoting behavior. Type II, and III, compared to Type I, practise lower health promoting behavior. Multi-logistics regression analysis was conducted to find out the degree of impact on health behavior. Independent variables are general characteristics, self-perceived health status and health examination result and presence of illness, while the dependent variable is health promoting behavior. The analysis of the impact of self-perceived health status on the health promoting behavior shows that smoking, drinking, weight control, regular exercise, health examination practice, and/or regular diet are significantly correlated to self-perceived health status. High self-perceived health status is inversely related to high health promoting behavior. This finding supports the hypothesis that the higher one perceives one's health, the more likely one is to practice health promoting behavior. On the contrary, the presence of illness has little impact on health promoting behavior. 3) Multiple logistics analysis on how disparity patterns between self-perceived health status and health examination affect health behavior: The results of multiple logistics analysis made on health behavior variables compared to the standard variable are as follows: When analyzed on the standard of Type I, smoking is a significant risk factor for the Type IV. In case of drinking, all the patterns show a high probability of relative risk ratio. With regard to weight control, it is a risk factor for Type II while all the patterns show high probability of not practising when analyzed on the standard of type IV. Type III and IV show high probability of not doing regular exercise while Type IV, shows a high probability of not taking appropriate sleeping time. When analyzed on the standard of type IV, all the patterns show a high probability of not taking health examinations. Type III and IV show a high probability of not having regular meals. As for overall health promoting behavior, Type III and IV show a high relative risk ratio. These two groups have low self-perceived health status. It implies that self-perceived health status has significant impact on health promoting behavior. This is also supported by the fact that Type I with high self-perceived health status and no illness shows a high practice rate of health promoting behavior. Types II and III the groups with high disparity between self-perceived health status and health examination results, show a low practice rate of health promoting behavior when compared to Type I. Type IV, that is the group with low self-perceived health status and actual illness, shows the lowest practice of health promoting behavior. It is highly probable that this type proves to be the poorest health group.

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The Prevalence Subjective Symptom of Cumulative Trauma Disorders and Related Risk Factors among Workers in Automobile Assembly Plant (자동차 조립공장 근로자의 누적외상성질환 자각증상 호소율과 관련 위험요인)

  • Kim, Chang-Sun;Kim, Kwang-Jong;Choi, Jae-wook;Yoon, Soo-Jong
    • Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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    • v.11 no.1
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    • pp.85-91
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    • 2001
  • Background : It goes without saying that cumulative trauma disorders is spreading to various types of occupation in many advanced countries including America, and it forms considerable rate of total occupational disorders already. and as the result of it, the seriousness of worker health problem and economic loss owing to production loss, recuperation expense, etc. are on the increasing trend through whole society. In case of Korea, the related measures as well as accurate fact-finding survey data on cumulative trauma disorders aren't prepared in detail, so it implies forward problem would be serious. Purpose : The purpose of this study is to draw the risk factor of cumulative trauma disorders in production factory, to forecast the rate of occurrence of cumulative trauma disorders on the basis of subjective symptoms, and to present forward realistic and effective prevention measures by showing the risk of cumulative trauma disorders, objecting the production factory of a domestic riding automobile assembly shop, by estimating in the aspect of human-engineering through the analysis of risk factor being a cause of cumulative trauma disorders. Methods : For this study, I investigated work type and on-duty hours, breathing time, and subjective symptoms of cumulative trauma disorders through questionnaire, objecting the workers in press. car body, coating, and outfit factory. Results : As a result of research, 81.2% of workers were in the physical burden due to present working, and the highest prevalence by part of body is an waist. The higher a rule score, The higher the number of workers complaind for working intensity, and the higher age work duration, tool used time, the higher prevalence of subjective symptoms by part of body. The number of workers complaind subjective symptom for treatment is the highest in drugstore.

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